Childhood maltreatment, juvenile disorders and adult post-traumatic stress disorder: a prospective investigation
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Background: We examine prospectively the influence of two separate but potentially inter-related factors in the etiology of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): childhood maltreatment as conferring a susceptibility to the PTSD response to adult trauma and juvenile disorders as precursors of adult PTSD. Method: The Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study (DMHDS) is a birth cohort (n = 1037) from the general population of New Zealand's South Island, with multiple assessments up to age 38 years. DSM-IV PTSD was assessed among participants exposed to trauma at ages 26–38. Complete data were available on 928 participants. Results: Severe maltreatment in the first decade of life, experienced by 8.5% of the sample, was associated significantly with the risk of PTSD among those exposed to adult trauma [odds ratio (OR) 2.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.16–6.01], compared to no maltreatment. Moderate maltreatment, experienced by 27.2%, was not associated significantly with that risk (OR 1.55, 95% CI 0.85–2.85). However, the two estimates did not differ significantly from one another. Juvenile disorders (ages 11–15), experienced by 35% of the sample, independent of childhood maltreatment, were associated significantly with the risk of PTSD response to adult trauma (OR 2.35, 95% CI 1.32–4.18). Conclusions: Severe maltreatment is associated with risk of PTSD response to adult trauma, compared to no maltreatment, and juvenile disorders, independent of earlier maltreatment, are associated with that risk. The role of moderate maltreatment remains unresolved. Larger longitudinal studies are needed to assess the impact of moderate maltreatment, experienced by the majority of adult trauma victims with a history of maltreatment.
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PTSD and anxiety frequently occur in people who experienced childhood maltreatment.
“Post-traumatic stress and anxiety are common symptoms among childhood maltreatment survivors (Breslau et al. 2014).”
From Nonattachment Predicts Empathy, Rejection Sensitivity, and Symptom Reduction After a Mindfulness-Based Intervention Among Young Adults with a History of Childhood Maltreatment (2020) · cites this paper as Breslau et al. 2014
The Results report an increased risk of PTSD after adult trauma among participants with severe childhood maltreatment, but not a significant increase for moderate maltreatment. The paper does not establish that PTSD is common among childhood maltreatment survivors generally, or that anxiety is common in that group; it reports no corresponding anxiety finding. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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- Authors
- Breslau, N., Koenen, K. C., Luo, Z., Agnew-Blais, J., Swanson, S., Houts, R. M., Poulton, R., & Moffitt, T. E.
- Affiliations
- Michigan State University (US)
- Columbia University (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Duke University (US)
- University of Otago (NZ)
- Corresponding author
- Breslau, N.
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2013-10-29
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1937-1945
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- PMC
- PMC4107193
- OpenAlex
- W2019142631
- Cited by
- 95
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 6.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh093612-03)
- Medical Research Council (MR/K00381X/1)
- National Institute on Aging (AG-032282, R01AG032282)
- National Institute of Mental Health (T32MH017119, R01-MH093612, R01MH044586, R01MH071395, R01MH048802)
- National Cancer Institute (P01CA089392)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- child abuse, post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD etiology, Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Child, Child Abuse, Child, Preschool, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, New Zealand, Prospective Studies, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders
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