Cited by 887Schizophrenia research and treatmentCounseling, Therapy, and Family DynamicsFamily Caregiving in Mental Illness

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 62 of the 62 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

. Psychological treatments in schizophrenia: I. meta-analysis of family intervention and cognitive behaviour therapy.

Open access

PILLING, S., BEBBINGTON, P., KUIPERS, E., GARETY, P., GEDDES, J., ORBACH, G., MORGAN, C.·2002·Psychological Medicine

DOI 10.1017/s0033291702005895

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

Background. While there is a growing body of evidence on the efficacy of psychological interventions for schizophrenia, this meta-analysis improves upon previous systematic and meta-analytical reviews by including a wider range of randomized controlled trials and providing comparisons against both standard care and other active interventions. Method. Literature searches identified randomized controlled trials of four types of psychological interventions: family intervention, cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), social skills training and cognitive remediation. These were then subjected to meta-analysis on a variety of outcome measures. This paper presents results relating to the first two. Results. Family therapy, in particular single family therapy, had clear preventative effects on the outcomes of psychotic relapse and readmission, in addition to benefits in medication compliance. CBT produced higher rates of ‘important improvement’ in mental state and demonstrated positive effects on continuous measures of mental state at follow-up. CBT also seems to be associated with low drop-out rates. Conclusions. Family intervention should be offered to people with schizophrenia who are in contact with carers. CBT may be useful for those with treatment resistant symptoms. Both treatments, in particular CBT, should be further investigated in large trials across a variety of patients, in various settings. The factors mediating treatment success in these interventions should be researched.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1017/s0033291702005895

Cites

62 of 62 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test
Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629 · Cited by 56,722
Meta-analysis in clinical trials
DerSimonian, R., & Laird, N. (1986) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2 · Cited by 39,552
Statistical Aspects of the Analysis of Data From Retrospective Studies of Disease
(1959) · JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/22.4.719 · Cited by 14,689
The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale.
Overall, J. E., & Gorham, D. R. (1962) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1962.10.3.799 · Cited by 11,090
Book Reviews: Statistical Methods for Meta-Analysis Larry V. Hedges and Ingram Olkin New York: Academic Press, 1985. xxii + 369 pp
Wasserman, S. S., Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1988) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.2307/1164953 · Cited by 10,377
Meta-analysis in social research
(1982) · Evaluation and Program Planning · doi:10.1016/0149-7189(82)90011-8 · Cited by 3,896
The number needed to treat: a clinically useful measure of treatment effect
Cook, R. J., & Sackett, D. L. (1995) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.310.6977.452 · Cited by 1,885
Influence of Family Life on the Course of Schizophrenic Disorders: A Replication
Brown, G. W., Birley, J. L. T., & Wing, J. K. (1972) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.121.3.241 · Cited by 1,770
What Works for Whom?: A Critical Review of Psychotherapy Research
Roth, A. D., & Fonagy, P. (1996) · Cited by 1,382
Statistics Notes: Detecting skewness from summary information: Table 1
Altman, D. G., & Bland, J. M. (1996) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.313.7066.1200 · Cited by 1,278

Show all 62 references

Research works printed but not linked: 7

[2]2. Altman, D. G. & Bland, J. M. (1996). Detecting skewness from summary information. British Medical Journal 313, 200.
[14]14. Cohen, J. (1977). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioural Sciences. Academic Press : New York.
[16]16. Cormac, I., Jones, C. & Campbell, C. (2002). Cognitive behaviour therapy for schizophrenia (Cochrane Review). In Cochrane Library, 1. Update Software : Oxford.
[25]25. Falloon, I. R. H., Boyd, J. L., McGill, C. W., Razani, J., Moss, H. B. & Gilderman, A. M. (1982). Family management in the prevention of the exacerbation of schizophrenia : clinical outcome of a two- year longitudinal study. New England Journal of Medicine 306, 1437-1440.
[26]26. Fowler, D., Garety, P. A. & Kuipers, L. (1995). Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Psychosis. Wiley : Chichester.
[32]32. Hedges, L. V. & Olkin, I. (1985). Statistical Methods for Meta- analysis. Academic Press : London.
[52]52. Mulrow, C. D. & Oxman, A. D. (eds.) (1997). Cochrane Col- laboration Handbook. In The Cochrane Library (database on disk and CDROM). The Cochrane Collaboration. Update Software, 1997 : Oxford.

