A longitudinal, population-based twin study of avoidant and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder traits from early to middle adulthood
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Background.: The phenotypic stability of avoidant personality disorder (AVPD) and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) has previously been found to be moderate. However, little is known about the longitudinal structure of genetic and environmental factors for these disorders separately and jointly, and to what extent genetic and environmental factors contribute to their stability. Method.: AVPD and OCPD criteria were assessed using the Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality in 2793 young adult twins (1385 pairs, 23 singletons) from the Norwegian Institute of Public Health Twin Panel at wave 1 and 2282 (986 pairs, 310 singletons) of these on average 10 years later at wave 2. Longitudinal biometric models were fitted to AVPD and OCPD traits. Results.: For twins who participated at both time-points, the number of endorsed sub-threshold criteria for both personality disorders (PDs) decreased 31% from wave 1 to wave 2. Phenotypic correlations between waves were 0.54 and 0.37 for AVPD and OCPD, respectively. The heritability estimates of the stable PD liabilities were 0.67 for AVPD and 0.53 for OCPD. The genetic correlations were 1.00 for AVPD and 0.72 for OCPD, while the unique environmental influences correlated 0.26 and 0.23, respectively. The correlation between the stable AVPD and OCPD liabilities was 0.39 of which 63% was attributable to genetic influences. Shared environmental factors did not significantly contribute to PD variance at either waves 1 or 2. Conclusion.: Phenotypic stability was moderate for AVPD and OCPD traits, and genetic factors contributed more than unique environmental factors to the stability both within and across phenotypes.
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The influence of the factor time is expected to be limited, since APD is by definition assumed to be persistent and recent studies show APD symptoms are relatively stable over time.
“The influence of the factor time is, however, expected to be limited, since APD, like other personality disorders, is by definition assumed to be persistent [8], and recent studies show that APD symptoms are relatively stable over time [71, 82, 83].”
Recent studies show that APD symptoms are relatively stable over time.
“and recent studies show that APD symptoms are relatively stable over time [71, 82, 83].”
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Avoidant Personality Disorder: a Current Review
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- Authors
- Gjerde, L. C., Czajkowski, N., Røysamb, E., Ystrom, E., Tambs, K., Aggen, S. H., Ørstavik, R. E., Kendler, K. S., Reichborn-Kjennerud, T., & Knudsen, G. P.
- Affiliations
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NO)
- Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gjerde, L. C.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2015-08-14
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 16
- Pages
- 3539-3548
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- PMC
- PMC4623996
- OpenAlex
- W1866018558
- Cited by
- 23
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 3.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- EkstraStiftelsen Helse og Rehabilitering (Stiftelsen Dam)
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- Norges Forskningsråd
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-068643, R01MH068643)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- avoidant personality disorder, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, personality disorder traits, phenotypic stability, heritability, genetic correlation, unique environmental factors, shared environmental factors, longitudinal twin study
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Norway, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Personality Disorders, Surveys and Questionnaires, Registries, Risk Factors, Twins, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Young Adult, Gene-Environment Interaction
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