A longitudinal study on psychosocial causes and consequences of Internet gaming disorder in adolescence

Wartberg, Lutz; Kriston, Levente; Zieglmeier, Matthias; Lincoln, Tania; Kammerl, Rudolf

doi:10.1017/s003329171800082x

Cited by 270Impact of Technology on AdolescentsGambling Behavior and TreatmentsSexuality, Behavior, and Technology

A longitudinal study on psychosocial causes and consequences of Internet gaming disorder in adolescence

Wartberg, Lutz, Kriston, Levente, Zieglmeier, Matthias, Lincoln, Tania, Kammerl, Rudolf·2019·Psychological Medicine

DOI 10.1017/s003329171800082x

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Abstract

Background: In 2013, Internet gaming disorder (IGD) was incorporated in the current version of the DSM-5. IGD refers to a problematic use of video games. Longitudinal studies on the etiology of IGD are lacking. Furthermore, it is currently unclear to which extent associated psychopathological problems are causes or consequences of IGD. In the present survey, longitudinal associations between IGD and adolescent and parental mental health were investigated for the first time, as well as the temporal stability of IGD. Methods: In a cross-lagged panel design study, family dyads (adolescent with a parent each) were examined in 2016 (t1) and again 1 year later (2017, t2). Overall, 1095 family dyads were assessed at t1 and 985 dyads were re-assessed at t2 with standardized measures of IGD and several aspects of adolescent and parental mental health. Data were analyzed with structural equation modeling (SEM). Results: Male gender, a higher level of hyperactivity/inattention, self-esteem problems and IGD at t1 were predictors of IGD at t2. IGD at t1 was a predictor for adolescent emotional distress at t2. Overall, 357 out of the 985 adolescents received a diagnosis of IGD at t1 or t2: 142 (14.4%) at t1 and t2, 100 (10.2%) only at t1, and 115 (11.7%) only at t2. Conclusions: Hyperactivity/inattention and self-esteem problems seem to be important for the development of IGD. We found first empirical evidence that IGD could prospectively contribute to a deterioration of adolescent mental health. Only a subgroup of affected adolescents showed IGD consistently over 1 year.

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Longitudinal studies indicate that sustained problematic gaming behaviours are associated with psychopathological symptoms over time (e.g., anxiety and depressive symptoms) and predict decrements in functional outcomes (e.g., school performance).
“Longitudinal studies have indicated that sustained problematic gaming behaviours are associated with psychopathological symptoms over time (e.g., anxiety and depressive symptoms) and predict decrements in functional outcomes (e.g., school performance) 144-146 .”
From Emerging experience with selected new categories in the <scp>ICD</scp>‐11: complex <scp>PTSD</scp>, prolonged grief disorder, gaming disorder, and compulsive sexual behaviour disorder (2022) · cites this paper as [146]

