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Nutrition Recommendations for Bodybuilders in the Off-Season: A Narrative Review

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Evaluating the Leucine Trigger Hypothesis to Explain the Post-prandial Regulation of Muscle Protein Synthesis in Young and Older Adults: A Systematic Review

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Ingestion of Free Amino Acids Compared with an Equivalent Amount of Intact Protein Results in More Rapid Amino Acid Absorption and Greater Postprandial Plasma Amino Acid Availability Without Affecting Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates in Young Adults in a Double-Blind Randomized Trial

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Protein Supplementation after Exercise and before Sleep Does Not Further Augment Muscle Mass and Strength Gains during Resistance Exercise Training in Active Older Men.

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The Impact of Pre-sleep Protein Ingestion on the Skeletal Muscle Adaptive Response to Exercise in Humans: An Update

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Nutritional Recommendations for Physique Athletes

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Nutritional Strategies to Improve Post-exercise Recovery and Subsequent Exercise Performance: A Narrative Review

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Presleep Casein Protein Ingestion: Acceleration of Functional Recovery in Professional Soccer Players

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Role of sports psychology and sports nutrition in return to play from musculoskeletal injuries in professional soccer: an interdisciplinary approach

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Sustainable Diets for Athletes

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Casein Protein Processing Strongly Modulates Post-Prandial Plasma Amino Acid Responses In Vivo in Humans

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In-Season Nutrition Strategies and Recovery Modalities to Enhance Recovery for Basketball Players: A Narrative Review

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Adaptations to Concurrent Training in Combination with High Protein Availability: A Comparative Trial in Healthy, Recreationally Active Men

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Protein Requirements for Master Athletes: Just Older Versions of Their Younger Selves

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Pre-sleep Protein Ingestion Increases Mitochondrial Protein Synthesis Rates During Overnight Recovery from Endurance Exercise: A Randomized Controlled Trial

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Effects of Dietary Protein on Body Composition in Exercising Individuals

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Casein Ingestion Does Not Increase Muscle Connective Tissue Protein Synthesis Rates

Trommelen, J., Holwerda, A., Senden, J., Goessens, J., van Kranenburg, J. V., Gijsen, A., Verdijk, L., & van Loon, L. V. (2020) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002337 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

Optimisation and Validation of a Nutritional Intervention to Enhance Sleep Quality and Quantity

Halson, S. L., Shaw, G., Versey, N. G., Miller, D. J., Sargent, C., Roach, G. D., Nyman, L. R., Carter, J. M., & Baar, K. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12092579 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

New advances in stable tracer methods to assess whole-body protein and amino acid metabolism

ENGELEN, M. P. K. J., Have, G. A. M. T., Thaden, J. J., & Deutz, N. E. P. (2019) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0000000000000583 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

Acute Effects of Cheddar Cheese Consumption on Circulating Amino Acids and Human Skeletal Muscle

de Hart, N. M. M. P., Mahmassani, Z. S., Reidy, P. T., Kelley, J. J., McKenzie, A. I., Petrocelli, J. J., Bridge, M. J., Baird, L. M., Bastian, E. D., Ward, L. S., et al. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13020614 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

Effects of Pre-Sleep Whey vs. Plant-Based Protein Consumption on Muscle Recovery Following Damaging Morning Exercise

Saracino, P. G., Saylor, H. E., Hanna, B. R., Hickner, R., Kim, J.-S., & Ormsbee, M. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12072049 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

Exercise Plus Presleep Protein Ingestion Increases Overnight Muscle Connective Tissue Protein Synthesis Rates in Healthy Older Men

Holwerda, A. M., Trommelen, J., Kouw, I. W. K., Senden, J. M., Goessens, J. P. B., van Kranenburg, J. M. X., Gijsen, A. P., Verdijk, L. B., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2021) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0222 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Effects of pre-sleep protein consumption on muscle-related outcomes — A systematic review

Reis, C. E. G., Loureiro, L. M. R., Roschel, H., & da Costa, T. H. M. (2021) · Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2020.07.016 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