Sorted by citations

Items 201–300 of 885

What Therapies are Favored in the Treatment of the Psychological Sequelae of Trauma in Human Trafficking Victims?
Salami, T. K., Gordon, M., Coverdale, J., & Nguyen, P. T. (2018) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/pra.0000000000000288 · Cited by 54
. An open trial of a new acceptance-based behavioral treatment for major depression with psychotic features.
Gaudiano, B. A., Nowlan, K., Brown, L. A., Epstein-Lubow, G., & Miller, I. W. (2013) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445512465173 · Cited by 49
“…conditions for the treatment of positive and negative symptoms of psychosis, with effects in the medium to large range depending on the control condition (effect size [ES] = .37-.91; Gould, Mueser, Bolton, Mays, & Goff, 2001; Pilling et al., 2002; Rector & Beck, 2001; Tarrier & Wykes, 2004).”
Background
Comparison of first‐episode and chronic patients diagnosed with schizophrenia: symptoms and childhood trauma
Wang, Z., Xue, Z., Pu, W., Yang, B. Y., Li, L., Yi, W., Wang, P., Liu, C., Wu, G., Liu, Z., et al. (2012) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1751-7893.2012.00387.x · Cited by 49
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Bibliotherapy for Carers of Young People With First-Episode Psychosis
McCann, T. V., Lubman, D. I., Cotton, S., Murphy, B., Crisp, K., Catania, L., Marck, C. H., & Gleeson, J. (2012) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbs121 · Cited by 49
Use of family focused therapy in rehabilitation for veterans with traumatic brain injury.
Dausch, B. M., & Saliman, S. (2009) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016809 · Cited by 47
S3 guideline on psychosocial therapies in severe mental illness: evidence and recommendations
Gühne, U., Weinmann, S., Arnold, K., Becker, T. M., & Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2014) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-014-0558-9 · Cited by 48
“[121] 18 RCTs ⇑ Compliance with medication ⇓ Relapse or readmission rates ⇓ Burden experienced by the relatives”
Culturally adapted Family Intervention (CaFI) for African-Caribbean people diagnosed with schizophrenia and their families: a mixed-methods feasibility study of development, implementation and acceptability
Edge, D., Degnan, A., Cotterill, S., Berry, K., Baker, J. A., Drake, R., & Abel, K. M. (2018) · Health Services and Delivery Research · doi:10.3310/hsdr06320 · Cited by 51
Psychosocial interventions in schizophrenia: Focus on guidelines
Ventriglio, A., Ricci, F., Magnifico, G., Chumakov, E. M., Torales, J. C., Watson, C. J., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., Petito, A., & Bellomo, A. (2020) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764020934827 · Cited by 48
“They point out that patients receiving a long-term family intervention (6– 9 months) show a lower rate of relapses and rehospitalizations (Barrowclough et al., 1999; Pfammatter et al., 2006; Pilling et al., 2002).”
BackgroundInfluential
Effective Caring: a synthesis of the international evidence on carer needs and interventions
Eagar, K., Owen, A., Williams, K. E., Westera, A., Marosszeky, N., England, R., & Morris, D. (2007) · Figshare · Cited by 48
Family involvement, medication adherence, and depression outcomes among patients in veterans affairs primary care
Bolkan, C. R., Bonner, L. M., Campbell, D. G., Lanto, A., Zivin, K., Chaney, E., & Rubenstein, L. V. (2013) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201200160 · Cited by 47
Individual psychotherapy for schizophrenia: trends and developments in the wake of the recovery movement
Hamm, J., Hasson-Ohayon, I., Kukla, M., & Paul H Lysaker, P. (2013) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s47891 · Cited by 64
“Meta-analyses have found acceptable effect sizes for the effectiveness of CBT for schizophrenia, and it has received enough support for several countries to have adopted guidelines suggesting that it be routine care.(28,29) Recently and in parallel, there has also been renewed interest in the potential of psychodynami…”
Jumping to conclusions: the psychology of delusional reasoning
Garety, P., Freeman, D., Jolley, S., Ross, K., Waller, H., & Dunn, G. (2011) · Advances in Psychiatric Treatment · doi:10.1192/apt.bp.109.007104 · Cited by 47
Self-citation
Parental Communication and Psychosis: A Meta-analysis
de Sousa, P., Varese, F., Sellwood, W., & Bentall, R. P. (2013) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbt088 · Cited by 48
Predictors of Response to Cognitive Behaviour Therapy in the Treatment of Schizophrenia: A Comparison of Brief and Standard Interventions
Naeem, F., Kingdon, D., & Turkington, D. (2008) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-008-9186-x · Cited by 47
“Two meta-analyses showed cognitive therapy to be an effective treatment for symptoms of schizophrenia and having a preventative effect on outcome of psychotic relapse (Gould et al. 2001; Pilling et al. 2002).”
Background
Psychological interventions for acute psychiatric inpatients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Barnicot, K., Michael, C., Trione, E., Lang, S., Saunders, T., Sharp, M., & Crawford, M. J. (2020) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101929 · Cited by 45