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Depression and Social Anxiety Predict Internet Use Disorder Symptoms in Children and Adolescents at 12-Month Follow-Up: Results From a Longitudinal Study
Leo, K., Kewitz, S., Wartberg, L., & Lindenberg, K. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.787162 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citation
Longitudinal associations between problematic Internet use, self-esteem, and depressive symptoms among Chinese adolescents
Lai, W., Wang, W., Li, X., Wang, H., Lu, C., & Guo, L. (2022) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-022-01944-5 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“reported that the self-esteem problem at t1 was a predictor at IGD at t2 [19].”
Background
What is the reported relationship between self-esteem and gaming disorder? A systematic review and meta-analysis
Kavanagh, M., Brett, C., & Brignell, C. M. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2023.107776 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Three studies indicated that lower self-esteem at time-point one predicted GD at time-point two (Jeong et al., 2021; Lemmens et al., 2011; Wartberg et al., 2019).”
Influential
Social network site addiction, sleep quality, depression and adolescent difficulty describing feelings: a moderated mediation model
Wang, J., Wang, N., Liu, P., & Liu, Y. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02372-1 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Laxer Clinical Criteria for Gaming Disorder May Hinder Future Efforts to Devise an Efficient Diagnostic Approach: A Tree-Based Model Study
Pontes, H. M., Schivinski, B., Brzozowska-Woś, M., & Stavropoulos, V. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8101730 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Although these associations were derived from cross-sectional research, additional longitudinal evidence exists supporting the notion that video game addiction can prospectively contribute to deteriorated overall mental health [28], decreased quality of life [29], reduced levels of sport and exercise engagement [30],…”
Background
Internet Gaming Disorder in Adolescents With Psychiatric Disorder: Two Case Reports Using a Developmental Framework
Benarous, X., Morales, P., Mayer-Benarous, H., Iancu, C., Edel, Y., & Cohen, D. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00336 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Such bidirectional interplay between gaming misuse and anxiety/mood symptoms can progressively generate an ongoing cycle of internalizing symptoms (18).”
Background
Non-Substance Addiction in Childhood and Adolescence: The Internet, Computer Games and Social Media
Geisel, O., Lipinski, A., & Kaess, M. (2020) · Deutsches Ärzteblatt international · doi:10.3238/arztebl.m2021.0002 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Parental Factors Associated With Internet Gaming Disorder Among First-Year High School Students: Longitudinal Study
She, R., Zhang, Y., & Yang, X. (2022) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/33806 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Such changes at this stage of life may be more frequent and have a more profound impact on one’s behaviors than in other stages (eg, adulthood) [29].”
Background
In-game Social Interaction and Gaming Disorder: A Perspective From Online Social Capital
Heng, S., Zhao, H., & Wang, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.468115 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Gamers’ personality, motives, and psychosocial characteristics have been shown to be predictors of gaming disorder [e.g., (15– 17)].”
Background
Longitudinal network relations between symptoms of problematic internet game use and internalizing and externalizing problems among Chinese early adolescents
Zhou, J., Zhang, L., & Gong, X. (2023) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116162 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Internet gaming disorder in children and adolescents: A systematic review of familial protective and risk factors
Petrescu, T.-C., Błachnio, A., & Enea, V. (2025) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2025.108345 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
A three-wave longitudinal study on the underlying metacognitive mechanism between depression and Internet gaming disorder
Dang, L., Yang, H. M., Spada, M. M., & Wu, A. M. S. (2024) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2023.00072 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“…the prospective effects of IGD on depression but not vice versa were found in two other longitudinal studies among adolescents (Wang et al., 2022; Wartberg, Kriston, Zieglmeier, Lincoln, & Kammerl, 2019), while the remaining two studies found reciprocal predictive effects between depression and…”
Traditional Bullying and Cyberbullying Victimization Independently Predict Changes in Problematic Internet Gaming in a Longitudinal Sample
Neumayer, F., Jantzer, V., Lerch, S., Resch, F., & Kaess, M. (2023) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.03.013 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The vicious cycle of family dysfunction and problematic gaming and the mediating role of self-concept clarity among early adolescents: A within-person analysis using random intercept cross-lagged panel modeling
Zhou, J., Zhao, H., Wang, L., & Zhu, D. (2023) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2023.00054 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“…of problematic gaming may experience more internalizing problems, including anxiety, social withdrawal, and depressive symptoms (Jeong et al., 2019; Wartberg et al., 2019; Wichstrøm, Stenseng, Belsky, von Soest, & Hygen, 2019), which may lead to more con ﬂ ict in relationships with family members…”
Background
How gaming motives affect the reciprocal relationships between video game use and quality of life: A prospective study using objective playtime indicators
Larrieu, M., Fombouchet, Y., Billieux, J., & Décamps, G. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2023.107824 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The Role of Self-Esteem in Protecting Against Cyber-Victimization and Gaming Disorder Symptoms Among Adolescents: A Temporal Dynamics Analysis
Nie, Q., Griffiths, M. D., & Teng, Z. (2023) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-023-01890-8 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“However, only a few longitudinal studies (e.g., Teng et al., 2020; Wartberg et al., 2019) have examined these relationships and they have reported mixed results.”
Bullying Victimization and Problem Video Gaming: The Mediating Role of Externalizing and Internalizing Problems
Richard, J., Marchica, L. A., Ivoska, W., & Derevensky, J. L. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18041930 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Negative Consequences Experienced by Individuals with Gaming Disorder Symptoms: A Systematic Review of Available Longitudinal Studies
