Elevated amygdala response to faces following early deprivation
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A functional neuroimaging study examined the long‐term neural correlates of early adverse rearing conditions in humans as they relate to socio‐emotional development. Previously institutionalized (PI) children and a same‐aged comparison group were scanned using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while performing an Emotional Face Go/Nogo task. PI children showed heightened activity of the amygdala, a region that supports emotional learning and reactivity to emotional stimuli, and corresponding decreases in cortical regions that support perceptual and cognitive functions. Amygdala activity was associated with decreased eye‐contact as measured by eye‐tracking methods and during a live dyadic interaction. The association between early rearing environment and subsequent eye‐contact was mediated by amygdala activity. These data support the hypothesis that early adversity alters human brain development in a way that can persist into childhood, and they offer insight into the socio‐emotional disturbances in human behavior following early adversity.
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Children deprived of a stable responsive caregiver show high insecure and disorganized attachment and atypical affective development, including heightened emotional reactivity, accelerated amygdala development, poor emotion regulation, and atypical stress reactivity.
“Children deprived of a stable and responsive caregiver exhibit high levels of insecure and disorganized attachment and atypical affective development characterized by heightened emotional reactivity, accelerated functional development of the amygdala, poor emotion regulation, and atypical stress reactivity.(25, 32–37)”
From Neglect as a violation of species-expectant experience: neurodevelopmental consequences (2017) · cites this paper as [32]
Previously institutionalized children show an exaggerated amygdala response to emotional faces.
“Additionally, PI children show an exaggerated amygdala response to emotional faces (Tottenham, et al., 2011)”
From Risk and developmental heterogeneity in previously institutionalized children (2012) · cites this paper as Tottenham, et al., 2011
Amygdala development has been associated with increased anxiety and lower social competence in previously institutionalized children.
“Amygdala development has also been associated with increased anxiety and lower social competence in PI children (Tottenham, et al., 2011; Tottenham, et al., 2010).”
From Risk and developmental heterogeneity in previously institutionalized children (2012) · cites this paper as Tottenham, et al., 2011
Amygdala hyperactivity has been shown to mediate the relationship between early institutional rearing and subsequent social behavior, specifically decreased face-to-face eye contact.
“Indeed, amygdala hyperactivity has been shown to be a mediator between early institutional rearing and subsequent social behavior (i.e., decreased face-to-face eye contact) (Tottenham, et al., 2011).”
From Risk and developmental heterogeneity in previously institutionalized children (2012) · cites this paper as Tottenham, et al., 2011
Threat-related ELA is linked to stronger amygdala reactivity to threat, from childhood through adulthood, in a dose-response way, and not just due to concurrent psychopathology.
“At the neural level, adversity experiences characterized by both threat and deprivation have been associated with greater amygdala reactivity in response to signals of threat, such as fearful faces or negative emotional images.63–66,86–89 This effect is present in childhood64,65,86 and persists through adolescence66,86 into adulthood.87,88 A recent meta-analysis confirms that childhood maltreat”
From Early life adversity and health-risk behaviors: Proposed psychological and neural mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [89]
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“However, recent work suggests that children raised in deprived early environments exhibit elevated amygdala response to facial emotion and a mature pattern of functional connectivity between the amygdala and mPFC during emotional-processing tasks (Gee et al., 2013; Tottenham et al., 2011).”
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Early-life stress has persistent effects on amygdala function and development in mice and humans
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“…of medial prefrontal regions in individuals with anxiety (McClure et al., 2007), PTSD (Etkin and Wager, 2007), and in children with histories of early adversity (Tottenham et al., 2011; McCrory et al., 2013) , which may reflect failure of prefrontal regions to regulate amygdala reactivity.”
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Social scaffolding of human amygdala-mPFCcircuit development
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Indiscriminate Amygdala Response to Mothers and Strangers After Early Maternal Deprivation
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Tottenham, N., Hare, T. A., Millner, A., Gilhooly, T., Zevin, J. D., & Casey, B. J.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Cornell University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tottenham, N.
- Venue
- Developmental Science
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-02-18
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 190-204
- ISSN
- 1363-755X (ISSN-L)
- 1467-7687
- PMC
- PMC3050520
- OpenAlex
- W1734357571
- Cited by
- 468
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 23.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Developmental Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (P50MH079513, R01MH073175, R01MH091864)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Keywords
- institutionalized children, childhood adversity, amygdala, emotional face processing, social-emotional development, eye contact, brain development, emotional learning, cortical deactivation, dyadic interaction
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Affective Symptoms, Amygdala, Attention, Brain, Brain Mapping, Child, Child, Institutionalized, Child, Preschool, Emotions, Facial Expression, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Personality Development, Sensory Deprivation, Social Behavior, Orphanages, Functional Neuroimaging
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