Initial construction of a maladaptive personality trait model and inventory for DSM-5
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: DSM-IV-TR suggests that clinicians should assess clinically relevant personality traits that do not necessarily constitute a formal personality disorder (PD), and should note these traits on Axis II, but DSM-IV-TR does not provide a trait model to guide the clinician. Our goal was to provide a provisional trait model and a preliminary corresponding assessment instrument, in our roles as members of the DSM-5 Personality and Personality Disorders Workgroup and workgroup advisors. METHOD: An initial list of specific traits and domains (broader groups of traits) was derived from DSM-5 literature reviews and workgroup deliberations, with a focus on capturing maladaptive personality characteristics deemed clinically salient, including those related to the criteria for DSM-IV-TR PDs. The model and instrument were then developed iteratively using data from community samples of treatment-seeking participants. The analytic approach relied on tools of modern psychometrics (e.g. item response theory models). RESULTS: A total of 25 reliably measured core elements of personality description emerged that, together, delineate five broad domains of maladaptive personality variation: negative affect, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, and psychoticism. CONCLUSIONS: We developed a maladaptive personality trait model and corresponding instrument as a step on the path toward helping users of DSM-5 assess traits that may or may not constitute a formal PD. The inventory we developed is reprinted in its entirety in the Supplementary online material, with the goal of encouraging additional refinement and development by other investigators prior to the finalization of DSM-5. Continuing discussion should focus on various options for integrating personality traits into DSM-5.
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The results align with the findings in other low-intensity interventions for personality disorders that short-term interventions might be effective in alleviating symptoms.
“In general, the results align with the findings in other low-intensity interventions for personality disorders that short-term interventions might be effective in alleviating symptoms.44”
From Recovery-focused self-help intervention using vodcasts for patients with personality disorder: Feasibility randomised controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [44]
The Abstract (Methods) and Discussion describe constructing and evaluating a maladaptive personality trait inventory, not testing a short-term intervention. The Introduction mentions interest in treatment but reports no finding that low-intensity interventions alleviate personality-disorder symptoms. Searches for short-term and low-intensity interventions found no supporting passage; page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.77)
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Self-citationMarkon, K. E., Quilty, L. C., Bagby, R. M., & Krueger, R. F. (2013) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191113486513 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Self-citationQuilty, L. C., Ayearst, L. E., Chmielewski, M. S., Pollock, B. G., & Bagby, R. M. (2013) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191113486183 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Stefana, A., Damiani, S., Granziol, U., Provenzani, U., Solmi, M., Youngstrom, E. A., & Fusar‐Poli, P. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1494261 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Disorders without borders: current and future directions in the meta-structure of mental disorders
Carragher, N., Krueger, R. F., Eaton, N. R., & Slade, T. N. (2015) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-014-1004-z · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Self-citationIntegrating Normal and Pathological Personality
Watson, D., Stasik, S. M., Ro, E., & Clark, L. A. (2013) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191113485810 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Self-citationOn the Convergence Between PSY-5 Domains and PID-5 Domains and Facets
Anderson, J. L., Sellbom, M., Bagby, R. M., Quilty, L. C., Veltri, C. O. C., Markon, K. E., & Krueger, R. F. (2013) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191112471141 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Self-citationShall we serve the dark lords? A meta-analytic review of psychopathy and leadership.
Landay, K., Harms, P. D., & Credé, M. (2018) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000357 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Suzuki, T., Samuel, D. B., Pahlen, S., & Krueger, R. F. (2015) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000035 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Self-citationMiller, J. D., Crowe, M., Weiss, B., Maples-Keller, J. L., & Lynam, D. R. (2017) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000191 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Big five model personality traits and job burnout: a systematic literature review
Angelini, G. (2023) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01056-y · Cited by 179 · see citing works
A metastructural model of mental disorders and pathological personality traits
Wright, A. G. C., & Simms, L. J. (2015) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291715000252 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Waugh, M. H., Hopwood, C. J., Krueger, R. F., Morey, L. C., Pincus, A. L., & Wright, A. G. C. (2017) · Professional Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/pro0000071 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Self-citationInterpersonal dysfunction in personality disorders: A meta-analytic review.
Wilson, S., Stroud, C. B., & Durbin, C. E. (2017) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000101 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Handbook of Psychological Assessment in Primary Care Settings, Second Edition
(2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315658407 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
The Challenge of Transforming the Diagnostic System of Personality Disorders
Herpertz, S. C., Huprich, S. K., Bohus, M., Chanen, A. M., Goodman, M. S., Mehlum, L. I., Moran, P., Newton‐Howes, G., Scott, L. N., & Sharp, C. (2017) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2017_31_338 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Evaluating the Big Five as an organizing framework for commonly used psychological trait scales.
