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Childhood maltreatment and its effect on neurocognitive functioning: Timing and chronicity matter
Open accessAbstract
Childhood maltreatment represents a complex stressor, with the developmental timing, duration, frequency, and type of maltreatment varying with each child (Barnett, Manly, & Cicchetti, 1993; Cicchetti & Manly, 2001). Multiple brain regions and neural circuits are disrupted by the experience of child maltreatment (Cicchetti & Toth, in press; DeBellis et al., 2002; McCrory & Viding, 2010; Teicher, Anderson, & Polcari, 2012). These neurobiological compromises indicate the impairment of a number of important cognitive functions, including working memory and inhibitory control. The present study extends prior research by examining the effect of childhood maltreatment on neurocognitive functioning based on developmental timing of maltreatment, including onset, chronicity, and recency, in a sample of 3- to 9-year-old nonmaltreated (n= 136) and maltreated children (n= 223). Maltreated children performed more poorly on inhibitory control and working-memory tasks than did nonmaltreated children. Group differences between maltreated children based on the timing of maltreatment and the chronicity of maltreatment also were evident. Specifically, children who were maltreated during infancy, and children with a chronic history of maltreatment, exhibited significantly poorer inhibitory control and working-memory performance than did children without a history of maltreatment. The results suggest that maltreatment occurring during infancy, a period of major brain organization, disrupts normative structure and function, and these deficits are further instantiated by the prolonged stress of chronic maltreatment during the early years of life.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This cross-sectional study compared low-SES maltreated and nonmaltreated children aged 3–9 on neurocognitive tasks. Maltreated children showed poorer inhibitory control and working memory, especially when maltreatment began during infancy or persisted across three or more developmental periods.
Key findings
- Maltreated children had lower inhibitory control/working memory composite scores than nonmaltreated children (M = −0.11, SD = .85 vs. M = .08, SD = .82; F(1, 358) = 9.602, p = .002, η² = .026). No significant group differences appeared for memory, motor control/attention, or the overall cognitive composite.
- Chronicity mattered: children maltreated across three or more developmental periods scored lower than nonmaltreated children (M = −.42, SD = .96, p = .000) and lower than the one-period group (p = .05). One- and two-period groups did not differ significantly from nonmaltreated children.
- Onset and recency mattered: infancy-onset maltreatment was associated with lower scores than nonmaltreated status (M = −.32, SD = .91, p = .000) and later onset (p = .036); later onset did not differ from nonmaltreated. Nonmaltreated children outperformed both current-period and past maltreatment groups (p = .004 and p = .05), while current versus past maltreatment did not differ.
- Subtype count showed both one/two and three/four subtype groups performing worse than nonmaltreated children (p = .021 and p = .002), but the two maltreated groups did not differ from each other (p = .08). At age 4, maltreated children failed the tapping pretest more often (76.3% vs. 40.9%; χ² = 8.174, p = .004).
Methods
- Cross-sectional comparison of 3- to 9-year-old low-SES children from urban upstate New York. Maltreated children were identified through Department of Human Services/Child Protective Services records and maternal interview; nonmaltreated comparison children were recruited from TANF families with no DHS involvement. The abstract reports 136 nonmaltreated and 223 maltreated children, while the Method section reports 228 maltreated and 142 nonmaltreated children; follow-up analyses use 136 comparison children.
- Ten neuropsychological tasks assessed inhibitory control/working memory, memory, attention, and motor control. Standardized task variables were combined into inhibitory control/working memory, memory, motor control/attention, and cognitive function composites. ANCOVAs with age in months as a covariate compared groups, and follow-up tests examined maltreatment onset, chronicity, recency, and subtype count on inhibitory control/working memory.
Limitations
- Stated: the design was cross-sectional with assessment at only one time point, so developmental timing and change could not be directly observed; the author calls for longitudinal and fMRI research.
- Evident from the text: sample-size figures differ between the abstract/Method and the analysis samples; subtype analyses had a small three-or-more-subtype group (n = 34); the low-SES urban sample may limit generalizability; pretest failures excluded task-specific data; and causal claims cannot be established from the design.