Assessing the whole-body protein synthetic response to feeding in vivo in human subjects

Trommelen, J., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2021) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665120008009 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

Pre-Bed Casein Protein Supplementation Does Not Enhance Acute Functional Recovery in Physically Active Males and Females When Exercise is Performed in the Morning

Apweiler, E., Wallace, D., Stansfield, S., Allerton, D. M., Brown, M. A., Stevenson, E. J., & Clifford, T. (2018) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports7010005 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

The intrinsically labeled protein approach is the preferred method to quantify the release of dietary protein-derived amino acids into the circulation

Trommelen, J., Holwerda, A. M., Nyakayiru, J., Gorissen, S. H. M., Rooyackers, O., Burd, N. A., Boirie‌, Y., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2019) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00155.2019 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Pre-sleep protein in casein supplement or whole-food form has no impact on resting energy expenditure or hunger in women

Leyh, S. M., Willingham, B. D., Baur, D. A., Panton, L. B., & Ormsbee, M. J. (2018) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114518002416 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Presleep Protein Supplementation Does Not Improve Recovery During Consecutive Days of Intense Endurance Training: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Larsen, M. S., Clausen, D., Jørgensen, A. A., Mikkelsen, U. R., & Hansen, M. (2019) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0286 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Pre-Sleep Casein Protein Ingestion Does Not Impact Next-Day Appetite, Energy Intake and Metabolism in Older Individuals

Morehen, S., Smeuninx, B., Perkins, M., Morgan, P. T., & Breen, L. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12010090 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Quantification and interpretation of postprandial whole-body protein metabolism using stable isotope methodology: a narrative review

Trommelen, J., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1391750 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

The Effect of Protein Supplementation versus Carbohydrate Supplementation on Muscle Damage Markers and Soreness Following a 15-km Road Race: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial

ten Haaf, D. S. M., Flipsen, M., Horstman, A. M. H., Timmerman, H., Steegers, M. A. H., de Groot, C. P. G. M., Eijsvogels, T. M. H., & Hopman, M. T. E. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13030858 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Incorporation of Dietary Amino Acids Into Myofibrillar and Sarcoplasmic Proteins in Free-Living Adults Is Influenced by Sex, Resistance Exercise, and Training Status

Sawan, S. A., Hodson, N. W., Tinline‐Goodfellow, C. T., West, D. W. D., Malowany, J. M., Kumbhare, D. A., & Moore, D. R. (2021) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxab261 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Nutritional Supplements for Muscle Hypertrophy: Mechanisms and Morphology—Focused Evidence

Mănescu, A. M., Hangu, S. Ș., & Mănescu, D. C. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17223603 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Compartmental analysis: a new approach to estimate protein breakdown and meal response in health and critical illness

Deutz, N. E. P., & ENGELEN, M. P. K. J. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1388969 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Prevention of Loss of Muscle Mass and Function in Older Adults during COVID-19 Lockdown: Potential Role of Dietary Essential Amino Acids

Park, S., Chang, Y., Wolfe, R., & Kim, I.-Y. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19138090 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Administration of Free Amino Acids Improves Exogenous Amino Acid Availability when Compared with Intact Protein in Critically Ill Patients: A Randomized Controlled Study

van Gassel, R. J. J., Weijzen, M. E. G., Kouw, I. W. K., Senden, J. M., Wodzig, W. K. W. H., Damink, S. W. M. O., van de Poll, M. C. G., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2023) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.12.015 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Pre-sleep protein supplementation in professional cyclists during a training camp: a three-arm randomized controlled trial

Valenzuela, P. L., Alejo, L. B., Montalvo‐Pérez, A., Ojanguren, D., Górriz, M., Aldazabal, I. P., Ozcoidi, L. M., Lucía, A., & Barranco‐Gil, D. (2023) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2023.2166366 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Pre-Sleep Casein Supplementation, Metabolism, and Appetite: A Systematic Review

