Ten‐Year Rank‐Order Stability of P ersonality Traits and Disorders in a Clinical Sample
Open accessAbstract
Objective: This study compares the 10‐year retest stability of normal traits, pathological traits, and personality disorder dimensions in a clinical sample. Method: Ten‐year rank‐order stability estimates for the R evised NEO P ersonality I nventory, Schedule for N onadaptive and A daptive P ersonality, and D iagnostic I nterview for DSM‐IV P ersonality Disorders were evaluated before and after correcting for test‐retest dependability and internal consistency in a clinical sample (N = 266). Results: Dependability‐corrected stability estimates were generally in the range of.60–.90 for traits and.25–.65 for personality disorders. Conclusions: The relatively lower stability of personality disorder symptoms may indicate important differences between pathological behaviors and relatively more stable self‐attributed traits and imply that a full understanding of personality and personality pathology needs to take both traits and symptoms into account. The five‐factor theory distinction between basic tendencies and characteristic adaptations provides a theoretical framework for the separation of traits and disorders in terms of stability in which traits reflect basic tendencies that are stable and pervasive across situations, whereas personality disorder symptoms reflect characteristic maladaptations that are a function of both basic tendencies and environmental dynamics.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Age is a likely moderator of outcome in NPD, as younger samples have shown slightly more improvement.
“Age (80–82) is a likely moderator of outcome, as younger samples have shown slightly more improvement (82).”
From Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Progress in Understanding and Treatment (2022) · cites this paper as [82]
The Results section finds that age moderated narcissistic personality disorder stability, but reports the opposite direction of improvement: older participants had lower narcissistic PD scores at follow-up than younger participants with the same baseline scores. It also says narcissistic symptoms were somewhat more stable among younger individuals. Page numbers are not available in the supplied copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredStudies have documented the persistence of narcissistic pathology, even among patients who improve symptomatically.
“Overall, studies (Table 2) (76–83) have documented the persistence of narcissistic pathology, even among patients who improve symptomatically.”
From Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Progress in Understanding and Treatment (2022) · cites this paper as [82]
The Results report ten-year stability of narcissistic personality-disorder symptoms, particularly among younger patients. The paper does not establish that narcissistic pathology persisted specifically among patients who improved symptomatically; it did not analyze that subgroup. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.81)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn Hopwood et al. (2013), a prospective 10-year study found 24% stability for dimensional diagnosis of narcissistic personality disorder.
“Hopwood et al., 2013 ( 82 ) 18–45 38:62 Prospective/266 10 NPD dimensional diagnosis: 24% stability”
From Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Progress in Understanding and Treatment (2022) · cites this paper as Hopwood et al., 2013 ( 82 )
The Method section reports baseline and 10-year follow-up data for 266 participants, and the Results section discusses stability of narcissistic personality disorder symptoms. The passages available from our copy do not give a 24% stability estimate for narcissistic personality disorder, so the claim’s specific figure is not verified. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRecent studies show that APD symptoms are relatively stable over time.
“and recent studies show that APD symptoms are relatively stable over time [71, 82, 83].”
The influence of the factor time is expected to be limited, since APD is by definition assumed to be persistent and recent studies show APD symptoms are relatively stable over time.
“The influence of the factor time is, however, expected to be limited, since APD, like other personality disorders, is by definition assumed to be persistent [8], and recent studies show that APD symptoms are relatively stable over time [71, 82, 83].”
Self-report questionnaires tend to show relatively higher stability than clinical interviews.
“Self-report questionnaires tend to show a relatively higher stability than clinical interviews (20, 24).”
From Prevalence and 10-year stability of personality disorders from adolescence to young adulthood in a high-risk sample (2022) · cites this paper as [24]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR)
American Psychiatric Association (2000) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890423349 · Cited by 11,069 · see citing works
Cohen, J. (1992) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.112.1.155 · Cited by 8,771 · see citing works
Roberts, B. W., & DelVecchio, W. F. (2000) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.126.1.3 · Cited by 3,241 · see citing works
Personality in Adulthood: A Five-Factor Theory Perspective
McCrae, R., & Costa, P. (2005) · doi:10.4324/9780203428412 · Cited by 2,355 · see citing works
Handbook of Personality Theory and Research.
Schwartz, M. L., Borgatta, E. F., & Lambert, W. W. (1970) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2093310 · Cited by 2,182 · see citing works
Assessment of social adjustment by patient self report.