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Claims the paper makes
29 Not checked yet · 25 Own result · 18 Own interpretation · 9 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“children who were maltreated during infancy, and children with a chronic history of maltreatment, exhibited significantly poorer inhibitory control and working memory performance than children without a history of maltreatment.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 223- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Maltreated children performed more poorly on inhibitory control and working memory tasks than nonmaltreated children.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 223- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“children who were maltreated during infancy, and children with a chronic history of maltreatment, exhibited significantly poorer inhibitory control and working memory performance than children without a history of maltreatment.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 223- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A one-way between factors ANCOVA with age as a covariate revealed no significant differences between the maltreated children (M = .01, SD = .45) and the nonmaltreated comparison children (M = −.01, SD = .39) on the memory composite (F (1, 357) = .192, p = .662, eta2 = .001).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Results > Cognitive Function Task Performance
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A one-way between factors ANCOVA with age as a covariate revealed a significant group difference between the maltreated children and the nonmaltreated comparison children (F (1, 358) = 9.602, MSE = .325, p = .002, eta2 = .026).”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Function Task Performance · plain
“The maltreated children had a significantly lower ICWM score (M = .-0.11, SD = .85 ) than the nonmaltreated comparison children (M = .08, SD = .82).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Results > Cognitive Function Task Performance
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Children who passed the pretests conceptually understood the tasks.
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Function Task Performance · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A one-way between factors ANCOVA with age as a covariate revealed no significant differences between the maltreatment children (M = −.00, SD = .58) and the nonmaltreated comparison children (M = −.00, SD = .61) on the motor control/attention composite (F (1, 369) = .00, p = .998, eta2 = .00).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Results > Cognitive Function Task Performance
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Children who passed 67% of the motor control/attention tasks had a general understanding of the tasks.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, those children who experienced the onset of maltreatment after infancy also performed significantly better than those who experienced the onset of maltreatment during infancy (p = .036; see Figure 3 for onset of maltreatment means).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Results > Cognitive Function Task Performance
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Children who passed the pretests conceptually understood the tasks.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“three-year-olds from both groups had a greater rate of failure than any other age group on the Tapping Task, the Three Pegs Task, the Day-Night Stroop-Like Task, and the Control Stroop Task.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Results > Pretest performance
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A one way ANCOVA with age as a covariate revealed a significant effect for the recency of children’s maltreatment experience (F (2, 322) = 4.717, MSE = .322, p = .010).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Results > Cognitive Function Task Performance
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Children who passed the pretests conceptually understood the tasks.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Maltreated children experiencing one or two types of maltreatment were not significantly different in their performance compared to children experiencing three or four types of maltreatment (p = .08).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Results > Cognitive Function Task Performance
plainn = 153 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Children who passed the pretests conceptually understood the tasks.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A one-way ANCOVA with age as a covariate revealed a significant effect for the onset of maltreatment (F (2, 322) = 6.627, MSE = .328, p = .002).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Results > Cognitive Function Task Performance
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Children who passed the pretests conceptually understood the tasks.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Post hoc follow up LSD tests showed that the nonmaltreated comparison children (M = .08, SD = .82) performed significantly better than maltreated children experiencing one or two types of maltreatment (M = −.12, SD = .86, p = .021) and those experiencing three or four types of maltreatment (M = −.26, SD = .89, p = .002).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Results > Cognitive Function Task Performance
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Children who passed the pretests conceptually understood the tasks.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A one-way ANCOVA with age as a covariate revealed no significant differences between the maltreated children (M = −.02, SD = .36) and nonmaltreated comparison children (M = .02, SD = .35) on the executive function composite (F (1, 358) = 1.427, p=.233, eta2 = .004).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Results > Cognitive Function Task Performance
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Children who passed 67% of the motor control/attention tasks had a general understanding of the tasks.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Post hoc follow up LSD test demonstrated that the nonmaltreated comparison children performed significantly better than both those who were maltreated in their current developmental period (M = −.44, SD = .86, p = .004) and those who experienced maltreatment in the past (M = .23, SD = .71, p = .05).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Results > Cognitive Function Task Performance
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Children who passed the pretests conceptually understood the tasks.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Performance based on a child’s age in years at time of test was examined and found to be significant (F (5, 358) = 29.92, p = .00, eta2 = .30).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Results > Pretest performance
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At age four, maltreated children (76.3%) failed to pass the Tapping Task significantly more often than the nonmaltreated comparison children (40.9%) (χ2 (1, N= 65) = 8.174, p = .004; see Figure 1 for group failure rates on the Tapping Task).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Results > Pretest performance
plaincorrelationaln = 65 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A one-way ANCOVA with age as a covariate revealed a significant effect for the number of maltreatment subtypes (F (1, 322) = 5.890, MSE = .330, p = .003).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Results > Cognitive Function Task Performance
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Children who passed the pretests conceptually understood the tasks.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The performance of children who experienced maltreatment in their current developmental period compared to those who experienced it in previous periods was not statistically different from each other.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Results > Cognitive Function Task Performance