Düll, L., Müller, A., & Steins‐Loeber, S. (2024) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-024-00554-2 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The symptom network of internet gaming addiction, depression, and anxiety among children and adolescents
Xie, Y., & Tang, L. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-81094-7 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
More stringent criteria are needed for diagnosing internet gaming disorder: Evidence from regional brain features and whole-brain functional connectivity multivariate pattern analyses
Dong, G., Wang, Z., Dong, H., Wang, M., Zheng, Y., Ye, S., Zhang, J., & Potenza, M. N. (2020) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2020.00065 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Reliability, and Convergent and Discriminant Validity of Gaming Disorder Scales: A Meta-Analysis
Yoon, S., Yang, Y., Ro, E., Ahn, W., Kim, J., Shin, S.-H., Chey, J., & Choi, K. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.764209 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Studies have reported that just as problematic gaming increases psychological distress, psychological factors such as low selfesteem and loneliness also bidirectionally affect or predict problematic gaming (Lemmens et al., 2011; Tian et al., 2017; Tras, 2019; Wartberg et al., 2019).”
Background
Metacognitions as a predictor of online gaming in adolescents: Psychometric properties of the metacognitions about online gaming scale among Iranian adolescents
Akbari, M., Bahadori, M. H., Milan, B. B., Caselli, G., & Spada, M. M. (2021) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106904 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Diminished cognitive control in Internet gaming disorder: A multimodal approach with magnetic resonance imaging and real-time heart rate variability
Lee, D., Park, J., Namkoong, K., Hong, S. J., Kim, I. Y., & Jung, Y. (2020) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110127 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Internet gaming disorder and its relationship with behavioral disorder and mother’s parenting styles in primary school students according to gender in Iran
Areshtanab, H. N., Fathollahpour, F., Bostanabad, M. A., Ebrahimi, H., Hosseinzadeh, M., & Fooladi, M. M. (2021) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-021-00616-4 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Some of the studies have explored the relationship between IGD and adolescents’ mental health problems [34, 35].”
Background
Problematic Use of Internet Associates with Poor Quality of Life via Psychological Distress in Invididuals with ADHD
Chen, C., Lee, K.-Y., Fung, X. C. C., Chen, J., Lai, Y.-C., Potenza, M. N., Chang, K., Fang, C., Pakpour, A. H., & Lin, C. (2024) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s449369 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“22,23 Given that impulsivity, hyper-activity, and inattention are features of ADHD, we speculated that people with ADHD may experience more significant psychological distress resulting from online gaming activities and possibly other types of PUI.”
The Influence of Maternal and Paternal Phubbing on Adolescents’ Problematic Gaming: A Two-Wave Mediation Model
Pivetta, E., Marino, C., Bottesi, G., Pastore, M., Vieno, A., & Canale, N. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2023.108058 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Association of Extensive Video Gaming and Cognitive Function Changes in Brain-Imaging Studies of Pro Gamers and Individuals With Gaming Disorder: Systematic Literature Review
Choi, E., Shin, S.-H., Ryu, J.-K., Jung, K.-I., Hyun, Y., Kim, J., & Park, M.-H. (2021) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/25793 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“According to the WHO’s announcement, the diagnosis of GD should be based on the report of symptoms for more than 12 months [7]; only a subgroup of individuals were found to show persistent symptoms of GD over 12 months [44].”
Method
Cumulative Family Risk and Internet Gaming Disorder Among Adolescents: A Serial Mediating Model of Personal Growth Initiative and Gratitude
Gan, X., Xiang, G.-X., Li, H., Shao-hua, W., Jin, X., & Zhu, C.-S. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.819324 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Long-term effects of psychosocial interventions on internet-related disorders: A meta-analysis
Lo, C. K. M., Chan, K. L., Yu, L., Chui, W. W. H., & Ip, P. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107465 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Internet addiction and depressive and anxious symptoms among Chinese rural left‐behind adolescents: Mediating roles of resilience and friendship quality
Shang, R., Pang, H.-S., Jiang, J., Ji, Y., Liu, Q., Zhang, M., Yang, R., Li, S., Li, Y., & Liu, Q. (2023) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/cch.13160 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Uncovering the symptom relationship between anxiety, depression, and internet addiction among left-behind children: A large-scale purposive sampling network analysis
Shen, X., Zhou, X., Liao, H., McDonnell, D., & Wang, J. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.01.025 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Internet Gaming Disorder in Early Adolescents: Gender and Depression Differences in a Latent Growth Model
Wang, R., Yang, S., Yan, Y., Tian, Y., & Wang, P. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9091188 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“(2019) showed that the IGT at T1 significantly positively predicted IGD at T2, that is, IGD is on the rise [22].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Problematic internet gaming and non-suicidal self-injury in Chinese adolescents: Moderating and mediating roles of anxiety
Xu, P., Hao, X., Luo, D., Lai, M., Sun, X., & Xu, J. (2023) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2023.152398 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Psychopathology and Gaming Disorder in Adolescents
Falcione, K., & Weber, R. (2025) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.28532 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Subtyping treatment-seeking gaming disorder patients
Granero, R., Fernández-Aranda, F., Castro-Calvo, J., Billieux, J., Valero-Solís, S., Mora-Maltas, B., Rivas-Pérez, S., Valenciano-Mendoza, E., del Pino-Gutiérrez, A., Gómez-Peña, M., et al. (2021) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107086 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Academic expectation stress and online gaming disorder among Chinese adolescents: The mediating role of psychological distress and the moderating role of stress mindset
Cheng, Y., Jiang, S., & Chen, J. (2024) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2024.107492 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Identifying individuals in need of help for their uncontrolled gaming: A narrative review of concerns and comments regarding gaming disorder diagnostic criteria