Weissman, M. M. (1976) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1976.01770090101010 · Cited by 1,782 · see citing works
Personality Trait Change in Adulthood
Roberts, B. W., & Mroczek, D. (2008) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00543.x · Cited by 1,222 · see citing works
Samuel, D. B., & Widiger, T. A. (2008) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.07.002 · Cited by 1,018 · see citing works
Self-citationInternal consistency, retest reliability, and their implications for personality scale validity
McCrae, R. R., Kurtz, J. E., Yamagata, S., & Terracciano, A. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868310366253 · Cited by 874 · see citing works
The Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study: Reliability of Axis I and II Diagnoses
Zanarini, M. C., Skodol, A. E., Bender, D., Dolan, R., Sanislow, C., Schaefer, E., Morey, L. C., Grilo, C. M., Shea, M. T., McGlashan, T. H., et al. (2000) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2000.14.4.291 · Cited by 771 · see citing works
Self-citationDiagnosing Personality Disorders
Zimmerman, M. A. (1994) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950030061006 · Cited by 721 · see citing works
Skodol, A. E., Gunderson, J. G., McGlashan, T. H., Dyck, I. R., Stout, R. L., Bender, D. S., Grilo, C. M., Shea, M. T., Zanarini, M. C., Morey, L. C., et al. (2002) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.2.276 · Cited by 708 · see citing works
Self-citationLucas, R. E., & Donnellan, M. B. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0024298 · Cited by 578 · see citing works
Self-citationMcGlashan, T. H., Grilo, C. M., Skodol, A. E., Gunderson, J. G., Shea, M. T., Morey, L. C., Zanarini, M. C., & Stout, R. L. (2000) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2000.102004256.x · Cited by 542 · see citing works
Self-citationTrait explanations in personality psychology
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1995) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2410090402 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
McGlashan, T. H., Grilo, C. M., Sanislow, C. A., Ralevski, E., Morey, L. C., Gunderson, J. G., Skodol, A. E., Shea, M. T., Zanarini, M. C., Bender, D. S., et al. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.5.883 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Self-citationInformant-reports of personality disorder: relation to self-reports and future research directions
Klonsky, E. D., Oltmanns, T. F., & Turkheimer, E. (2002) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.9.3.300 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Shea, M. T., Stout, R. L., Gunderson, J. G., Morey, L. C., Grilo, C. M., McGlashan, T. H., Skodol, A. E., Dolan‐Sewell, R., DYCK, I. R., Zanarini, M. C., et al. (2002) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.12.2036 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Self-citationGrilo, C. M., Sanislow, C. A., Gunderson, J. G., Pagano, M. E., Yen, S., Zanarini, M. C., Shea, M. T., Skodol, A. E., Stout, R. L., Morey, L. C., et al. (2004) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.72.5.767 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Self-citationA meta-analysis of normal and disordered personality across the life span.
Ferguson, C. J. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018770 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Still Stable after All These Years? Personality Stability Theory Revisited
Ardelt, M. (2000) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2695848 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Individual differences science for treatment planning: Personality traits.
Harkness, A. R., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (1997) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.9.4.349 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Comparison of alternative models for personality disorders
MOREY, L. C., HOPWOOD, C. J., GUNDERSON, J. G., SKODOL, A. E., SHEA, M. T., YEN, S., STOUT, R. L., ZANARINI, M. C., GRILO, C. M., SANISLOW, C. A., et al. (2007) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291706009482 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Self-citationWhat is being assessed and why it matters: The impact of transient error on trait research.
Chmielewski, M. S., & Watson, D. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015618 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1982) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.43.6.1282 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Personality traits change in adulthood: Reply to Costa and McCrae (2006).