“This stands in contrast to recent large meta-analyses based primarily on CBT conducted among outpatients with schizophrenia, which found reductions in post-intervention general psychopathology and positive symptoms compared to control treatments (Eichner & Berna, 2016; Jauhar et al., 2014; Pilling et al., 2002; Turner…”
BackgroundResult
Experiential avoidance and appraisals of voices as predictors of voice‐related distress
Varese, F., Morrison, A. P., Beck, R., Heffernan, S., Law, H., & Bentall, R. P. (2016) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12102 · Cited by 47
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy of Schizophrenia
Kingdon, D., Turkington, D., & Friedberg, R. D. (1996) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.10.2.153 · Cited by 45
Multifamily Group Psychoeducation and Cognitive Remediation for First-Episode Psychosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Breitborde, N. J., Moreno, F. A., Mai-Dixon, N., Peterson, R., Durst, L., Bernstein, B., Byreddy, S., & McFarlane, W. R. (2011) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-11-9 · Cited by 45
“To date, multiple studies have demonstrated that the receipt of family psychoeducation is associated with lower rates of relapse among individuals with psychotic disorders [9,10] with individuals with first-episode psychosis experiencing greater clinical benefits than individuals later in the course of a psychotic dis…”
BackgroundMethod
An Assets-Based Approach to Co-Producing a Culturally Adapted Family Intervention (CaFI) with African Caribbeans Diagnosed with Schizophrenia and Their Families
Edge, D., & Grey, P. (2018) · Ethnicity & Disease · doi:10.18865/ed.28.s2.485 · Cited by 45
The SIEP-DIRECT's Project on the discrepancy between routine practice and evidence. An outline of main findings and practical implications for the future of community based mental health services
Ruggeri, M., Lora, A., & Semisa, D. (2008) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s1121189x00000154 · Cited by 45
“…infrequent use of 1) psychoeducational intervention for families and 2) continuative and structured family support activities aimed at involving family members more directly in the therapeutic process, that both have been proved effective in decreasing patient relapse rates (Pilling et al., 2002).”
Background
Developing services for the carers of young adults with early‐onset psychosis – implementing evidence‐based practice on psycho‐educational family intervention
Sin, J., Moone, N., & Newell, J. (2007) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2007.01075.x · Cited by 44
Cognitive–behavioural therapy for persistent and recurrent psychosis in people with schizophrenia-spectrum disorder: cost-effectiveness analysis
van der Gaag, M., Stant, A. D., Wolters, K., Buskens, E., & Wiersma, D. (2011) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.109.071522 · Cited by 44
Psychoeducation Improved Illness Perception and Expressed Emotion of Family Caregivers of Patients with Schizophrenia
Budiono, W., Kantono, K., Kristianto, F. C., Avanti, C., & Herawati, F. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18147522 · Cited by 43
“There were more male than female patients in this study, but that is not unusual in schizophrenia studies [24].”
Result
Factors associated with psychotic relapse in patients with schizophrenia in a Pakistani cohort
Ahmad, I., Khalily, M. T., Hallahan, B. P., & Shah, I. (2016) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.12260 · Cited by 48
Family involvement practices for persons with psychotic disorders in community mental health centres – a cross-sectional fidelity-based study
Hestmark, L., Heiervang, K. S., Pedersen, R., Hansson, K. M., Ruud, T., & Romøren, M. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03300-4 · Cited by 44
Do psychotherapies produce neurobiological effects?
Kumari, V. (2006) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1601-5215.2006.00127.x · Cited by 45
A Review of Second-Generation Antipsychotic Discontinuation in First-Episode Psychosis
Miller, B. J. (2008) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/01.pra.0000336756.65308.83 · Cited by 42
A study of families' satisfaction with a family interventions in psychosis service in Somerset
Stanbridge, R. I., Burbach, F., Lucas, A. S., & Carter, K. (2003) · Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/1467-6427.00243 · Cited by 44
Implementing family intervention following training: what can the matter be?
Mairs, H., & Bradshaw, T. (2005) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2005.00871.x · Cited by 43
Developmental Psychopathology from Family Systems and Family Risk Factors Perspectives: Implications for Family Research, Practice, and Policy
Cowan, P. A., & Cowan, C. P. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470939383.ch14 · Cited by 42
Patient predictors of symptom and functional outcome following cognitive behaviour therapy or befriending in first-episode psychosis
