Nighttime feeding likely alters morning metabolism but not exercise performance in female athletes
Abstract
The timing of morning endurance competition may limit proper pre-race fueling and resulting performance. A nighttime, pre-sleep nutritional strategy could be an alternative method to target the metabolic and hydrating needs of the early morning athlete without compromising sleep or gastrointestinal comfort during exercise. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to examine the acute effects of pre-sleep chocolate milk (CM) ingestion on next-morning running performance, metabolism, and hydration status. Twelve competitive female runners and triathletes (age, 30 ± 7 years; peak oxygen consumption, 53 ± 4 mL·kg−1·min−1) randomly ingested either pre-sleep CM or non-nutritive placebo (PL) ∼30 min before sleep and 7–9 h before a morning exercise trial. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) was assessed prior to exercise. The exercise trial included a warm-up, three 5-min incremental workloads at 55%, 65%, and 75% peak oxygen consumption, and a 10-km treadmill time trial (TT). Physiological responses were assessed prior, during (incremental and TT), and postexercise. Paired t tests and magnitude-based inferences were used to determine treatment differences. TT performances were not different (“most likely trivial” improvement with CM) between conditions (PL: 52.8 ± 8.4 min vs CM: 52.8 ± 8.0 min). RMR was “likely” increased (4.8%) and total carbohydrate oxidation (g·min−1) during exercise was “possibly” or likely increased (18.8%, 10.1%, 9.1% for stage 1–3, respectively) with CM versus PL. There were no consistent changes to hydration indices. In conclusion, pre-sleep CM may alter next-morning resting and exercise metabolism to favor carbohydrate oxidation, but effects did not translate to 10-km running performance improvements.
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Evening chocolate milk consumption influences carbohydrate metabolism in the morning, but not running performance, in athletes.
“In athletes, evening chocolate milk consumption has also been shown to influence carbohydrate metabolism in the morning, but not running performance [108].”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [108]
Pre-sleep feeding strategies appear to be most efficacious for recovery when consumed after an evening workout when compared to a morning workout.
“it appears to be most efficacious for recovery when consumed after an evening workout when compared to a morning workout [258–260]”
From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [260]
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- Authors
- Ormsbee, M. J., Gorman, K. A., Miller, E. A., Baur, D. A., Eckel, L. A., Contreras, R. J., Panton, L. B., & Spicer, M. T.
- Affiliations
- Florida State University (US)
- Venue
- Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism
- Publisher
- Canadian Science Publishing
- Published
- 2016-07
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 719-727
- ISSN
- 1715-5312 (ISSN-L)
- 1715-5320
- OpenAlex
- W2291008750
- Cited by
- 31
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 2.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of California, San Diego
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
- Keywords
- chocolate milk, nocturnal feeding, resting metabolic rate, carbohydrate oxidation, hydration status, female athletes, endurance running, triathletes, sleep
- MeSH terms
- Chocolate, Adult, Animals, Appetite, Basal Metabolism, Blood Glucose, Body Weight, Diet, Dietary Carbohydrates, Double-Blind Method, Exercise Test, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Milk, Oxidation-Reduction, Oxygen Consumption, Progesterone, Running, Saliva, Sleep, Time Factors, Cross-Over Studies, Athletic Performance, Young Adult, Athletes, Sports Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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