Roberts, B. W., Walton, K. E., & Viechtbauer, W. (2006) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.1.29 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Comparison of alternative models for personality disorders, II: 6-, 8- and 10-year follow-up
Morey, L. C., Hopwood, C. J., Markowitz, J. C., Gunderson, J. G., Grilo, C. M., McGlashan, T. H., Shea, M. T., Yen, S., Sanislow, C. A., Ansell, E. B., et al. (2011) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291711002601 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Self-citationChmielewski, M. S., & Watson, D. (2008) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.117.2.364 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Hopwood, C. J., Morey, L. C., Edelen, M. O., Shea, M. T., Grilo, C. M., Sanislow, C. A., McGlashan, T. H., Daversa, M. T., Gunderson, J. G., Zanarini, M. C., et al. (2008) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.20.1.81 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Self-citationState Effects of Major Depression on the Assessment of Personality and Personality Disorder
Morey, L. C., Shea, M. T., Markowitz, J. C., Stout, R. L., Hopwood, C. J., Gunderson, J. G., Grilo, C. M., McGlashan, T. H., Yen, S., Sanislow, C. A., et al. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09071023 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-citationBeyond stability: Predicting inter‐individual differences in intra‐individual change
Asendorpf, J. B. (1992) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2410060204 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Personality Development and the Person-Situation Debate: It's Déjà Vu All Over Again
Roberts, B. W., & Caspi, A. (2001) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1202_04 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Vaidya, J. G., Gray, E. K., Haig, J. R., Mroczek, D. K., & Watson, D. (2008) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2007.00486.x · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Harkness, A. R., & McNulty, J. L. (2004) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10423-023 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Huprich, S. K., & Bornstein, R. F. (2007) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223890701356904 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Ten-year stability of personality disorders among outpatients with mood disorders.
Durbin, C. E., & Klein, D. N. (2006) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.115.1.75 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
The stability of personality traits in individuals with borderline personality disorder.
Hopwood, C. J., Newman, D. A., Donnellan, M. B., Markowitz, J. C., Grilo, C. M., Sanislow, C. A., Ansell, E. B., McGlashan, T. H., Skodol, A. E., Shea, M. T., et al. (2009) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016954 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationComparing the temporal stability of self-report and interview assessed personality disorder.
Samuel, D. B., Hopwood, C. J., Ansell, E. B., Morey, L. C., Sanislow, C. A., Markowitz, J. C., Yen, S., Shea, M. T., Skodol, A. E., & Grilo, C. M. (2011) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0022647 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationJoyce, D. K. (2008) · Encyclopedia of Special Education · doi:10.1002/9780470373699.speced1582 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Hopwood, C. J., Morey, L. C., Ansell, E. B., Grilo, C. M., Sanislow, C. A., McGlashan, T. H., Markowitz, J. C., Gunderson, J. G., Yen, S., Shea, M. T., et al. (2009) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2009.23.5.466 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationBorderline personality traits and disorder: Predicting prospective patient functioning.
Hopwood, C. J., & Zanarini, M. C. (2010) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019003 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationDependability of Personality, Life Satisfaction, and Affect in Short‐Term Longitudinal Data
Anusic, I., Lucas, R. E., & Donnellan, M. B. (2011) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00714.x · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationDevelopment of personality and the remission and onset of personality pathology.
Wright, A. G. C., Pincus, A. L., & Lenzenweger, M. F. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0025557 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Five-factor trait instability in borderline relative to other personality disorders.
Hopwood, C. J., & Zanarini, M. C. (2010) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/a0018230 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationWidiger, T. A. (2005) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2005.19.5.586 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Durbin, C. E., Schalet, B. D., Hayden, E. P., Simpson, J. M., & Jordan, P. L. (2009) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.04.010 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Clark LA 1993 Manual for the Schedule of Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality Minneapolis University of Minnesota Press
- Keller MB Lavori PW Friedman B Nielsen E Endicott J McDonald-Scott P Andreasen NC 1987 The Longitudinal Interval Follow-Up Evaluation: a comprehensive method for assessing outcome in prospective longitudinal studies Archives of General Psychiatry 44 540 548 3579500
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Bridgett, D. J., Burt, N. M., Edwards, E. S., & Deater-Deckard, K. D. (2015) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0038662 · Cited by 637 · see citing works
Validity and utility of Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): I. Psychosis superspectrum
Kotov, R., Jonas, K. G., Carpenter, W. T., Dretsch, M. N., Eaton, N. R., Forbes, M. K., Forbush, K. T., Hobbs, K. A., Reininghaus, U., Slade, T. N., et al. (2020) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20730 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Charting the landscape of priority problems in psychiatry, part 1: classification and diagnosis
