Cited by 768Mental Health Treatment and AccessAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

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The global burden of anxiety disorders in 2010

Baxter, A. J., Vos, T., Scott, K. M., Ferrari, A. J., Whiteford, H. A.·2014·Psychological Medicine

DOI 10.1017/s0033291713003243

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Abstract

Background: Despite their high prevalence, the global burden of anxiety disorders has never been calculated comprehensively. The new Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study has estimated burden due to morbidity and mortality caused by any anxiety disorder. Method: Prevalence was estimated using Bayesian meta-regression informed by data identified in a systematic review. Years of life lived with disability (YLDs) were calculated by multiplying prevalent cases by an average disability weight based on severity proportions (mild, moderate and severe). Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were then calculated and age standardized using global standard population figures. Estimates were also made for additional suicide mortality attributable to anxiety disorders. Findings are presented for YLDs, DALYs and attributable burden due to suicide for 21 world regions in 1990 and 2010. Results: Anxiety disorders were the sixth leading cause of disability, in terms of YLDs, in both high-income (HI) and low- and middle-income (LMI) countries. Globally, anxiety disorders accounted for 390 DALYs per 100 000 persons [95% uncertainty interval (UI) 191–371 DALYs per 100 000] in 2010, with no discernible change observed over time. Females accounted for about 65% of the DALYs caused by anxiety disorders, with the highest burden in both males and females experienced by those aged between 15 and 34 years. Although there was regional variation in prevalence, the overlap between uncertainty estimates means that substantive differences in burden between populations could not be identified. Conclusions: Anxiety disorders are chronic, disabling conditions that are distributed across the globe. Future estimates of burden could be further improved by obtaining more representative data on severity state proportions.