Allott, K., Álvarez‐Jiménez, M., Killackey, E. J., Bendall, S., McGorry, P. D., & Jackson, H. J. (2011) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.08.011 · Cited by 43
“symptoms, as well as functional outcomes (Gould et al., 2001; Pilling et al., 2002; Zimmermann et al., 2005; Pfammatter et al., 2006; Wykes et al., 2008), but not all reviews have been positive (Jones et al.”
Influential
The ability of staff trained in family interventions to implement the approach in routine clinical practice
Bailey, R., Burbach, F., & Lea, S. J. (2003) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638230310000103443 · Cited by 42
“duce hospitalisation and increase compliance with medication (cf. reviews by Bustillo et al., 2001; Dixon et al., 2000; Mari & Streiner, 1996; Pharoah et al., 2002; Pilling et al., 2002; Pitschel-Walz et al., 2001).”
Background
Implementation of a Family Intervention for Individuals with Schizophrenia
Cohen, A. N., Glynn, S. M., Hamilton, A. B., & Young, A. S. (2010) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-009-1136-0 · Cited by 41
“the family intervention with two objectives: (1) perform a process analysis of implementation and ( 2 ) examine utilization of the intervention.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Early Psychological Intervention for Auditory Hallucinations: An Exploratory Study of Young People's Voices Groups
Newton, E., Landau, S., Smith, P. A., Monks, P. S., Shergill, S. S., & Wykes, T. (2005) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000149220.91667.fa · Cited by 41
“Individual CBT for psychosis is effective in reducing overall psychopathology but appears to have little impact on auditory hallucinations (Pilling et al., 2002).”
Background
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Psychotic Symptoms: A Randomized Controlled Effectiveness Trial
Kråkvik, B., Gråwe, R. W., Hagen, R., & Stiles, T. C. (2013) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465813000258 · Cited by 41
“…persistent psychotic symptoms (Dickerson, 2004; Gaudiano, 2005; Jones, Cormac, Silveira and Campbell, 2010; Pfammatter, Junghan and Brenner, 2006; Pilling et al., 2002; Rathod, Kingdon, Weiden and Turkington, 2008; Rector and Beck, 2001; Wykes et al., 2008; Zimmermann, Favrod, Trieu and Pomini,…”
The Effectiveness of a Mindfulness-Based Psychoeducation Programme for Emotional Regulation in Individuals with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: A Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial
Lam, A. H. Y., Leung, S. F., Lin, J. J., & Chien, W. T. (2020) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s231877 · Cited by 40
Entwicklungsprozess der DGPPN-Qualitätsindikatoren
Großimlinghaus, I., Falkai, P., Gäebel, W., Janssen, B., Reich‐Erkelenz, D., Wobrock, T., & Zielasek, J. (2013) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-012-3705-4 · Cited by 40
Assessing Change in Intervention Research: The Benefits of Composite Outcomes
Moreau, D., & Wiebels, K. (2021) · Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2515245920931930 · Cited by 41
“, 2013; Sin & Lyubomirsky, 2009); regimens focused on alleviating symptoms of clinical conditions such as anxiety disorders, phobia, or schizophrenia may use tests of secondary outcomes alongside symptom assessments (Fedoroff & Taylor, 2001; MayoWilson et al., 2014; Pilling et al., 2002).”
Background
Practices Preventing Rehospitalization of Individuals With Schizophrenia
Prince, J. D. (2006) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000222407.31613.5d · Cited by 40
Social skills training: Alive and well?
Mueser, K. T., & Bellack, A. S. (2007) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638230701494951 · Cited by 40
“…about the nature and magnitude of the effects of social skills training on schizophrenia and other severe mental illnesses (Mueser & Penn, 2004; Pilling et al., 2002a), most reviews of research on skills training have converged on four general conclusions (Bellack, 2004; Benton & Schroeder,…”
Background
Addressing the needs of carers during early psychosis
Jones, K. (2009) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1751-7893.2009.00127.x · Cited by 40
Challenges to Implementing and Sustaining Comprehensive Mental Health Service Programs
Gold, P. B., Glynn, S. M., & Mueser, K. T. (2006) · Evaluation & the Health Professions · doi:10.1177/0163278706287345 · Cited by 40
Treatment development for psychosis and co-occurring substance misuse: A descriptive review
Barrowclough, C., Haddock, G., Fitzsimmons, M., & Johnson, R. (2006) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638230600998920 · Cited by 40
“Moreover, in recent years CBT has been recognized to be effective in reducing the symptoms of psychosis (see for example, Pilling et al., 2002, for a meta-analytic review of CBT studies in psychosis).”
Background
An RCT With Three-Year Follow-Up of Peer Support Groups for Chinese Families of Persons With Schizophrenia
Chien, W. T., & Thompson, D. R. (2013) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201200243 · Cited by 42