Stephan, K. E., Bach, D. R., Fletcher, P. C., Flint, J., Frank, M. J., Friston, K. J., Heinz, A., Huys, Q. J. M., Owen, M. J., Binder, E. B., et al. (2016) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(15)00361-2 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
The Challenge of Transforming the Diagnostic System of Personality Disorders
Herpertz, S. C., Huprich, S. K., Bohus, M., Chanen, A. M., Goodman, M. S., Mehlum, L. I., Moran, P., Newton‐Howes, G., Scott, L. N., & Sharp, C. (2017) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2017_31_338 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Personality Disorders
Oldham, J. M., Skodol, A. E., & Bender, D. S. (2014) · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Lifetime Course of Borderline Personality Disorder
Biskin, R. S. (2015) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674371506000702 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Suzuki, T., Griffin, S. A., & Samuel, D. B. (2015) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12235 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citationWright, A. G. C., Calabrese, W. R., Rudick, M. M., Yam, W. H., Zelazny, K., Williams, T. F., Rotterman, J. H., & Simms, L. J. (2014) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000018 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Stability and Change in Personality Disorders
Morey, L. C., & Hopwood, C. J. (2012) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185637 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-citationAvoidant Personality Disorder: a Current Review
Weinbrecht, A., Schulze, L., Boettcher, J., & Renneberg, B. (2016) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-016-0665-6 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
The dynamics, processes, mechanisms, and functioning of personality: An overview of the field
Kuper, N., Modersitzki, N., Phan, L. V., & Rauthmann, J. F. (2021) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12486 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Personality Disorders in DSM-5: Emerging Research on the Alternative Model
Morey, L. C., Benson, K. T., Busch, A., & Skodol, A. E. (2015) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-015-0558-0 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citationPersonality Stability and Change: A Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal StudiesPreprint
Bleidorn, W., Schwaba, T., Zheng, A., Hopwood, C. J., Sosa, S., Roberts, B. W., & Briley, D. A. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/eq5d6 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Self-citationChristensen, T. B., Eikenaes, I., Hummelen, B., Pedersen, G., Nysæter, T., Bender, D., Skodol, A., & Selvik, S. G. (2020) · Personality disorders · doi:10.1037/per0000352 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citationAvoidant personality disorder: current insights
Lampe, L. A., & Malhi, G. S. (2018) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s121073 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Convergence between DSM-IV-TR and DSM-5 Diagnostic Models for Personality Disorder
Morey, L. C., & Skodol, A. E. (2013) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/01.pra.0000430502.78833.06 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationSchool Psychological Capital: Instrument Development, Validation, and Prediction
King, R. B., & Caleon, I. S. (2020) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-020-09757-1 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Progress in Understanding and Treatment
Weinberg, I., & Ronningstam, E. (2022) · Focus · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.20220052 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Reichborn‐Kjennerud, T., Czajkowski, N. O., Ystrøm, E., Ørstavik, R., Aggen, S. H., Tambs, K., Torgersen, S. O., Neale, M. C., Røysamb, E., Krueger, R. F., et al. (2015) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291715001117 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Wright, A. G. C., Hopwood, C. J., & Zanarini, M. C. (2014) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000092 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationStability and change in personality and personality disorders
Hopwood, C. J., & Bleidorn, W. (2017) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.08.034 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychosis superspectrum I: Nosology, etiology, and lifespan development
Jonas, K. G., Cannon, T. D., Docherty, A. R., Dwyer, D., Gur, R. C., Gur, R. E., Nelson, B., Reininghaus, U., & Kotov, R. (2024) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-023-02388-2 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Baljé, A., Greeven, A., van Giezen, A., Korrelboom, K., Arntz, A., & Spinhoven, P. (2016) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-016-1605-9 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Cognitive Impairment, Dementia, and Personality Stability Among Older Adults
Terracciano, A., Stéphan, Y., Luchetti, M., & Sutin, A. R. (2017) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191117691844 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Frazier, A., Ferreira, P. A., & Gonzales, J. E. (2019) · Personality Neuroscience · doi:10.1017/pen.2019.7 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
d’Huart, D., Seker, S., Bürgin, D., Birkhölzer, M., Boonmann, C., Schmid, M., & Schmeck, K. (2023) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102284 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
d’Huart, D., Steppan, M., Seker, S., Bürgin, D., Boonmann, C., Birkhölzer, M., Jenkel, N., Fegert, J. M., Schmid, M., & Schmeck, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.840678 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Self-report questionnaires tend to show a relatively higher stability than clinical interviews (20, 24).”