Bainbridge, T. F., Ludeke, S. G., & Smillie, L. D. (2022) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000395 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Characterizing Psychopathy Using DSM-5 Personality Traits
Strickland, C. M., Drislane, L. E., Lucy, M., Krueger, R. F., & Patrick, C. J. (2013) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191113486691 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Self-citationZimmermann, J., Altenstein, D., Krieger, T., Holtforth, M. G., Pretsch, J., Alexopoulos, J., Spitzer, C., Benecke, C., Krueger, R. F., Markon, K. E., et al. (2014) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2014_28_130 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Self-citationTen aspects of the Big Five in the Personality Inventory for DSM–5.
DeYoung, C. G., Carey, B. E., Krueger, R. F., & Ross, S. R. (2016) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000170 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Self-citationBach, B., & Hutsebaut, J. (2018) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2018.1428984 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Dong, Y., & Dumas, D. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.109956 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Personality inDSM–5:Helping Delineate Personality Disorder Content and Framing the Metastructure
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Self-citationA review of approaches and models in psychopathology conceptualization research
Eaton, N. R., Bringmann, L. F., Elmer, T., Fried, E. I., Forbes, M. K., Greene, A. L., Krueger, R. F., Kotov, R., McGorry, P. D., Mei, C., et al. (2023) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-023-00218-4 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Self-citationMaples‐Keller, J. L., Smith, R. W., Sleep, C. E., Carter, N. T., Campbell, W. K., & Miller, J. D. (2017) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2017.1381968 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
An Overview of the DSM-5 Alternative Model of Personality Disorders
Krueger, R. F., & Hobbs, K. A. (2020) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000508538 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Self-citationPersonality and self-insight in individuals with autism spectrum disorder.
Schriber, R. A., Robins, R. W., & Solomon, M. (2014) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0034950 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Uncovering the structure of agreeableness from self‐report measures
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Kerber, A., Schultze, M., Müller, S., Rühling, R. M., Wright, A. G. C., Spitzer, C., Krueger, R. F., Knaevelsrud, C., & Zimmermann, J. (2020) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191120971848 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Self-citationGrandiose and Vulnerable Narcissism and the<i>DSM–5</i>Pathological Personality Trait Model
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Lilienfeld, S., Smith, S. F., Sauvigné, K. C., Patrick, C. J., Drislane, L. E., Latzman, R. D., & Krueger, R. (2016) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000244 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Self-citationSelected Principles of Pankseppian Affective Neuroscience
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Bach, B., Sellbom, M., Kongerslev, M., Simonsen, E. H., Krueger, R. F., & Mulder, R. (2017) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12748 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Self-citationFossati, A., Somma, A., Borroni, S., Markon, K. E., & Krueger, R. F. (2015) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191115621793 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citationReduced neural response to reward and pleasant pictures independently relate to depression
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Criterion A of the AMPD in HiTOP
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Self-citationStability and fluctuation of personality disorder features in daily life.
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The basic trait of Antagonism: An unfortunately underappreciated construct
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A Big Tent of Dark Personality Traits
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Extraversion and psychopathology: A facet-level analysis.
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Self-citationConceptions of Narcissism and the <i>DSM-5</i> Pathological Personality Traits
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Validity of the DSM–5 Levels of Personality Functioning Scale–Self Report
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A Common Metric for Self-Reported Severity of Personality Disorder
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A framework for treating DSM‐5 alternative model for personality disorder features
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The Circumplex of Personality Metatraits: A Synthesizing Model of Personality Based on the Big Five
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- Authors
- Krueger, R. F., Derringer, J., Markon, K. E., Watson, D., & Skodol, A. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- University of Iowa (US)
- University of Notre Dame (US)
- University of Arizona (US)
- Corresponding author
- Krueger, R. F.
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2011-12-08
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1879-1890
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- PMC
- PMC3413381
- OpenAlex
- W2113457236
- Cited by
- 1,908
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 117 · 2025: 134 · 2024: 173 · 2023: 160 · 2022: 156 · 2021: 173 · 2020: 198 · 2019: 170 · 2018: 142 · 2017: 120 · 2016: 100 · 2015: 103 · 2014: 81 · 2013: 62 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 54.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (U01AA018111, AA018111)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (F31DA029377, DA029377)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- maladaptive personality traits, personality disorders, DSM-5, personality tests, negative affect, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, psychoticism, item response theory
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Humans, Middle Aged, Personality, Personality Inventory, Psychometrics, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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