Culturally-adapted Family Intervention (CaFI) for African-Caribbeans diagnosed with schizophrenia and their families: a feasibility study protocol of implementation and acceptability
Edge, D., Degnan, A., Cotterill, S., Berry, K., Drake, R., Baker, J. A., Barrowclough, C., Hughes-Morley, A., Grey, P., Bhugra, D., et al. (2016) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-016-0070-2 · Cited by 40
“Core components of FI include psycho-education, problem solving, cognitive appraisal, crisis management and encouraging carers to practice good selfcare [17, 18].”
Background
Wirksamkeit kognitiver Interventionen für Schizophrenie
Lincoln, T. M., Suttner, C., & Nestoriuc, Y. (2008) · Psychologische Rundschau · doi:10.1026/0033-3042.59.4.217 · Cited by 40
A preliminary exploration of predictors of outcome and cognitive mechanisms of change in cognitive behaviour therapy for psychosis in people not taking antipsychotic medication
Morrison, A. P., Turkington, D., Wardle, M., Spencer, H. M., Barratt, S., Dudley, R. E. J., Brabban, A., & Hutton, P. (2011) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.12.001 · Cited by 40
Acceptance and commitment therapy compared to treatment as usual in psychosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Tonarelli, S. B., & Pasillas, R. (2016) · Journal of psychiatry · doi:10.4172/2378-5756.1000366 · Cited by 38
“Cognitive-behavioral and family therapies [6-8] have been shown to produce benefits beyond medications alone.”
Background
Current perspectives in the treatment of resistant schizophrenia
Rk, S., Singh, P., & Munshi, D. (2009) · Indian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/0019-5545.58289 · Cited by 38
“Another meta‑analysis [102] has underlined the importance of family intervention and cognitive behavior therapy.”
The Importance of Suicide Risk Formulation in Schizophrenia
Berardelli, I., Rogante, E., Sarubbi, S., Erbuto, D., Lester, D., & Pompili, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.779684 · Cited by 46
“Reviews and meta-analyses of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) for psychosis have reported positive results for various symptoms (186, 187).”
Background
Exploring the effectiveness of family-based interventions for psychosis in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review
Morillo, H. M., Lowry, S., & Henderson, C. (2022) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-022-02309-8 · Cited by 47
“Among psychological interventions, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) shows encouraging evidence in some contexts [9, 10], but negative symptoms may not be effectively addressed [11].”
Background
Group CBT for Clients With a First Episode of Schizophrenia
Lecomte, T., Leclerc, C., Wykes, T., & Lecomte, J. (2003) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/jcop.17.4.375.52538 · Cited by 38
Unravelling psychosis: psychosocial epidemiology, mechanism, and meaning.
Bebbington, P. (2015) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.11919/j.issn.1002-0829.215027 · Cited by 38
Self-citation
Acceptance-based Behavior Therapy for Depression With Psychosis
GAUDIANO, B. A., BUSCH, A. M., WENZE, S. J., NOWLAN, K., EPSTEIN-LUBOW, G., & MILLER, I. W. (2015) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/pra.0000000000000092 · Cited by 37
ACCEPTANCE, MINDFULNESS, VALUES, AND PSYCHOSIS: APPLYING ACCEPTANCE AND COMMITMENT THERAPY (ACT) TO THE CHRONICALLY MENTALLY ILL
BACH, P. A., GAUDIANO, B., PANKEY, J., HERBERT, J. D., & HAYES, S. C. (2006) · Mindfulness-Based Treatment Approaches · doi:10.1016/b978-012088519-0/50006-x · Cited by 37
Measuring Adherence in CBT for Psychosis: A Psychometric Analysis of an Adherence Scale
Rollinson, R., Smith, B., Steel, C., Jolley, S., Onwumere, J., Garety, P. A., Kuipers, E., Freeman, D. H., Bebbington, P., Dunn, G., et al. (2007) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465807003980 · Cited by 37
“There is increasing evidence for the effectiveness of CBT for treatment-resistant positive symptoms of psychosis (Kuipers et al., 1997; Tarrier et al., 1998; Sensky et al., 2000; Gould, Mays, Goff, Mueer and Bolton, 2001; Rector and Beck, 2001; Pilling et al., 2002; Tarrier and Wykes, 2004).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Digital smartphone intervention to recognise and manage early warning signs in schizophrenia to prevent relapse: the EMPOWER feasibility cluster RCT
Gumley, A. I., Bradstreet, S., Ainsworth, J. D., Allan, S., Álvarez‐Jiménez, M., Birchwood, M. J., Briggs, A. H., Bucci, S., Cotton, S., Engel, L., et al. (2022) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hlze0479 · Cited by 41
Cognitive behavioral therapy for psychosis in clinical practice.
Sivec, H. J., & Montesano, V. L. (2012) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/a0028256 · Cited by 41
“For example, Pilling et al. (2002) examined six studies and found there was variance in the way that relapse was defined between studies, ranging from hospital readmission to a deterioration equivalent of five or more on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS; Overall & Gorham, 1962).”
Cognitive–behaviour therapy for schizophrenia: a review