BackgroundTorvik, F., Welander-Vatn, A., Ystrøm, E., Knudsen, G., Czajkowski, N., Kendler, K., & Reichborn-Kjennerud, T. (2015) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000124 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Czajkowski, N. O., Aggen, S. H., Krueger, R. F., Kendler, K. S., Neale, M. C., Knudsen, G. P., Gillespie, N. A., Røysamb, E., Tambs, K., & Reichborn‐Kjennerud, T. (2018) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17050493 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Personality Constructs and Paradigms in the Alternative DSM-5 Model of Personality Disorder
Mulay, A. L., Cain, N. M., Waugh, M. H., Hopwood, C. J., Adler, J. M., Garcia, D. J., Kurtz, J. E., Lenger, K. A., & Skadberg, R. M. (2018) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2018.1477787 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationVonmoos, M., Eisenegger, C., Bosch, O. G., Preller, K. H., Hulka, L. M., Baumgartner, M. R., Seifritz, E., & Quednow, B. B. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00213 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Still cautious: Personality characteristics of extremely low birth weight adults in their early 30s
Waxman, J. A., Lieshout, R. J. V., Saigal, S., Boyle, M. H., & Schmidt, L. A. (2013) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.08.003 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Høye, A., Jacobsen, B. K., & Hansen, V. (2013) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-13-317 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Differential Diagnosis of ICD-11 Personality Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder in Adolescents
Bach, B., & Vestergaard, M. (2023) · Children · doi:10.3390/children10060992 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“, emotion dysregulation, self-harm, and psychotic breaks) are more instable over time in comparison to stable features of underlying personality functioning and traits [75,76].”
BackgroundRoepke, S., & Vater, A. (2014) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-014-0445-0 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Vater, A., Ritter, K., Strunz, S., Ronningstam, E. F., Renneberg, B., & Roepke, S. (2014) · Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000058 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Long-Term Course of Borderline Personality Disorder
Stone, M. H. (2016) · Psychodynamic Psychiatry · doi:10.1521/pdps.2016.44.3.449 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Gjerde, L. C., Czajkowski, N., Røysamb, E., Ystrom, E., Tambs, K., Aggen, S. H., Ørstavik, R. E., Kendler, K. S., Reichborn-Kjennerud, T., & Knudsen, G. P. (2015) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291715001440 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Pathological Personality Traits and Intimacy Processes within Roommate Relationships
Ackerman, R. A., & Corretti, C. A. (2015) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.1991 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Personality Pathology and Interpersonal Problem Stability
Wright, A. G. C., Scott, L. N., Stepp, S. D., Hallquist, M. N., & Pilkonis, P. A. (2015) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2014_28_171 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
A longitudinal twin study of cluster A personality disorders
Kendler, K. S., Aggen, S. H., Neale, M. C., Knudsen, G. P., Krueger, R. F., Tambs, K., Czajkowski, N. O., Ystrøm, E., Ørstavik, R., & Reichborn‐Kjennerud, T. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291714002669 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Patient-reported outcomes in borderline personality disorder
Hasler, G., Hopwood, C. J., Jacob, G. A., Brändle, L. S., & Schulte-Vels, T. (2014) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2014.16.2/ghasler · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationLongitudinal Course of Borderline Personality Disorder: What Every Clinician Needs to Know
Choi-Kain, L. W., Reich, D. B., Masland, S. R., Iliakis, E. A., & Ilagan, G. S. (2020) · Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40501-020-00223-x · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Vergara‐Moragues, E., González‐Sáiz, F., Lozano, O. M., & Verdejo‐García, A. (2013) · Journal of Addictive Diseases · doi:10.1080/10550887.2013.854154 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Stronge, S., Cichocka, A. K., & Sibley, C. G. (2019) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2019.103855 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The challenges of the experimental paradigm in narrative identity research
Mansfield, C. D., Pasupathi, M., & McLean, K. C. (2022) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2022.104318 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Strandholm, T., Kiviruusu, O. H., Karlsson, L., Pankakoski, M., Pelkonen, M. U. I., & MARTTUNEN, M. J. (2016) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000623 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Key insights from studies on the stability of personality disorders in different age groups
d’Huart, D., Seker, S., Bürgin, D., Birkhölzer, M., Boonmann, C., Schmid, M., Schmeck, K., & Bach, B. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1109336 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Hierarchical Symptom Components in Early Psychosis
Longenecker, J., Haas, G. L., & Salisbury, D. F. (2022) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbac048 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Steinert, C., Klein, S., Leweke, F., & Leichsenring, F. (2014) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12064 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Herrero‐Fernández, D., Parada‐Fernández, P., & Jorge, R. (2021) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2021.04.009 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The assessment of personality disorder: methodological, developmental, and contextual considerations