Ko, C., Király, O., Demetrovics, Z., Chang, Y.-M., & Yen, J. (2020) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2020.00058 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Joint effects of children’s emotional problems and parental depressive symptoms on the occurrence of internet gaming disorder among children and adolescents: A longitudinal study
Jeong, H., Yim, H. W., Lee, S., Lee, H. K., Potenza, M. N., & Park, M. (2021) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2021.00030 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Altered Functional Connectivity of the Nucleus Accumbens and Amygdala in Cyber Addiction: A Resting State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study
Ko, M., Chi, S., Lee, J., Suh, S., & Lee, M. (2023) · Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience · doi:10.9758/cpn.2023.21.2.304 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“associated with cyber addiction symptoms [50,51].”
The relationship between maladaptive personality functioning and problematic technology use in adolescence: A cluster analysis approach
Amendola, S., Spensieri, V., Biuso, G. S., & Cerutti, R. (2020) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12664 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
An empirical investigation of the externalizing and internalizing pathways to disordered gaming behavior: A longitudinal study across childhood and adolescence
Richard, J., Temcheff, C. E., Fletcher, É., Lemieux, A., Derevensky, J. L., & Déry, M. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.107096 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Identifying research streams in online gambling and gaming literature: A bibliometric analysis
Stehmann, J. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.106219 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Validity and Psychometric Properties of the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale in Three Large Independent Samples of Children and Adolescents
Paschke, K., Sack, P., & Thomasius, R. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18031095 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Convergent validity is supported by small to medium correlations of the IGDS sum score with psychological constructs like aggressiveness and antisocial behavior, anger control and hyperactivity, loneliness and emotional distress, low self-esteem, life satisfaction, and prosocial behavior [19,24,25].”
Background
Estimated Prevalence of Unreported IGD Cases in Routine Outpatient Children and Adolescent Psychotherapy
Kewitz, S., Vonderlin, E., Wartberg, L., & Lindenberg, K. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18136787 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“However, our findings contradict previous findings on comorbid IGD and depressive disorders [14,17,21].”
ResultSelf-citation
How Does Family Dysfunction Influence Internet Gaming Disorder? Testing a Moderated Serial Mediation Model Among Chinese Adolescents
Gan, X., Xiang, G.-X., Jin, X., Zhu, C.-S., & Yu, C. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-022-00895-x · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“In a longitudinal study, Wartberg et al., (2019) have repeatedly indicated that self-esteem is an effective predictor of IGD 1 year later during early adolescence.”
From game engagement to craving responses – The role of gratification and compensation experiences during video-gaming in casual and at-risk gamers
Antons, S., Liebherr, M., Brand, M., & Brandtner, A. (2023) · Addictive Behaviors Reports · doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2023.100520 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“However, when individuals engage excessively in videogames, the positive effects sometimes turn into negative ones, affecting important areas of daily life and/or causing marked distress (Altintas et al., 2019; Mihara & Higuchi, 2017; Montag & Pontes, 2023; Wartberg et al., 2019).”
Background
Prevalence, predictive factors, and impacts of internet gaming disorder among adolescents: A population-based longitudinal study
Meng, Y., Shi, X., Cai, D., Ran, M., Ye, A., & Qiu, C. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.06.020 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Neuropsychological Constructs in Gaming Disorders: a Systematic Review
Legault, M. C. B., Liu, H. Z., & Balodis, I. M. (2021) · Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s40473-021-00230-z · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Neural mechanisms of behavioral addiction: An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis
Li, Z., He, Q., Elhai, J. D., Montag, C., & Yang, H. (2025) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2024.00082 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“…comorbid mental disorders, such as atten-tion-de ﬁ cit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (Michael & Seymour, 2023; Wang, Yin, Wang, King, & Rost, 2024; Wartberg, Kriston, Zieglmeier, Lincoln, & Kammerl, 2019) or depression and anxiety disorders (Qu et al., 2024; Teng, Pontes, Nie, Grif ﬁ ths, & Guo,…”
Bidirectional relationship between gaming disorder, internalizing psychopathology, psychological distress, and well-being: A systematic review with meta-analysis of longitudinal studies
Amendola, S., Bernath, J., Presaghi, F., Waller, G., & Hengartner, M. P. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.04.108 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Wanting-liking dissociation and altered dopaminergic functioning: Similarities between internet gaming disorder and tobacco use disorder
Ma, X., Wang, M., Zhou, W., Zhang, Z., Ni, H., Jiang, A., Zheng, Y., Du, X., Potenza, M. N., & Dong, G. (2024) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2024.00011 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The Influence of Online Game Behaviors on the Emotional State and Executive Function of College Students in China
Zhao, W., Wei, T., Zhou, R., Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Ren, Z., Shao, W., Luo, H., Zhou, Y., Chen, N., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.713364 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The Role of Self-Control Dimensions, Game Motivation, Game Genre, and Game Platforms in Gaming Disorder: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Findings
Cudo, A., Kopiś-Posiej, N., & Griffiths, M. D. (2023) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s435125 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The relationship of sexual objectification with internet addiction and its implications for mental health
Chau, C., Chan, R. S. W., Liang, J., & Poon, K. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2024.108179 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
From Evidence to Practice: A Comprehensive Analysis of Side Effects in Synthetic Anti-Depressant Therapy
Pannu, A. S., & Goyal, R. K. (2024) · Current Drug Safety · doi:10.2174/0115748863301630240417071353 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