Cruz, J. D., & Kahan, D. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13061872 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Effects of whey protein on body composition, biochemical profile, and high intensity physical performances in well-trained endurance runners

Mhamed, M. B., Zarrouk, F., Mrad, M., Methnani, J., Bahlous, A. H. S., Zaouali, M., Lindinger, M. I., Bigard, X. A., & Bouhlel, E. (2024) · Science & Sports · doi:10.1016/j.scispo.2024.02.001 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

A non-invasive 13 CO 2 breath test detects differences in anabolic sensitivity with feeding and heavy resistance exercise in healthy young males: a randomized control trial

Mazzulla, M., Hodson, N. W., West, D. W. D., Kumbhare, D. A., & Moore, D. R. (2022) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2021-0808 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Pre-sleep feeding, sleep quality, and markers of recovery in division I NCAA female soccer players

Greenwalt, C. E., Angeles, E., Vukovich, M. D., Smith‐Ryan, A. E., Bach, C. W., Sims, S. T., Zeleny, T., Holmes, K. E., Presby, D. M., Schiltz, K. J., et al. (2023) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2023.2236055 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Practical Nutrition Strategies to Support Basketball Performance during International Short-Term Tournaments: A Narrative Review

Esen, Ö., Rozwadowski, K., Čepička, L., Gabrys, T. T., & Karayiğit, R. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14224909 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Ingestion of a Pre-bedtime Protein Containing Beverage Prevents Overnight Induced Negative Whole Body Protein Balance in Healthy Middle-Aged Men: A Randomized Trial

Karagounis, L. G., Beaumont, M., Donato, L., Godin, J., Kapp, A.-F., Draganidis, D., Pinaud, S., Vuichoud, J., Shevlyakova, M., Rade-Kukic, K., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2019.00181 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Assessing the composition of myofibrillar and muscle connective protein fractions within skeletal muscle tissue

Holwerda, A. M., Aussieker, T., Senden, J. M., Bouwman, F. G., van Kranenburg, J. M. X., Overman, A., Snijders, T., Verdijk, L. B., Holm, L., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2025) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2025.2522363 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

From semi-starvation to the stage: a case report on indicators of low energy availability in a drug-free bodybuilder during contest preparation and peak week

Ritson, A. J., McDonald, L., Agu, J., & Bannock, L. G. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1465001 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Protein Blend and Casein Supplementations before Inactive Phase Similarly Activate Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Signaling in Rat Skeletal Muscle

Vieira, T. S., Pinto, A. P., Batitucci, G., da Rocha, A. L., Filho, H. T., Gonçalves, D. A., da Silva, A. S. R., & de Freitas, E. C. (2020) · Chinese Journal of Physiology · doi:10.4103/cjp.cjp_31_20 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Effects of pre-sleep protein supplementation on plasma markers of muscle damage and inflammatory cytokines resulting from sprint interval training in trained swimmers

Wu, C., Deng, J., & Gao, C. (2023) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2023.2244478 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Exploring Human Muscle Dynamics In Vivo Using Stable Isotope Tracers

Kim, I., Park, S., Jang, J., Kim, Y., & Kim, H. (2022) · 한국정맥경장영양학회지 · doi:10.15747/acnm.2022.14.2.40 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Protein Intake Distribution: Beneficial, Detrimental, or Inconsequential for Muscle Anabolism? Response to Witard & Mettler

Trommelen, J., Holwerda, A. M., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2024) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2024-0107 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Milk Protein Glycation Compromises Postprandial Lysine Bioavailability but does not Modulate Postprandial Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates In Vivo in Males: A Double-blind, Randomized Parallel Trial

van Lieshout, G. A. A., Trommelen, J., Hendriks, F. K., Nyakayiru, J., van Kranenburg, J. M. X., Senden, J. M., Goessens, J. P. B., Verdijk, L. B., Bragt, M. C. E., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2025) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.05.032 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

The effects of pre-sleep consumption of casein protein on next-morning measures of RMR and appetite compared between sedentary pre- and postmenopausal women

