The sensory consequences of speaking: parametric neural cancellation during speech in auditory cortex
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When we speak, we provide ourselves with auditory speech input. Efficient monitoring of speech is often hypothesized to depend on matching the predicted sensory consequences from internal motor commands (forward model) with actual sensory feedback. In this paper we tested the forward model hypothesis using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. We administered an overt picture naming task in which we parametrically reduced the quality of verbal feedback by noise masking. Presentation of the same auditory input in the absence of overt speech served as listening control condition. Our results suggest that a match between predicted and actual sensory feedback results in inhibition of cancellation of auditory activity because speaking with normal unmasked feedback reduced activity in the auditory cortex compared to listening control conditions. Moreover, during self-generated speech, activation in auditory cortex increased as the feedback quality of the self-generated speech decreased. We conclude that during speaking early auditory cortex is involved in matching external signals with an internally generated model or prediction of sensory consequences, the locus of which may reside in auditory or higher order brain areas. Matching at early auditory cortex may provide a very sensitive monitoring mechanism that highlights speech production errors at very early levels of processing and may efficiently determine the self-agency of speech input.
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Activation related to processing the sound of the speaker's own voice is less during speech production than when hearing a recording of the spoken response.
“In the bilateral superior temporal gyri associated with auditory processing, further studies showed that activation related to processing the sound of the speaker's own voice was less during the process of producing the speech than when hearing a recording of the spoken response (Ventura et al., 2009; Christoffels et al., 2011).”
From A review and synthesis of the first 20years of PET and fMRI studies of heard speech, spoken language and reading (2012) · cites this paper as Christoffels et al., 2011
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- Authors
- Christoffels, I. K., van de Ven, V., Waldorp, L. J., Formisano, E., & Schiller, N. O.
- Affiliations
- Leiden University (NL)
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Maastricht University (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Christoffels, Ingrid K.
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2011-05-19
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- e18307
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3098236
- OpenAlex
- W2100505261
- Cited by
- 72
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 3.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (452-04-337, 453-02-006, 451-07-014, 451-06-009)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Music Perception
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Keywords
- forward model, auditory cortex, sensory feedback, noise masking, speech monitoring, self-agency, prediction error, overt speech, picture naming
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Auditory Cortex, Auditory Perception, Brain Mapping, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Sensory Receptor Cells, Speech, Speech Perception, Young Adult, Feedback, Sensory
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