Rathod, S., & Turkington, D. (2005) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00001504-200503000-00009 · Cited by 38
Individuals' experiences and opinions of psychological therapies for psychosis: A narrative synthesis
Holding, J. C., Gregg, L., & Haddock, G. (2015) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.10.004 · Cited by 38
Expressed emotion and causal attributions in relatives of post-traumatic stress disorder patients
Barrowclough, C., Gregg, L., & Tarrier, N. (2007) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.11.005 · Cited by 36
“Michael's Game,” a card game for the treatment of psychotic symptoms
Khazaal, Y., Favrod, J., Azoulay, S., Finot, S. C., Bernabotto, M., Raffard, S., Libbrecht, J., Dieben, K., Levoyer, D., & Pomini, V. (2010) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2010.05.017 · Cited by 35
“017 patients’ positive symptomatology [4,6–18], even if the decrease in symptoms is also modest [19], which is not surprising considering an illness as severe as schizophrenia.”
Background
Efficacy of the Team Solutions Program for Educating Patients About Illness Management and Treatment
Vreeland, B., Minsky, S., Yanos, P. T., Menza, M. A., Gara, M. A., Kim, E., Toto, A. M., & Allen, L. (2006) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.57.6.822 · Cited by 36
Seeing non-existent events: Effects of environmental conditions, schizotypal symptoms, and sub-clinical characteristics
Reed, P., Wakefield, D., Harris, J., Parry, J. E., Cella, M., & Tsakanikos, E. (2007) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.07.005 · Cited by 36
“With cognitive-behavioural techniques increasingly being seen as promising in targeting psychotic symptoms (Gould, Mueser, Bolton, Mays, & Goff, 2001; Pilling et al., 2002), modification of such biases could potentially contribute to clinical improvement.”
Method
Deprescribing antipsychotics: a guide for clinicians
Gupta, S., Cahill, J. D., & Miller, R. (2018) · BJPsych Advances · doi:10.1192/bja.2018.2 · Cited by 35
A randomised controlled trial of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for psychosis: study protocol
Thomas, N., Shawyer, F., Castle, D. J., Copolov, D., Hayes, S. C., & Farhall, J. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-198 · Cited by 35
“Several early meta-analyses reported large and important clinical effects [6-8] providing key evidence that CBTp was an effective treatment for positive psychotic symptoms.”
Background
Schizophrenia (maintenance treatment).
Smith, T. E., Weston, C. A., & Lieberman, J. A. (2009) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 35
Perception of patients’ unpredictability and beliefs on the causes and consequences of schizophrenia
and the National Mental Health Project Working Group, Magliano, L., Rosa, C. D., Fiorillo, A., Malangone, C., & Maj, M. (2004) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-004-0764-2 · Cited by 34
“... be paid to the detection and monitoring of early warning signs of acute phases of schizophrenia as a crucial strategy to reduce the risk of patients’ aggressive behaviours [41]; d) reduce the gap existing among relatives, professionals and the general public as concerns patients’ affective and civil rights through…”
Psychosocial Treatments for Schizophrenia
Addington, J., Piškulić, D., & Marshall, C. (2010) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721410377743 · Cited by 36
A Comparison of the Effectiveness of Problem Solving Training and of Cognitive-Emotional Rehabilitation on Neurocognition, Social Cognition and Social Functioning in People with Schizophrenia
Veltro, F., Mazza, M., Vendittelli, N., Alberti, M., CASACCHIA, M., & Roncone, R. (2011) · Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health · doi:10.2174/1745017901107010123 · Cited by 35
The Evolution of Evidence-based Practices
Biglan, A., & Ogden, T. (2008) · European Journal of Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1080/15021149.2008.11434297 · Cited by 35
“In addition, there has been progress on the prevention of schizophrenic episodes (Pilling et al., 2002a; 2002b; Tsuang, Stone, & Faraone, 2002).”
Background
Patients’ perspectives on what works in psychoeducational groups for schizophrenia
Sibitz, I., Amering, M., Gößler, R., Unger, A., & Katschnig, H. (2007) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-007-0245-5 · Cited by 35
“Integrating the family is especially promising with regard to relapse prevention and improving outcome [27–30] where patient-centered psychoeducation has shown limited effectiveness [23].”
Background
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Schizophrenia in Patients with Mild to Moderate Substance Misuse Problems
Naeem, F., Kingdon, D., & Turkington, D. (2005) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070510010684 · Cited by 35
“Metaanalyses of trials of CBT indicate successful treatment of persistent symptoms in chronic schizophrenia (Gould et al., 2001; Pilling et al., 2002).”
Background
Gender aspects of parents’ needs of schizophrenia patients
Wancata, J., Freidl, M., Krautgartner, M., Friedrich, F., Matschnig, T., Unger, A., Gößler, R., & Frühwald, S. (2008) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-008-0391-4 · Cited by 35