Schattinger, C. M., Leonard, J., Pappas, C., Ormsbee, M. J., & Panton, L. B. (2020) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114520001506 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

UYKU ÖNCESİ PROTEİN ALIMININ KAS PROTEİN SENTEZİ, KÜTLESİ VE KUVVETİ ÜZERİNE AKUT VE KRONİK ETKİLERİ

Erdoğmuş, T. N., & Aras, D. (2021) · Ankara Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Yüksekokulu SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.33689/spormetre.914142 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Pre-sleep Protein Supplementation Affects Energy Metabolism and Appetite in Sedentary Healthy Adults

Hao, Y., Li, X., Zhu, Z., & Cao, Z. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.873236 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Nutrition tactics to improve post-exercise recovery

Trommelen (2019) · doi:10.26481/dis.20191003jt

Peri-exercise nutrition: an innovative approach to dietary assessment in trained populations

Kozior, M. (2020) · Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology) · doi:10.34961/6072

Supporting muscle maintenance in patients undergoing hemodialysis

Hendriks, F. K. (2023) · doi:10.26481/dis.20230921fh

Association between protein intake and indicators of muscle strength and mass in gastrointestinal and accessory organs of digestion cancer outpatients: a preliminary and cross-sectional study from a single center

Araújo, V., Mainard, L., & Pimentel, G. D. (2022) · Braspen Journal · doi:10.37111/braspenj.2022.37.2.03

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HIGH PROTEIN DIET AND RISK OF KIDNEY DISEASE PROGRESSION AND NEPHROLITHIASIS

Banasiak, A., Tokarski, M. P., Łukaszewicz, S., Pawłowski, P., Rybak, J., Sadłowski, B., Bieganek, P., Sarnacka, S., Koćwin, J., & Kordialik, J. (2024) · Health Problems of Civilization · doi:10.5114/hpc.2024.140686

Pre-Sleep Protein Ingestion in Females

Hyusein, D. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-8699-6.ch008

The anabolic effects of collagen protein

Aussieker, T. (2025) · doi:10.26481/dis.20250627ta

Application of Sport Nutrition and Sports Psychology to Recovery

Rollo, I., Williams, C., & Podlog, L. W. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-44270-4_16

Presleep Whey but Not Casein Protein Ingestion Improves Sleep Quality After Resistance Exercise When Compared With an Isocaloric Control in Resistance Trained Individuals

Aussieker, T., Kredig, N., Wasserfurth, P., Harmsen, J., Spitschan, M., & Koehler, K. (2026) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2025-0205

Protein Ingestion Before Sleep Provides Precursors For Post-exercise Overnight De Novo Muscle Protein Synthesis

Trommelen, J., Holwerda, A. M., Kouw, I. W. K., Halson, S. L., Verdijk, L. B., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2016) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000485019.86027.3c

Protein Ingestion before Sleep Improves Postexercise Overnight Recovery

RES, P. T., GROEN, B., PENNINGS, B., BEELEN, M., WALLIS, G. A., GIJSEN, A. P., SENDEN, J. M. G., & VAN LOON, L. J. C. (2012) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31824cc363 · Cited by 226 · see citing works

Presleep protein ingestion does not compromise the muscle protein synthetic response to protein ingested the following morning [accepted manuscript]

Wall, B. T., Burd, N. A., Franssen, R., Gorissen, S. H. M., Snijders, T., Senden, J. M., Gijsen, A. P., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2016) · Research Bank (Australian Catholic University)

Presleep protein ingestion does not compromise the muscle protein synthetic response to protein ingested the following morning

Wall, B. T., Burd, N. A., Franssen, R., Gorissen, S. H. M., Snijders, T., Senden, J. M., Gijsen, A. P., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2016) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00325.2016 · Cited by 34 · see citing works

Resistance Exercise Augments Postprandial Overnight Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates [accepted manuscript]

Trommelen, J., Holwerda, A. M., Kouw, I. W. K., Langer, H., Halson, S. L., Verdijk, L. B., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2016) · Research Bank (Australian Catholic University)