A functional study of auditory verbal imagery
Abstract
BACKGROUND: We used functional MRI to examine the functional anatomy of inner speech and different forms of auditory verbal imagery (imagining speech) in normal volunteers. We hypothesized that generating inner speech and auditory verbal imagery would be associated with left inferior frontal activation, and that generating auditory verbal imagery would involve additional activation in the lateral temporal cortices. METHODS: Subjects were scanned, while performing inner speech and auditory verbal imagery tasks, using a 1.5 Tesla magnet. RESULTS: The generation of inner speech was associated with activation in the left inferior frontal/insula region, the left temporo-parietal cortex, right cerebellum and the supplementary motor area. Auditory verbal imagery in general, as indexed by the three imagery tasks combined, was associated with activation in the areas engaged during the inner speech task, plus the left precentral and superior temporal gyri (STG), and the right homologues of all these areas. CONCLUSIONS: These results are consistent with the use of the 'articulatory loop' during both inner speech and auditory verbal imagery, and the greater engagement of verbal self-monitoring during auditory verbal imagery.
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Dialogal inner speech occurs when we imagine hearing someone, primarily as addressee, and involves representation and monitoring of our own voice and other people's voices.
“Dialogal inner speech occurs when we imagine hearing someone, what is often referred to as auditory verbal imagery (Shergill et al., 2001). In dialogal situations, when we imagine someone talking to us, with their own voice, we primarily are the addressee (although perhaps also the speaker).”
From The ConDialInt Model: Condensation, Dialogality, and Intentionality Dimensions of Inner Speech Within a Hierarchical Predictive Control Framework (2019) · cites this paper as Shergill et al., 2001
Shergill et al.'s (2001) fMRI study found similar right hemisphere activation in six participants during first, second and third person auditory verbal imagery.
“Similar right hemisphere activation was found in Shergill et al.’s (2001) fMRI study, in six participants who were examined during (first, second and third person) auditory verbal imagery.”
From The ConDialInt Model: Condensation, Dialogality, and Intentionality Dimensions of Inner Speech Within a Hierarchical Predictive Control Framework (2019) · cites this paper as Shergill et al.’s (2001)
Participants' subjective experience of a fainter voice percept in MO and DO supports the account of less accurate internal models.
“This account is supported by the participants’ subjective experience of a fainter voice percept in these more cognitively demanding conditions (see also Shergill et al., 2001).”
From The ConDialInt Model: Condensation, Dialogality, and Intentionality Dimensions of Inner Speech Within a Hierarchical Predictive Control Framework (2019) · cites this paper as Shergill et al., 2001
Shergill et al. (2001) found sentence repetition associated with activation of left IFG, STG, insula and SMA, while imagined speech in another person's voice recruited a bilateral frontotemporal network including right IFG, left pre-central gyrus and right STG.
“While sentence repetition was associated with activation of left IFG, superior temporal gyrus (STG), insula and the SMA, imagined speech in another person’s voice recruited a bilateral frontotemporal network, including right IFG, left pre-central gyrus and right STG.”
From The brain's conversation with itself: neural substrates of dialogic inner speech (2016) · cites this paper as Shergill et al. (2001)
Taken together, these findings suggest that dialogic forms of inner speech are likely to draw on a range of regions beyond a typical left-sided perisylvian language network, including the right IFG, right MTG and the right STG/STS.
“Taken together, these findings suggest that dialogic forms of inner speech are likely to draw on a range of regions beyond a typical left-sided perisylvian language network, including the right IFG, right middle temporal gyrus (MTG) and the right STG/STS.”
From The brain's conversation with itself: neural substrates of dialogic inner speech (2016) · cites this paper as Shergill et al. (2001)
The right-hemisphere differences between the dialogic and monologic conditions were not simply picking out additional voice representation demands but relate instead to other cognitive factors.
“This suggests that the right-hemisphere differences between the dialogic and monologic conditions were not simply picking out additional voice representation demands (cf. Shergill et al., 2001) but relate instead to other cognitive factors.”
From The brain's conversation with itself: neural substrates of dialogic inner speech (2016) · cites this paper as Shergill et al., 2001
The involvement of a left-hemisphere network including IFG, STG and the cerebellum during generation of dialogic scenarios implies a greater demand on these areas when a dialogue must be produced (in contrast to a monologue).
“The involvement of a left-hemisphere network including IFG, STG and the cerebellum during generation of dialogic scenarios is consistent with prior inner speech studies (Shergill et al., 2001; Simons et al., 2010; Geva et al., 2011) and implies a greater demand on these areas when a dialogue must be produced (in contrast to a monologue).”
From The brain's conversation with itself: neural substrates of dialogic inner speech (2016) · cites this paper as Shergill et al., 2001
Left planum temporale response is consistent with auditory imagery because it is observed when silently imagining speech or recalling auditory relative to visual associations of a picture.
“The response in the left planum temporale was again consistent with auditory imagery because it was observed when silently imagining speech (Shergill et al., 2001) or for recalling (imagining) the auditory relative to visual associations of a picture of a scene (Wheeler et al., 2000).”
From A review and synthesis of the first 20years of PET and fMRI studies of heard speech, spoken language and reading (2012) · cites this paper as Shergill et al., 2001
During auditory verbal imagery, activation was found in the left superior temporal gyrus (including Wernicke's area), left inferior frontal gyrus (Broca's area), supplementary motor area, and insula.
“during auditory verbal imagery, Shergill et al. (2001) found activation in the left superior temporal gyrus (including Wernicke's area) and the left inferior frontal gyrus (Broca's area), as well as in the supplementary motor area (SMA) and insula.”
From Auditory verbal hallucinations as atypical inner speech monitoring, and the potential of neurostimulation as a treatment option (2013) · cites this paper as Shergill et al., 2001
The left IFG is critically involved in self-generated auditory imagery of spoken speech.
“Wernicke’s-seeded FC was computed for subregions of the left IFG based on studies highlighting the critical involvement of the latter during self-generated auditory imagery of spoken speech (22,23), perception of external speech (24,25), and AVHs themselves (26,27).”
From Elevated functional connectivity along a corticostriatal loop and the mechanism of auditory/verbal hallucinations in patients with schizophrenia (2011) · cites this paper as [23]
Auditory/verbal hallucinations are blocked in a patient subgroup by partial disconnection of frontotemporal and frontostriatal pathways that ordinarily underlie speech generation, imagery and perception.
“Our findings suggest that AVHs are blocked in a patient subgroup, however, by partial disconnection of frontotemporal and frontostriatal pathways that ordinarily underlie speech generation, imagery and perception (22–25,56,58).”
From Elevated functional connectivity along a corticostriatal loop and the mechanism of auditory/verbal hallucinations in patients with schizophrenia (2011) · cites this paper as [23]
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- Authors
- SHERGILL, S. S., BULLMORE, E. T., BRAMMER, M. J., WILLIAMS, S. C. R., MURRAY, R. M., & McGUIRE, P. K.
- Affiliations
- University of London (GB)
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2001-02
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 241-253
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- OpenAlex
- W1993473416
- Cited by
- 237
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 4.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hallucinations in medical conditions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Representations and Identity
- Keywords
- inner speech, phonological loop, left inferior frontal cortex, left superior temporal gyrus, temporoparietal cortex, cerebellum, supplementary motor area, verbal self-monitoring
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Auditory Perception, Brain, Brain Mapping, Humans, Imagination, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Speech, Verbal Behavior
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