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Schizophrenia: A Survey of Clinical Practices and Views on Efficacy in the United States and United Kingdom
Kuller, A. M., Ott, B. D., Goisman, R. M., Wainwright, L. D., & Rabin, R. J. (2009) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-009-9223-6 · Cited by 33
Effect of living with patients on caregiver burden of individual with schizophrenia in China
Zhou, Y., Ning, Y., Rosenheck, R. A., Sun, B., Zhang, J., Ou, Y., & He, H. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.08.046 · Cited by 34
“…has reported that there is no single optimal approach to providing this support, but evidence-based family interventions usually include psychoeducation, emotional processing, stress reduction, structured problem solving and cognitive reappraisal (Berglund et al., 2003; Pilling et al., 2002).”
Cognitive behavioural therapy versus supportive therapy for persistent positive symptoms in psychotic disorders: The POSITIVE Study, a multicenter, prospective, single-blind, randomised controlled clinical trial
Klingberg, S., Wittorf, A., Meisner, C., Wölwer, W., Wiedemann, G., Herrlich, J., Bechdolf, A., Müller, B. W., Sartory, G., Wagner, M., et al. (2010) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-11-123 · Cited by 34
“[4] the British National Institute of Clinical Excellence recommended CBT for routine care.”
Background
Delivering cognitive-behavioural family interventions for schizophrenia
Onwumere, J., Grice, S., & Kuipers, E. (2016) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1111/ap.12179 · Cited by 33
“The evidence base detailing the efficacy and effectiveness for family interventions is well established and has been reviewed extensively (e.g., Bird et al., 2010; Pfammatter, Junghan, & Brenner, 2006; Pilling et al., 2002; Onwumere, Bebbington, & Kuipers, 2011).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Rehabilitation and Recovery in Schizophrenia
Velligan, D. I., & Gonzalez, J. M. (2007) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2007.05.001 · Cited by 33
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Schizophrenia: A Review
Turkington, D., Dudley, R. E. J., Warman, D. M., & Beck, A. T. (2006) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/foc.4.2.223 · Cited by 33
A card game for the treatment of delusional ideas: A naturalistic pilot trial
Khazaal, Y., Favrod, J., Libbrecht, J., Finot, S. C., Azoulay, S., Benzakin, L., Oury-Delamotte, M., Follack, C., & Pomini, V. (2006) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-6-48 · Cited by 33
“Recent meta-analyses demonstrate their utility for the treatment of psychotic conditions [ 2-5 ].”
Background
The needs of older adults with schizophrenia Implications for psychological interventions
Berry, K., & Barrowclough, C. (2008) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.09.010 · Cited by 34
“There is significant body of literature to suggest that family intervention can reduce relapse rates and improve social relationships in younger adults with schizophrenia (Pilling et al., 2002a), but as in the case of CBT, studies focus on people under the age of 65 years.”
Schizophrenia and Psychosocial Stresses
Bebbington, P., & Kuipers, E. (2003) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470987353.ch31 · Cited by 33
Self-citation
Web-based psychoeducation program for caregivers of first-episode of psychosis: an experience of Chinese population in Hong Kong
Chan, S. K. W., Tse, S., Sin, H. L. T., Hui, C. L. M., Lee, E. H. M., Chang, W. C., & Chen, E. Y. H. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.02006 · Cited by 32
“It has been reported to be effective in reduce rates of hospitalization, relapses, improved social outcomes, and improved treatment adherence (Mari and Streiner, 1994; Pilling et al., 2002; NICE, 2009; Pharoah et al., 2010).”
Background
Psychological Flexibility as a Buffer against Caregiver Distress in Families with Psychosis
Jansen, J. E., Haahr, U. H., Lyse, H.-G., Pedersen, M. B., Trauelsen, A. M., & Simonsen, E. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01625 · Cited by 32
“A number of studies have shown that structured family work reduces the risk of relapse, and improves the possibility of recovery in persons with psychosis (Pitschel-Walz et al., 2001; Pilling et al., 2002).”
Background
Self-Help Interventions for Psychosis: A Meta-Analysis
Scott, A. J., Webb, T. L., & Rowse, G. (2015) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.05.002 · Cited by 33
The “Carers’ needs assessment for Schizophrenia”
Wancata, J., Krautgartner, M., Berner, J., Scumaci, S., Freidl, M., Alexandrowicz, R. W., & Rittmannsberger, H. (2006) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-005-0021-3 · Cited by 32
Is Symptomatic Improvement in Clinical Trials of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Psychosis Clinically Significant?
Gaudiano, B. A. (2006) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/00131746-200601000-00003 · Cited by 33
Cognitive‐Behavioural Interventions