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Children who passed the pretests conceptually understood the tasks.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A one-way ANCOVA with age as a covariate revealed a significant effect for the number of developmental periods in which maltreatment occurred (F (3, 322) = 4.385, MSE = .330, p = .005).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Results > Cognitive Function Task Performance
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Children who passed the pretests conceptually understood the tasks.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It is generally understood that early adverse life experiences, such as the occurrence of child maltreatment, often carry long-lasting consequences (Cicchetti & Valentino, 2006; Sroufe et al., 2005).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cicchetti & Valentino, 2006
- Not checked yetcites Sroufe et al., 2005
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Multiple brain regions and neural circuits are disrupted by maltreatment experiences.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cicchetti & Toth, in press
- Not checked yetcites DeBellis, 2001, 2005
- Not checked yetcites Hart & Rubia, 2012
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The pathways most affected in maltreated children and adolescents are predominately in fronto-limbic networks. These include the prefrontal cortex (PFC), both the orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex, and the amygdala (DeBellis, 2001; Hart & Rubia, 2012; McCrory et al., 2010; Teicher et al., 2012).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DeBellis, 2001
- Not checked yetcites Hart & Rubia, 2012
- Not checked yetcites McCrory et al., 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Childhood performance has been shown to be correlated with adult performance, up to forty years later (Casey et al, 2011; Eigsti et al., 2006; Mischel et al., 2010).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Casey et al, 2011
- Not checked yetcites Eigsti et al., 2006
- Not checked yetcites Mischel et al., 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“A recent functional magnetic resonance imaging study of maltreated children in foster care showed atypical neuronal activation during an inhibitory control task (Bruce et al., 2013).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bruce et al., 2013
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Because maltreatment occurs predominantly in the low SES population (NIS-4 reference), families receiving TANF were selected based on their similarity to the demographic characteristics of the families with maltreated children.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Method > Participants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites NIS-4 reference
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These studies indicate that early deprivation carries with it long-term consequences in areas of the brain important for self-control.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Introduction
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Specifically, in a sample of children with a history of early adversity (i.e., institutionalized children), an inhibitory control task was performed by never-institutionalized or foster care children, and institutionalized children. The institutionalized children had lower inhibitory control scores (a key component of self-control).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McDermott et al., 2012
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Children with an early history of institutionalization also exhibit lower levels of electrical brain activity than their same-aged counterparts (Marshall & Fox, 2004).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Marshall & Fox, 2004
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The findings of this investigation reveal that maltreated children have a different cognitive control landscape than their nonmaltreated peers.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Additionally, in children internationally adopted from institutions, current research has shown patterns of reduced glucose metabolism in regions of the frontal cortex, including the orbitofrontal gyrus and infralimbic prefrontal cortex, compared to non-institutionalized youth (Chugani et al, 2001).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chugani et al, 2001
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Early maltreatment may condition young neural networks to produce cascading effects through later development, possibly constraining the child’s flexibility to adapt to novel challenging situations with new strategies rather than with old conceptual and behavioral prototypes (Cicchetti & Tucker, 1994; Courchesne, Chisum, & Townsend, 1994; Masten & Cicchetti, 2010).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cicchetti & Tucker, 1994
- Not checked yetcites Courchesne, Chisum, & Townsend, 1994
- Not checked yetcites Masten & Cicchetti, 2010
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Children may be especially vulnerable to the effects of maltreatment or other pathological experiences during periods of rapid creation or modification of neuronal connections such as infancy.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, it is clear that the onset and chronicity of maltreatment plays a significant role in the early stages of working memory and inhibitory control development.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Discussion
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For maltreated children, however, a relatively straightforward act of connecting a cue to a consequence may be difficult, given unpredictability and inconsistency in the maltreating family environment.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Discussion
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The child-caregiver relationship plays an important role because the precursor of higher cognition during infancy is connecting an act to a consequence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Maltreatment during the infancy period and chronic maltreatment were found to have importance for identifying which maltreated children were most vulnerable to impairments in the development of inhibitory control and working memory abilities.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This likely influences how well a child performs in the classroom.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Major occurrences in the life of maltreated children, such as abuse or the withholding of care, result in a pathogenic, chaotic, and threatening environment that negatively influences their ability to develop basic cognitive skills.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The child-caregiver relationship plays an important role because the precursor of higher cognition during infancy is connecting an act to a consequence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An examination of the number of maltreatment subtypes a child experienced did not yield incremental information beyond the basic statement that children who had experienced one to four maltreatment subtypes (i.e, all maltreated children) performed worse than nonmaltreated children.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The findings of the current research illustrate diversity among maltreated children in their acquisition of executive function skills.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A possible explanation for our results may have to do with the understanding that inhibitory control and working memory tasks rely on the recruitment of the prefrontal cortex (Diamond, 1997).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Diamond, 1997