Internet gaming disorder in early adolescence: Associations with parental and adolescent mental health
Wartberg, L., Kriston, L., Krämer, M., Schwedler-Diesener, A., Lincoln, T. M., & Kammerl, R. (2017) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.12.013 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Self-citation
Association Between Mental Health Problems and Internet Gaming Disorder Using Clinical Diagnostic Interviews: A Two-Year School-Based Longitudinal Study
Jeong, H., Yim, H. W., Potenza, M. N., Lee, S., & Park, M. (2024) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-024-01380-3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Prevalence, predictive factors, and impacts of internet gaming disorder among adolescents: A population-based longitudinal study
Meng, Y., Shi, X., Cai, D., Ran, M., Ye, A., & Qiu, C. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.06.020 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Longitudinal predictors for incidence of internet gaming disorder among adolescents: The roles of time spent on gaming and depressive symptoms
Liu, Y., Gong, R., Yu, Y., Chen, X., Yu, X., Chang, R., Wang, H., Wang, S., Wang, Q., & Cai, Y. (2021) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.06.008 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Trajectory of internet gaming disorder among Chinese adolescents: Course, predictors, and long-term mental health outcomes
Peng, P., Chen, Z., Ren, S., Hé, Y., Li, J., Liao, A., Zhao, L., Shao, X., Chen, S., He, R., et al. (2025) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2025.00054 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

Authors: Wartberg, L., Kriston, L., Zieglmeier, M., Lincoln, T., & Kammerl, R.
Affiliations: University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (DE)
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (DE)
Universität Hamburg (DE)
Corresponding author: Wartberg, Lutz
ORCID: Wartberg, Lutz
Kriston, Levente
Lincoln, Tania
Kammerl, Rudolf
Venue: Psychological Medicine
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 2018-04-06
Volume: 49
Issue: 2
Pages: 287-294
ISSN: 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
1469-8978
DOI: 10.1017/s003329171800082x
OpenAlex: W2795455895
Cited by: 270
References: 28
Citations by year: 2026: 23 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 2
FWCI: 48.35
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified)
Locations: Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology
Keywords: internet gaming disorder, adolescents, psychosocial etiology, hyperactivity/inattention, self-esteem problems, emotional distress, parental mental health, family dyads, temporal stability, DSM-5
MeSH terms: Psychological Distress, Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Self Concept, Behavior, Addictive, Video Games, Internet

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A longitudinal study on psychosocial causes and consequences of Internet gaming disorder in adolescence

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