Jolley, S., & Garety, P. A. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470978672.ch7 · Cited by 32
Self-citation
Publication bias in meta-analyses of the efficacy of psychotherapeutic interventions for schizophrenia
Niemeyer, H., Musch, J., & Pietrowsky, R. (2012) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.03.023 · Cited by 31
“…et al., 1996; Cuijpers, 1999; Barbato and D'Avanzo, 2000; Rector and Beck, 2001; Gould et al., 2001; Kurtz et al., 2001; Suslow et al., 2001; Pilling et al., 2002a; Pilling et al., 2002b; Krabbendam and Aleman, 2003; Twamley et al., 2003; Tarrier and Wykes, 2004; Pfammatter, 2005; Tarrier,…”
Background
The Evidence Base of Systemic Family and Couples Therapies
Stratton, P. (2017) · Cited by 32
Use of Palm computer as an adjunct to cognitive–behavioural therapy with an ultra‐high‐risk patient: a case report
Kimhy, D., & Corcoran, C. M. (2008) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1751-7893.2008.00083.x · Cited by 31
New challenges in family interventions for schizophrenia
Glynn, S. M., Cohen, A. N., & Niv, N. (2006) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/14737175.7.1.33 · Cited by 31
Group cognitive behavioural therapy for schizophrenia: a systematic review of the literature
LAWRENCE, R., Bradshaw, T., & Mairs, H. (2006) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2006.01014.x · Cited by 31
“Hitting” Voices of Schizophrenia Patients May Lastingly Reduce Persistent Auditory Hallucinations and Their Burden: 18-Month Outcome of a Randomized Controlled Trial
Jenner, J. A., Nienhuis, F. J., van de Willige, G., & Wiersma, D. (2006) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370605100307 · Cited by 31
“In another study, the modest benefits of CBTp over supportive counselling on voice hearing observed at 9 months lost significance at 12 months (4).”
BackgroundInfluential
Promoting recovery of schizophrenic patients: discrepancy between routine practice and evidence. The SIEP-DIRECT's Project
Semisa, D., CASACCHIA, M., Munzio, W. D., Neri, G., Buscaglia, G., Burti, L., Pucci, C., Corlito, G., Bacigalupi, M., Parravani, R., et al. (2008) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s1121189x00000130 · Cited by 30
Implementation of guidelines on family involvement for persons with psychotic disorders in community mental health centres (IFIP): protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial
Hestmark, L., Romøren, M., Heiervang, K. S., Weimand, B. M., Ruud, T., Norvoll, R., Hansson, K. M., Norheim, I., Aas, E., Landeweer, E. G. M., et al. (2020) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-020-05792-4 · Cited by 33
An evaluation of education and implementation of psychosocial interventions within one UK mental healthcare trust
Sin, J., & SCULLY, E. (2008) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2007.01202.x · Cited by 30
Effects of a Family-to-Family Support Program on the Mental Health and Coping Strategies of Caregivers of Adults With Mental Illness: A Randomized Controlled Study
Bademli̇, K., & Duman, Z. Ç. (2014) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2014.08.011 · Cited by 30
Illness Perceptions: Are Beliefs About Mental Health Problems Associated with Self-Perceptions of Engagement in People with Psychosis?
Williams, K., & Steer, H. (2010) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465810000627 · Cited by 30
“The results of this study may provide some useful pointers for the development of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) in psychosis where the aim is to develop a collaborative explanation of symptoms and experiences and to increase control and decrease distress (Pilling et al., 2002).”
Background

Authors: PILLING, S., BEBBINGTON, P., KUIPERS, E., GARETY, P., GEDDES, J., ORBACH, G., & MORGAN, C.
Affiliations: St Thomas' Hospital (GB)
ORCID: PILLING, S.
BEBBINGTON, P.
KUIPERS, E.
GARETY, P.
GEDDES, J.
MORGAN, C.
Venue: Psychological Medicine
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 2002-07
Volume: 32
Issue: 5
Pages: 763-782
ISSN: 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
1469-8978
DOI: 10.1017/s0033291702005895
OpenAlex: W2160436994
Cited by: 887
References: 62
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 55
FWCI: 8.31
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
discovery.ucl.ac.uk
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified, 45 d)
Locations: Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Counseling, Therapy, and Family Dynamics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family Caregiving in Mental Illness
Keywords: schizophrenia, family intervention, family therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, social skills training, cognitive remediation, psychotic relapse, hospital readmission, medication adherence, treatment discontinuation, caregivers, treatment-resistant symptoms
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Family Therapy, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

. Psychological treatments in schizophrenia: I. meta-analysis of family intervention and cognitive behaviour therapy.

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks