Garlic in health and disease
Open accessAbstract
The present article reviews the historical and popular uses of garlic, its antioxidant, haematological, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective and antineoplastic properties and its potential toxicity (from sulfoxide). Garlic has been suggested to affect several cardiovascular risk factors. It has also been shown that garlic and its organic allyl sulfur components are effective inhibitors of the cancer process. Since garlic and its constituents can suppress carcinogen formation, bioactivation and tumour proliferation, it is imperative that biomarkers be established to identify which individuals might benefit most. Garlic powder, aged garlic and garlic oil have demonstrated antiplatelet and anticoagulant effects by interfering with cyclo-oxygenase-mediated thromboxane synthesis. Garlic has also been found to have synergistic effects against Helicobacter pylori with a proton pump inhibitor. The active compound allicin may affect atherosclerosis not only by acting as an antioxidant, but also by other mechanisms, such as lipoprotein modification and inhibition of LDL uptake and degradation by macrophages. Freshly prepared garlic homogenate protects against isoniazid+rifampicin-induced liver injury in experimental animal models. Several mechanisms are likely to account for this protection.
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Allicin prevents cell proliferation by targeting tubulin that shapes the mitotic spindle and thus inhibits cell division.
“Several studies reported the activity of allicin in preventing cell proliferation [81] by targeting tubulin that shapes the mitotic spindle and thus inhibits cell division [82].”
From Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Activities of Garlic (Allium sativum L.): A Review (2020) · cites this paper as [82]
Garlic intake at a dose of 500 and 1000 mg/kg/day remarkably decreased auto-antioxidants without changing the lipid peroxidation level, whereas daily intake of 1000 mg/kg resulted in morphological deformities in the liver under light microscopy and ultrastructural levels.
“While garlic intake at a dose of 500 and 1000 mg/kg/day remarkably decreased the auto-antioxidants without changing the lipid peroxidation level, whereas the daily intake of 1000 mg/kg resulted in morphological deformities in the liver under light microscopy and ultrastructural levels.”
From Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Activities of Garlic (Allium sativum L.): A Review (2020) · cites this paper as [82]
Randomized controlled trials observed side effects of garlic such as insomnia, vomiting, heartburn, dizziness, diarrhea, tachycardia, nausea, bloating, flushing, headache, mild orthostatic hypotension, sweating, offensive body odor, and flatulence.
“To assess the safety of garlic, randomized controlled trials were performed, side effects such as insomnia, vomiting, heartburn, dizziness, diarrhea, tachycardia, nausea, bloating, flushing, headache, mild orthostatic hypotension, sweating, offensive body odor, and flatulence were observed [82].”
From Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Activities of Garlic (Allium sativum L.): A Review (2020) · cites this paper as [82]
Oral or intraperitoneal administration of 50 mg/kg garlic to rats did not show any effect on liver and lung tissue, while intake of garlic at 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg per day led to acute deformities in the rat's liver and lung tissue, suggesting dose-related toxicity.
“Rana et al. [82] revealed that oral or intraperitoneal administration 50 mg/kg of garlic to rats did not show any effect on liver and lung tissue, while intake garlic at 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg per day led to acute deformities in the rat’s liver and lung tissue, suggesting the dose-related toxicity.”
From Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Activities of Garlic (Allium sativum L.): A Review (2020) · cites this paper as [82]
Garlic powder or allicin at a concentration of 200 mg/mL can cause significant cell damages in the isolated rat liver.
“Rana et al. [82] revealed that garlic powder or allicin at a concentration of 200 mg/mL can cause significant cell damages in the isolated rat liver.”
From Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Activities of Garlic (Allium sativum L.): A Review (2020) · cites this paper as [82]
Clinical studies reported that low doses of garlic are safe, whereas therapeutic doses might cause mild gastrointestinal disorders, while high doses have been reported to cause liver damage.
“Clinical studies reported that low doses of garlic are safe, whereas therapeutic doses might cause mild gastrointestinal disorders, while high doses have been reported to cause liver damage [82,123,133].”
From Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Activities of Garlic (Allium sativum L.): A Review (2020) · cites this paper as [82]
Chronic administration of 50 mg garlic powder per day led to anti-androgenic effects by inhibiting spermatogenesis in rats, leading to decreased sialic acid concentration in the seminal vesicles, testes, and epididymis with reduced Leydig cell function.
“Additionally, the chronic administration of 50 mg garlic powder per day led to anti-androgenic effects by inhibiting spermatogenesis in rats, leading to decrease sialic acid concentration in the seminal vesicles, testes, and epididymis with reduced Leydig cell function [82].”
From Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Activities of Garlic (Allium sativum L.): A Review (2020) · cites this paper as [82]
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Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Activities of Garlic (Allium sativum L.): A Review
El-Saber Batiha, G., Magdy Beshbishy, A., G. Wasef, L., Elewa, Y. H. A., A. Al-Sagan, A., Abd El-Hack, M. E., Taha, A. E., M. Abd-Elhakim, Y., & Prasad Devkota, H. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12030872 · Cited by 931 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Rana, S. V., Pal, R., Vaiphei, K., Sharma, S. K., & Ola, R. P.
- Affiliations
- Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Rana, S. V.
- Venue
- Nutrition Research Reviews
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2011-05-13
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 60-71
- ISSN
- 0954-4224 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2700
- OpenAlex
- W2077491843
- Cited by
- 191
- References
- 131
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 0.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nutrition Research Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Garlic and Onion Studies
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Chemical synthesis and alkaloids
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics, phytochemicals, and oxidative stress
- Keywords
- garlic, allicin, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, hepatoprotection, anticancer activity, cardiovascular risk factors, antiplatelet activity, anticoagulant activity, cyclooxygenase, thromboxane synthesis, Helicobacter pylori, atherosclerosis, LDL uptake, biomarkers
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic, Antioxidants, Cardiovascular Diseases, Garlic, Hematologic Agents, Humans, Phytotherapy, Neoplasms, Plant Extracts, Helicobacter Infections, Atherosclerosis, Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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