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This early stress increases the density of glucocorticoid receptors (Teicher et al., 2003).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Teicher et al., 2003
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the same time, the cognitive abilities of children who experienced maltreatment later during development or who experienced maltreatment for a lesser portion of development may be indistinguishable from their SES-matched nonmaltreated counterparts.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results suggest that infancy is a sensitive period that is critical for establishing the foundations of brain structure and organization involved in the development of later executive function abilities.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, chronic maltreatment further impairs executive function development.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 30
- Probably not a substantial claim. 14
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Group differences between maltreated children based on the timing of maltreatment and the chronicity of maltreatment also were evident.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 223- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this maltreated sample, 66% had been neglected, 57% had experienced emotional maltreatment, 24% had been physically abused, and 7% of had been sexually abused. Within the maltreated sample, 11% of children did not have sufficient detail in the family DHS records to code subtype. Over half (54%) of maltreated children had experienced multiple subtypes of maltreatment.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Method > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our sample, 153 children experienced one or two maltreatment subtypes, and only 34 children experienced three or more maltreatment subtypes.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Discussion
plainn = 153- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, those who experienced maltreatment during one developmental period (M = .07, SD = .76) performed significantly better than those who experienced maltreatment during three or more developmental periods (p = .05), but not those who experienced maltreatment during two developmental periods (ns; see Figure 2 for chronicity of maltreatment means).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Results > Cognitive Function Task Performance
plaincorrelationaln = 68 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Children who passed the pretests conceptually understood the tasks.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Post hoc follow up LSD tests revealed that the nonmaltreated comparison group performed significantly better than those children who experienced maltreatment during three or more developmental periods (M = −.42, SD = .96, p = .000), but not children who experienced maltreatment during one (M = .07, SD = .76, ns) or two developmental periods (M = .02, SD = .74, ns).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Results > Cognitive Function Task Performance
plaincorrelationaln = 72- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Children who passed the pretests conceptually understood the tasks.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Post hoc follow up LSD tests demonstrated that the nonmaltreated comparison children performed significantly better than those who experienced the onset of maltreatment during infancy (M = −.32, SD = .91, p = .000), but not those experienced the onset after infancy (M = .09, SD = .74, ns).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Results > Cognitive Function Task Performance
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Children who passed the pretests conceptually understood the tasks.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results suggest that maltreatment occurring during infancy, a period of major brain organization, disrupts normative structure and function, and these deficits are further instantiated by the prolonged stress of chronic maltreatment during the early years of life.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Abstract
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Children with lower self-control also are more vulnerable to negative developmental outcomes in adolescence, such as a greater likelihood of becoming a teenage parent or dropping out of high school (Moffitt et al., 2011).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Moffitt et al., 2011
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Early child neglect has been shown to be related to diffuse organization of white matter microstructure in PFC in adolescents, and this has been associated with neurocognitive deficits on tasks that involve assessments of cognitive control, behavioral regulation, and spatial planning (Hanson et al., 2013).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hanson et al., 2013
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Because maltreatment is a pervasive and prevalent occurrence in the United States (Sedlak et al., 2010), a clearer understanding of how it impacts self-control likely will have far reaching implications.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sedlak et al., 2010
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The administrators and videotape coders were unaware of group membership of the children.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Method > Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Those with a history of being institutionalized also displayed the smallest difference in reactivity between correct and error trials via the error-related negativity (ERN) brain wave difference score, indicating that they processed mistakes more slowly or less accurately than their more fortunate counterparts (McDermott et al., 2012).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McDermott et al., 2012
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Developmental neuroscientists generally agree that the brain is more malleable at early stages of development, with the greatest amount of growth and change happening prenatally and during the first year of life (Fox, Levitt, & Nelson, 2010; Stiles & Jernigan, 2010; Thompson & Nelson, 2001).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fox, Levitt, & Nelson, 2010
- Not checked yetcites Stiles & Jernigan, 2010
- Not checked yetcites Thompson & Nelson, 2001
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a longitudinal study conducted with a cohort of 1,000 children, low self-control was associated with poorer physical health, increased substance dependence, greater financial struggles, and lower income in adulthood (Moffitt et al., 2011).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Moffitt et al., 2011
plaincorrelationaln = 1,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In animal studies, early life stress has been found to be associated with compromised function of the prefrontal cortex in rodents (Sullivan, 2003) and neurochemical alterations in Bonnet macaques (Mathew et al., 2002).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sullivan, 2003
- Not checked yetcites Mathew et al., 2002
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The rapid neuronal changes during the first year of life may provide one explanation for this difference, as this period of neuronal growth is thought to increase the brain’s sensitivity to external perturbations (Johnson, 2011).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Johnson, 2011
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The demographic features were comparable between the nonmaltreated and maltreated children, including gender, χ2 (1, = 370), = .38, ns, (57.7% vs. 61.0% male), and minority race / ethnicity χ2 (1, N = 370) =.77. ns. (73.0% vs. 77.1%), for nonmaltreated and maltreated groups, respectively.”