Reardon, K. W., Mercadante, E., & Tackett, J. L. (2017) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.09.004 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Nyström, M. B. T., Sörman, D. E., Kormi‐Nouri, R., & Rönnlund, M. (2017) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2017.1394439 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Disentangling between‐ and within‐person variation in relationship science
Mund, M., Park, Y., & Nestler, S. (2024) · Journal of Marriage and Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12999 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Patient-reported outcomes in borderline personality disorder
Hasler, G., Hopwood, C. J., Jacob, G. A., Brändle, L. S., & Schulte-Vels, T. (2014) · PubMed Central · doi:10.5167/uzh-98461 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationBorderline Personality Disorder: Therapeutic Factors
Stone, M. H. (2016) · Psychodynamic Psychiatry · doi:10.1521/pdps.2016.44.4.505 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Hyatt, C. S., Maples‐Keller, J. L., Sleep, C. E., Lynam, D. R., & Miller, J. D. (2018) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2018.11.005 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Is personality stable and symptoms fleeting? A longitudinal comparison in adolescence
Goldstein, B. L., Mackin, D. M., Miao, J., Perlman, G., Watson, D., Ormel, J., Klein, D. N., & Kotov, R. (2022) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2022.104190 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Evidence‐based assessment in the 21st century: Comments on the special series papers.
Sellbom, M., & Hopwood, C. J. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/cpsp.12183 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationKoster, N., Hopwood, C. J., Goodman, M. S., & Zanarini, M. C. (2019) · Personality and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/pmh.1459 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationThe course of personality pathology
Gutiérrez, F. (2013) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000027 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Hopwood, C. J., Schwaba, T., Wright, A. G. C., Bleidorn, W., & Zanarini, M. C. (2021) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/08902070211012918 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationDiagnostic Systems and Models: DSM-5 Criteria, ICD-11 Guidelines, and Dimensional Horizons
Bach, B., Bo, S., & Keeley, J. W. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818697-8.00111-4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Laconi, S., Cailhol, L., Pourcel, L., Thalamas, C., Lapeyre‐Mestre, M., & Chabrol, H. (2015) · Annales Médico-psychologiques revue psychiatrique · doi:10.1016/j.amp.2014.10.022 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Personality and Personality Disorders, and the Passage of Time
Oldham, J. M., & Skodol, A. E. (2013) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2013.03.015 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationLangwerden, R. J., van der Heijden, P. T., Egger, J. I. M., & Derksen, J. J. L. (2020) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2020.1729772 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Personality traits in people with multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Mirmosayyeb, O., Panah, M. Y., Vaheb, S., Shaygannejad, V., & Balconi, J. (2025) · Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2025.2508476 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Thirteen-year follow-up of long-term treated psychotic disorder: personality aspects
Fagerberg, T., Söderman, E., Gustavsson, P. J., Agartz, I., & Jönsson, E. G. (2021) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039488.2021.1981436 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Borderline Personality Disorder: Neurobiological Contributions to Remission and Recovery
File, A. A., Hurley, R. A., & Taber, K. H. (2017) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.17050097 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Personality Pathology and Personality Disorders
Skodol, A. E., Bender, D. S., & Oldham, J. M. (2019) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615371501.lr26 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationPersönlichkeitsstörungen (F60–F62)
Mathiak, K., Dyck, M., & Schneider, F. W. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-50345-4_31 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Effect of Borderline Personality Pathology on Outcome of Cognitive Behavior Therapy
LIS, E., & Myhr, G. (2016) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/pra.0000000000000167 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Early detection and intervention for borderline personality disorder in adolescence
Schmeck, K., & Schlüter-Müller, S. (2017) · Socijalna psihijatrija · doi:10.24869/spsih.2017.30 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Personality and Aggression: A General Trait Perspective
Hyatt, C. S., Sleep, C. E., Weiss, B., & Miller, J. D. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316847992.014 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Personality Disorders in Later Life
Lederer, G., Freedman, D. C., Zamora, A., & Zweig, R. A. (2020) · Comprehensive Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818697-8.00022-4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Suggerimenti di buona pratica clinica per il disturbo evitante di personalità
Mammone, I., & Dimaggio, G. (2023) · QUADERNI DI PSICOTERAPIA COGNITIVA · doi:10.3280/qpc52-2023oa16175 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Deconstructing Individual Differences in Long-Term Personality Disorder and Trait Change
Woods, W. C., Wright, A. G. C., Skodol, A. E., Morey, L. C., & Hopwood, C. J. (2019) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702619865227 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationWhere is mania in the meta-structure of psychopathology?