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Szydłowska, K., Tivanello, R., & Kaminska, B. (2026) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2026.1798151 · Cited by 2
“Affective disorders such as major depressive disorder (MDD) and anxiety-related conditions represent an important global health challenge, with anxiety disorders alone affecting more than 300 million people worldwide (Baxter et al., 2014).”
Anxiety Disorders in General Practice
Дзяк, Л. А., & Tsurkalenko, O. S. (2018) · Family Medicine · doi:10.30841/2307-5112.4.2018.160701 · Cited by 2
Providing Evidence-based and Culturally Competent Care to Racial/ethnic Minority Young Adults with Anxiety Disorders: The Experience of an Urban Medical Center Clinic
Parra, M., Ortin‐Peralta, A., Erban, R., Reyes‐Portillo, J. A., Reichel, E. S., Desai, P., & Duarte, C. S. (2020) · Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1080/23794925.2020.1765436 · Cited by 3
Co-Occurring Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Panic Disorder: A Review of Their Etiology and Treatment
Nelson, J., Kelly, J. M., Wadsworth, L., & Maloney, E. (2022) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/jcp-2021-0009 · Cited by 2
Acupuncture for emotional disorders in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review protocol
Zhou, Y., Zhang, G., Sun, N., Wang, Z., Ye, X., Xiong, J. P., Deng, X., Lin, X., Zhang, P., Zheng, H., et al. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058568 · Cited by 2
Does prediction error during exposure relate to clinical outcomes in cognitive behavior therapy for social anxiety disorder? A study protocol
Winkler, C., Koval, P., Phillips, L., & Felmingham, K. L. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1000686 · Cited by 3
Augmentation of Psychotherapy with D-Cycloserine in Patients with Anxiety Disorders
Lautenbacher, L. M., Pyrkosch, L., Mascarell-Maricic, L., & Ströhle, A. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-62059-2_446 · Cited by 2
Feasibility of a video-delivered mental health course for primary care patients: a single-group prospective cohort study
Kolaas, K., Berman, A. H., Hedman‐Lagerlöf, E., Zakrevska, A., Epstein, M., Hammarberg, S. A. W., & Axelsson, E. (2023) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/s12875-023-01989-8 · Cited by 2
Anxiety management in Australian general practice: an analysis of encounters from 2006 – 2016
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“Anxiety disorders tend to be chronic if inadequately treated, resulting in substantial impairment for the individual and high economic costs [13, 14].”
Background
Psychological Well-Being and Positive Emotions
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0012 · Cited by 2
New psychological education: Leveraging the power of ChatGPT and artificial intelligence
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Effects of falls on self-rated health and anxiety in Chinese older persons with chronic multimorbidity : moderating role of psychological resilience
Tang, S., Xu, J., Mao, X., Jiao, H., Qian, Y., & Wang, G. (2024) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-024-05338-x · Cited by 2
“In contrast, very little research has adequately discussed the impact of fall events on anxiety, which is one of the most common mental health disorders, with a global prevalence of 2.4 − 29.8% per year [19, 20].”
BackgroundInfluential
Obsessive-compulsive disorder and suicide: a longitudinal study in Taiwan
Chen, M., Pan, T., Cheng, C., Chang, W.-H., Bai, Y., Su, T., Chen, T., & Tsai, S. (2024) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796024000477 · Cited by 2
“According to the World Health Organization, OCD is ranked as the 4th most debilitating disorder worldwide in the 15–49 years age group, 10th in the 50–69 years age group and 21st in the 70 years age group (Baxter et al. , 2014; Murray and Lopez, 1996).”
Background
Anxiety and Experiential Avoidance Among University Students: The Serial Mediating Role of Optimism and Self-Compassion
Faruk Caner, Y. A. M., Köksal, B., & YILDIRIM, O. (2024) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-024-00564-z · Cited by 2
“Due to the high prevalence of anxiety in society, it brings along numerous psychological, social, and economic burdens (Baxter et al., 2014; Konnopka & König, 2020).”
Delay Discounting and Risk Tolerance in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Results From the Global OCD Study
Lempert, K. M., Huber, B. D., Batistuzzo, M. C., Sheshachala, K., Hezel, D. M., de Joode, N. T., Marincowitz, C., Löchner, C., Stein, D. J., Narayanaswamy, J. C., et al. (2024) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026241289927 · Cited by 2
Chapter 25. Pathogenesis of Social Anxiety Disorder
Bas‐Hoogendam, J. M., Roelofs, E. F., Westenberg, P. M., van, N. J. A., & der Wee (2020) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615379378.lg25 · Cited by 4
Understanding the Nexus Between Anxiety and Acoustic Perception in University Students: A Quasi-Experimental Study During Pandemic-Induced Lockdown
Huang, L., Li, J., Kang, J., Liu, F., Yang, M., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15030262 · Cited by 2
“The pervasiveness of anxiety disorders is underscored by their high prevalence (Baxter et al., 2014).”
Association between long-term consumption trajectories of various foods and the risk of anxiety and depression in Chinese children
Zhang, Q., Li, Y., Zhang, J., Wu, D., Chen, Z., Feng, X., & Liu, Q. (2025) · Critical Public Health · doi:10.1080/09581596.2025.2503277 · Cited by 2
“…(Bandelow & Michaelis, 2015; Bertha & Balázs, 2013; craske & stein, 2016). the symptoms of these disorders in children not only significantly impact their individual health but also impose considerable medical and economic burdens on families and society (Baxter et al., 2014; lynch & clarke, 2006).”
Anxiety Disorders: From Bench to Bedside and Beyond
Starke, J., Fineberg, N. A., & Stein, D. J. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-70554-5_2 · Cited by 2
Fibroblast growth factor-2 enhancement of extinction recall depends on the success of within-session extinction training in rats: a re-analysis
Graham, B. M., & Richardson, R. (2018) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-018-5032-3 · Cited by 2
La fréquence des symptômes physiques dans les troubles anxio-dépressifs: étude transversale chez une population de 202 consultants psychiatriques
Otheman, Y., Fakir, A., Kadiri, M., & Bichra, M. Z. (2018) · Pan African Medical Journal · doi:10.11604/pamj.2018.31.149.15738 · Cited by 2
Phenomenology and Standard Evidence-Based Care of Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents
Hudson, J. L., Anagnos, J., & Ingram, V. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108235655.002 · Cited by 2
Pengaruh Relaxation Music Therapy (RMT) Pada Kecemasan Akademik
Sutja, A., & Yaksa, R. A. (2021) · Psychocentrum Review · doi:10.26539/pcr.31572 · Cited by 2
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Lambert, J. E., & Witting, A. B. (2022) · International Perspectives in Psychology · doi:10.1027/2157-3891/a000016 · Cited by 2
ANXIETY DISORDERS IN MALAYSIA FROM 2005 TO 2015: A SCOPING REVIEW OF THEIR PREVALENCE RATES, ASSOCIATED FACTORS, AND PREDICTORS
Khaiyom, J. H. A., Mukhtar, F., & Oei, T. P. S. (2021) · Journal of Health and Translational Medicine · doi:10.22452/jummec.vol24no2.6 · Cited by 2
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John-Mora, L., Ross, A. M., & Muroff, J. R. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-14080-8_30 · Cited by 2
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Hoffman, J., & Stein, D. J. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-62059-2_433 · Cited by 2
The Relationship Between Perceived Parenting Practices and Anxiety in Adults With Congenital Heart Disease
Houchi, C., Marcil, M.-J., Nadarajah, K., Mageau, G. A., Khairy, P., Marin, M., Cossette, M., Dubé, M., Chaix, M., Mongeon, F., et al. (2024) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2024.04.022 · Cited by 2
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Trang, D. T. H. (2019) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.131606 · Cited by 2
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Authors: Baxter, A. J., Vos, T., Scott, K. M., Ferrari, A. J., & Whiteford, H. A.
Affiliations: The University of Queensland (AU)
University of Washington (US)
University of Otago (NZ)
Corresponding author: Baxter, A. J.
ORCID: Baxter, A. J.
Vos, T.
Scott, K. M.
Ferrari, A. J.
Whiteford, H. A.
Venue: Psychological Medicine
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 2014-01-22
Volume: 44
Issue: 11
Pages: 2363-2374
ISSN: 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
1469-8978
DOI: 10.1017/s0033291713003243
OpenAlex: W2007965977
Cited by: 768
References: 31
Citations by year: 2026: 30 · 2025: 56 · 2024: 82 · 2023: 112 · 2022: 103 · 2021: 84 · 2020: 106 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 8
FWCI: 38.96
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified)
Locations: Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: anxiety disorders, global burden of disease, disability-adjusted life years, years lived with disability, suicide mortality, prevalence, sex differences, age distribution, regional variation, low- and middle-income countries
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Anxiety Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Global Health, Cost of Illness, Young Adult

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