- Also stated in: § Participants · plain
“The nonmaltreated and maltreated groups also were comparable in terms of family income (in thousands), t (354)=.78, ns. (M=19.01, SD=10.9 vs. M=18.11, SD=10.3), representation in the two lowest levels of the Hollingshead scale of socioeconomic status χ2 (1, N=360) =1.47. ns. (74.5% vs. 79.9%), and history of receipt of public assistance, χ2 (1, N=358) =.84, ns. (91.5% vs. 94.0%).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Method > Participants
plainn = 370- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Participants · plain
In the paper
“One general theory that may lend insight into why atypical activation occurs in these regions is Johnson’s proposed model of Interactive Specialization, which states that some cortical regions have broad functionality and their functions do not become well defined until, through a sufficient amount of activation and successful competition with other regions, they become functionally efficient (Joh”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Johnson, 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Importantly, self-control is considered a relatively stable trait across the lifespan (Casey et al., 2011), and understanding whether and how self-control can be influenced during development represents a significant area for researchers, clinicians, and policymakers alike.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Casey et al., 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Searches to assure the absence of CPS or Preventive Services records were conducted to confirm nonmaltreatment status. Nonmaltreatment status was further verified by maternal report, using the MMCI interview.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Method > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A consideration of how both onset and duration of maltreatment significantly impact cognitive control performance (both inhibitory control and working memory) provides a rich account of how early experiences may inform the development of self-control processes.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To allow for an examination of cognitive performance over and above the effects of age, a participant’s age in months was included as a continuous covariate for all following analyses.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Results > Pretest performance
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On-line coding of the participant’s and experimenter’s actions, such as response accuracy, was always rechecked by subsequent coding of the videotape to confirm accurate coding. Any discrepancies were resolved to consensus.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Method > Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Maltreatment in infancy represents a clear case of early life stress, as it exceeds the infant’s coping resources and increases the amount of stress experienced at a sensitive period of development (Pechtel & Pizzagalli, 2011).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pechtel & Pizzagalli, 2011
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Before testing, the child had to first demonstrate an understanding of the directions by recognizing at least 1 “day” and 1 “night” card in a row. The child needed to have answered each rule correctly at least once during either the two practice trials or the first two trials of testing for his/her data to be considered usable.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Method > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, discovering that children maltreated during infancy had significantly worse performance than children maltreated later in childhood indicates that timing of adversity matters in the development of self-control.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This system has been previously reported as reliable and valid in classifying incidents of maltreatment and in differentiating subtypes of maltreatment (e.g., Bolger & Patterson, 2001; Manly, Kim, Rogosch, & Cichetti, 2001).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Method > Participants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bolger & Patterson, 2001
- Not checked yetcites Manly, Kim, Rogosch, & Cichetti, 2001 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Trained research staff coded the DHS records, and adequate reliability was obtained (average ICC’s ranged from .82 to 1.0).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Method > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Foster care children showed more diffuse patterns of activation, and displayed stronger activation in the left inferior parietal lobule and the right superior occipital cortex; moreover, compared to nonmaltreated children, they also demonstrated less activation in regions typically associated with inhibitory control performance, such as the anterior cingulate cortex (Bruce et al., 2013).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bruce et al., 2013
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A longer history of maltreatment results in prolonged period of stress on the child’s neuroendocrine and immune systems and possible neural reorganization to optimize survival in a deprived and difficult environment (Johnson, 2011; Teicher et al., 2003).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Johnson, 2011
