The Brief Core Schema Scales (BCSS): psychometric properties and associations with paranoia and grandiosity in non-clinical and psychosis samples
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Background. Traditional instruments that measure self-esteem may not relate directly to the schema construct as outlined in recent cognitive models. The Brief Core Schema Scales (BCSS) aim to provide a theoretically coherent self-report assessment of schemata concerning self and others in psychosis. The scales assess four dimensions of self and other evaluation: negative-self, positive-self, negative-other, positive-other. Method. We analysed the psychometric properties of the BCSS using a sample of 754 students recruited by email and 252 people with psychosis recruited as part of a trial of cognitive therapy. We report the internal consistency, stability and the factor structure of the scale, and the association of the BCSS with measures of self-esteem and with symptoms of paranoia and grandiosity. Results. The BCSS have good psychometric properties and have more independence from mood than the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Schedule. People with chronic psychosis reported extreme negative evaluations of both self and others on these scales, but their levels of self-esteem and positive evaluations of self and others were similar to the student sample. Conclusions. Extreme negative evaluations of self and others appear to be characteristic of the appraisals of people with chronic psychosis, and are associated with symptoms of grandiosity and paranoia in the non-clinical population. The BCSS may provide a more useful measure of schemata about self and others than traditional measures of self-esteem.
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Negative schemas about self and others are common in psychotic populations, as are dysfunctional attachment styles.
“For instance, negative schemas about self and others are common in psychotic populations 23 , as are dysfunctional attachment styles 24 .”
From Clinical, socio‐demographic and psychological characteristics in individuals with persistent psychotic experiences with and without a “need for care” (2016) · cites this paper as [23]
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- Authors
- FOWLER, D., FREEMAN, D., SMITH, B., KUIPERS, E., BEBBINGTON, P., BASHFORTH, H., COKER, S., HODGEKINS, J., GRACIE, A., DUNN, G., & GARETY, P.
- Affiliations
- University of East Anglia (GB)
- King's College London (GB)
- University College London (GB)
- University of Manchester (GB)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2006-03-27
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 749-759
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- OpenAlex
- W2096987981
- Cited by
- 476
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 8.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- discovery.ucl.ac.uk
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (062452)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- self-esteem, paranoia, grandiosity, psychosis, negative self-evaluation, positive self-evaluation, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, cognitive therapy, psychometric properties, factor structure, chronic psychosis
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cognition Disorders, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Paranoid Disorders, Personality Disorders, Psychometrics, Psychotic Disorders, Surveys and Questionnaires, Self Concept, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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