Lifestyle habits and depressive symptoms in Norwegian adolescents: a national cross-sectional study
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Background: This study’s purpose was to examine the association between a broad range of lifestyle habits and depressive symptoms in Norwegian adolescents. Methods: This study was based on national, self-reported, cross-sectional data from the Ungdata Surveys, conducted in 2017–2019. The target group comprised 244,250 adolescents (ages 13–19). Binominal logistic regression was used to analyse the association between lifestyle habits (physical activity, social media use, gaming, dietary habits, smoking, smokeless tobacco, alcohol intoxication) and depressive symptoms. The outcome measure was defined as a high level of depressive symptoms (≥80th percentile). Separate analyses were performed for boys and girls, and all models were adjusted for perceived family economy, parental higher education and age. Results: The odds of having depressive symptoms were significantly lower among those who reported being physically active at least 3 times per week (OR; boys: 0.81, girls: 0.83), used social media ≤3 h per day (OR; boys: 0.65, girls: 0.70), engaged in gaming ≤3 h per day (OR; boys: 0.72, girls: 0.77), were non-smokers (OR; boys: 0.74, girls: 0.72) and had not experienced alcohol intoxication during the previous 12 months (OR; boys: 0.66, girls: 0.67). Furthermore, the results indicated a significant inverse association between depressive symptoms and high consumption of a range of healthy food items and low consumption of unhealthy food and beverages among girls. Similar tendencies were found among boys (OR; 0.77–0.91). Finally, higher adherence to healthy lifestyle habits was associated significantly with lower odds of having depressive symptoms among both genders (OR; boys: 0.40, girls: 0.52). Conclusions: A healthier lifestyle was associated with lower odds of having depressive symptoms. Additional research is needed to confirm a possible causal relationship.
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There is mixed evidence from three studies (all with some concerns) between social media exposure and depressive symptoms.
“There is also mixed evidence from three studies (all with some concerns) between social media exposure and depressive symptoms”
From Associations between social media, adolescent mental health, and diet: A systematic review (2023) · cites this paper as [44]
The Discussion (page not available) says the study found an association between social media use and depressive symptoms, consistent with some but not all previous studies. This supports the characterization of mixed evidence, but the paper does not identify a set of three studies or rate all three as having “some concerns.” (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Buli, B. G., Lehtinen‐Jacks, S., Larm, P., Nilsson, K. W., Hellström, C., & Giannotta, F. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25459607
Dabravolskaj, J., Veugelers, P. J., Amores, A., Leatherdale, S. T., Patte, K. A., & Maximova, K. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26582868
Dabravolskaj, J., Veugelers, P. J., Amores, A., Leatherdale, S. T., Patte, K. A., & Maximova, K. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26582871
SOCIAL MEDIA USE AND ITS IMPACT ON ADOLESCENTS’ MENTAL HEALTH AND WELL-BEING
Oparcik, A., Tarczykowski, J., Stupnicki, S., Zakryś, M., Zakryś, K. A., Szot, M., & Kwaśniewska, N. (2025) · International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science · doi:10.31435/ijitss.4(48).2025.4621
Meng, J., Ma, X., Yang, G., Liu, J., Du, X., Gao, X., & Li, X. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-026-04655-7
Xu, H., Hu, D., Li, X., Yang, J., Rui, D., Liu, N., Wu, H., Yang, J., Chang, L., & Jiao, F. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18162636
- Authors
- Kleppang, A. L., Haugland, S. H., Bakken, A., & Stea, T. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Agder (NO)
- OsloMet – Oslo Metropolitan University (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Kleppang, Annette Løvheim
- Venue
- BMC Public Health
- Published
- 2021-04-28
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 816-816
- ISSN
- 1471-2458 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8082771
- OpenAlex
- W3159273404
- Cited by
- 35
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6
- FWCI
- 4.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- BMC Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Adolescent Health and Behaviors
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health and Lifestyle Studies
- Keywords
- depressive symptoms, adolescents, lifestyle habits, physical activity, social media use, video gaming, dietary habits, smoking, smokeless tobacco, alcohol intoxication, healthy lifestyle adherence, sex differences, Norwegian adolescents
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Female, Habits, Humans, Life Style, Male, Norway, Surveys and Questionnaires, Young Adult
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