- Not checked yetcites Teicher et al., 2003
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A limitation of the current investigation is the cross-sectional nature of the design with assessment of children at only one point in time.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“may be indistinguishable from their SES-matched nonmaltreated counterparts.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Numerous interconnected neurobiological systems are affected by the various stressors associated with child maltreatment (DeBellis, 2001, 2005; Hart & Rubia, 2012).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DeBellis, 2001, 2005
- Not checked yetcites Hart & Rubia, 2012
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Early onset of maltreatment not only significantly predicted inhibitory control and working memory performance, but also so did the chronicity of maltreatment.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In fact, a phenomena like joint attention, in which an infant and caregiver both attend to the same stimuli (Tomasello, 1995), presents an infant with the experience that cues, such as eye gaze, are important for knowing what to attend to in his/her environment.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tomasello, 1995
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The density of the synapses in the prefrontal cortex increases slowly over the course of development, and the experience of prolonged maltreatment may compromise synaptogenesis (Johnson, 2011).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Johnson, 2011
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, if maltreatment occurred solely during one period of development, then the child’s inhibitory control and working memory capacities remained intact, more closely resembling a nonmaltreated child’s profile than that of a child who experienced chronic maltreatment.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Best practices for promoting self-control, and the key developmental periods for doing so, are not yet established.
“Yet knowledge on best practices for fostering self-control, including a focus on critical time points for nurturing optimal development, must still be identified.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Early childhood maltreatment produces cascading effects across neurobiological, social, emotional, and cognitive domains.
“Maltreatment in early childhood has been shown to have cascading effects on neurobiological, social, emotional, and cognitive development.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The maltreated children are representative of county DHS service families in terms of low income and minority racial/ethnic status.
“The maltreated sample was representative of families receiving services at the country DHS with respect to low-income and minority racial/ethnic status.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The DHS records used provide accurate information about when maltreatment occurred, how long it lasted, and its subtype.
“Maltreatment status was determined through a detailed examination of Child Protective Service (CPS) and Preventive Services records at DHS.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Children who passed the pretests conceptually understood the tasks.
“Initially, chi-squared analyses were conducted to assess performance differences on tasks that include pre-tests in order to ascertain whether children conceptually understand the task.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Children who passed 67% of the motor control/attention tasks had a general understanding of the tasks.
“This allowed for the assumption that children had a general understanding of the tasks.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The line bisection task measures spatial perception.
“The line bisection task measures spatial perception.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The number of developmental periods in which maltreatment occurred is a valid index of chronicity.
“The number of developmental periods in which the child was maltreated was used as an index of chronicity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Maltreatment onset during infancy versus after infancy is a valid index of timing.
“Onset of maltreatment was examined in relation to the ICWM. Children whose maltreatment onset occurred during infancy (n = 101) were differentiated from those children whose maltreatment onset occurred after infancy (n = 86).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Each neurobiological system influences and is influenced by multiple domains of biological and psychological development.
“Moreover, each of these neurobiological systems influences and is influenced by multiple domains of biological and psychological development.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The child-caregiver relationship plays an important role because the precursor of higher cognition during infancy is connecting an act to a consequence.