Ruggero, C. J., Jonas, K. G., Busso, C. E., Lian, W., Docherty, A. R., Shabalin, A. A., Carlson, G. A., Bromet, E. J., & Kotov, R. (2025) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291725101712 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Duijndam, S., Kidane, R., Lodder, P., & Bachrach, N. (2026) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.70084 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Williams, T. F., Freilich, C. D., Cowan, H. R., Docherty, A. R., Jonas, K. G., Martin, E. A., & Kotov, R. (2026) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2026.05.012 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ong, S. E.-Y., Forooshani, S. A., Izadikhah, Z., & Krishnamoorthy, G. (2026) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.70197 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Persönlichkeitsstörungen (F60–F62)
Mathiak, K., Dyck, M., & Schneider, F. W. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-17192-5_30 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Career Planning Employee Engagement and Productivity in the Post-Pandemic Era
Lubin, R. A., Lior, M., & Lubin, B. (2023) · Advances in human resources management and organizational development book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-9172-0.ch005 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Variability and Stability in Political Trust – A Latent State–Trait AnalysisPreprint
Bromme, L., & Rothmund, T. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/n8jtv · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Empirical Studies
Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät, I. (2014)
Democratic Demands and Citizen Capabilities
Dusso, A. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-53603-3_1
Core dimensions of personality pathology
Skodol, A. E., & Morey, L. C. (2020) · doi:10.1093/med/9780198713005.003.0117
Self-citationDoes Study Abroad Impact Students’ Personality?
Marshall, A. A. F. (2015)
Borderline Personality Disorder: An Overview
Oldham, J. (2006) · doi:10.1002/9781118799574.ch5 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Chapter 26. Personality Pathology and Personality Disorders
Skodol, A. E., Bender, D. S., & Oldham, J. M. (2019) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615372980.lr26
Self-citationDo personality traits moderate the relationship between mindfulness and satisfaction with life?
Biro, F., & Popov, B. (2025) · Psiholoska istrazivanja · doi:10.5937/psistra0-53630
Diagnoza różnicowa zaburzeń ze spektrum autyzmu i zaburzeń osobowości
Danielewicz, D. (2025) · Man – Disability – Society · doi:10.71358/cns.2785
Maher, P., Dragostinov, Y., Vainik, U., Cooper, A. J., Allïk, J., Realo, A., & Mõttus, R. (2026) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.70048
Coşğun, S., Arpacıoğlu, S., & Çakıroğlu, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1776691
Examining Change Using the MMPI-2-RF in a Multicenter RCT on BPD: Data from the BOOTS Project
Kamphuis, J. H., Grolman, A., Wibbelink, C. J. M., Arntz, A. R., Sinnaeve, R., & Sellbom, M. (2026) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2026.2735484
Waxman, J. A. (2013) · MacSphere (McMaster University) · doi:10.71548/9069
- Authors
- Hopwood, C. J., Morey, L. C., Donnellan, M. B., Samuel, D. B., Grilo, C. M., McGlashan, T. H., Shea, M. T., Zanarini, M. C., Gunderson, J. G., & Skodol, A. E.
- Affiliations
- Michigan State University (US)
- Texas A&M University (US)
- Purdue University West Lafayette (US)
- Yale University (US)
- Brown University (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Arizona (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hopwood, Christopher J.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Personality
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-02-05
- Volume
- 81
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 335-344
- ISSN
- 0022-3506 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-6494
- PMC
- PMC3593979
- OpenAlex
- W1513963525
- Cited by
- 98
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 11.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Journal of Personality (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH50850, MH 50840, MH-50837, MH 50839, MH 50838, K23MH073708, MH 073708, R10MH050837, R01MH050838, K23MH080221, R01MH050837, R01MH050840, R01MH050839, R01MH050850, MH 080221)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- rank-order stability, personality traits, personality disorders, personality disorder symptoms, characteristic adaptations, test-retest reliability, clinical samples, long-term stability
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Emotions, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Interview, Psychological, Male, Personality, Personality Disorders, Personality Inventory, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reproducibility of Results, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