“The child-caregiver relationship may also play an important role because the precursor of higher cognition during infancy is connecting an act to a consequence.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“An emerging literature also suggests childhood trauma exposure during specific phases of development is important to later neurobiological functioning (Andersen et al., 2008; Cowell et al., 2015; Gee and Casey, 2015; Kuhlman et al., 2015)”
From Developmental psychoneuroendocrine and psychoneuroimmune pathways from childhood adversity to disease (2017) · cites this paper as Cowell et al., 2015
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Consistentt(354) = 0.78reported n.s. · recomputed p = .436
“t (354)=.78, ns.”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 0.84reported n.s. · recomputed p = .359
“χ2 (1, N=358) =.84, ns.”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 8.174reported p = .004 · recomputed p = .004
“χ2 (1, N= 65) = 8.174, p = .004”
- ConsistentF(5, 358) = 29.92reported p = 0 · recomputed p < .001
“F (5, 358) = 29.92, p = .00”
- ConsistentF(1, 357) = 0.192reported p = .662 · recomputed p = .662
“F (1, 357) = .192, p = .662”
- ConsistentF(1, 369) = 0reported p = .998 · recomputed p = 1.000
“F (1, 369) = .00, p = .998”
- ConsistentF(1, 358) = 1.427reported p = .233 · recomputed p = .233
“F (1, 358) = 1.427, p = .233”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Results > Pretest performance
“At age four, maltreated children (76.3%) failed to pass the Tapping Task significantly more often than the nonmaltreated comparison children (40.9%)”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Results > Pretest performance
“(χ2 (1, N= 65) = 8.174, p = .004; see Figure 1 for group failure rates on the Tapping Task).”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Results > Cognitive Function Task Performance
“A one-way between factors ANCOVA with age as a covariate revealed no significant differences between the maltreatment children (M = −.00, SD = .58) and the nonmaltreated comparison children (M = −.00, SD = .61) on the motor control/attention composite (F (1, 369) = .00, p = .998, eta2 = .00).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Method > Participants
“The sample included 228 maltreated low-SES children (89 females, 139 males) and 142 nonmaltreated low-SES comparison children (60 females, 82 males)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Results > Cognitive Function Task Performance
“A one-way ANCOVA with age as a covariate revealed a significant effect for the number of developmental periods in which maltreatment occurred (F (3, 322) = 4.385, MSE = .330, p = .005).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Results > Cognitive Function Task Performance
“Three separate maltreatment groups were generated, including those who experienced maltreatment during one developmental period (n = 68), two developmental periods (n = 47), or three or more developmental periods (n = 72).”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Results > Cognitive Function Task Performance
“A one-way ANCOVA with age as a covariate revealed a significant effect for the number of maltreatment subtypes (F (1, 322) = 5.890, MSE = .330, p = .003).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Results > Cognitive Function Task Performance
“Both maltreatment groups were compared to the nonmaltreated comparison group (n = 136).”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“All children were tested on 10 tasks (three working memory and inhibition tasks, four memory tasks, and two motor tasks).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Method > Procedures
Reported 10 · recomputed 9
Citations
Cites
Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition
Lupien, S. J., McEwen, B. S., Gunnar, M. R., & Heim, C. (2009) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2639 · Cited by 6,256
A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety
Moffitt, T. E., Arseneault, L., Belsky, D., Dickson, N., Hancox, R. J., Harrington, H., Houts, R., Poulton, R., Roberts, B. W., Ross, S., et al. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1010076108 · Cited by 4,885 · cited 4×
“Children with lower self-control also are more vulnerable to negative developmental outcomes in adolescence, such as a greater likelihood of becoming a teenage parent or dropping out of high school (Moffitt et al., 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe basics of brain development
Stiles, J., & Jernigan, T. L. (2010) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-010-9148-4 · Cited by 2,009 · cited 1×
“Developmental neuroscientists generally agree that the brain is more malleable at early stages of development, with the greatest amount of growth and change happening prenatally and during the first year of life (Fox, Levitt, & Nelson, 2010; Stiles & Jernigan, 2010; Thompson & Nelson, 2001).”
BackgroundEquifinality and multifinality in developmental psychopathology
Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (1996) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400007318 · Cited by 1,842 · cited 1×
“The aberrant neuronal circuitry most likely contributes to the multifinal phenotypes observed in maltreated individuals (Cicchetti & Rogosch, 1996).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMasten, A. S., & Cicchetti, D. (2010) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579410000222 · Cited by 1,800 · cited 1×
“…effects through later development, possibly constraining the child’s flexibility to adapt to novel challenging situations with new strategies rather than with old conceptual and behavioral prototypes (Cicchetti & Tucker, 1994; Courchesne, Chisum, & Townsend, 1994; Masten & Cicchetti, 2010).”
BackgroundSelf-citationA facile soft-template synthesis of mesoporous polymeric and carbonaceous nanospheres
Liu, J., Yang, T., Wang, D., Lu, G. Q., Zhao, D., & Qiao, S. (2013) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms3798 · Cited by 1,613
Gerstadt, C. L., Hong, Y. J., & Diamond, A. (1994) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(94)90068-x · Cited by 1,598 · cited 1×
“The control version of the day–night Stroop-like task (Gerstadt et al., 1994) also required participants to hold two rules in mind; however, an inhibitory response was not expected in the Stroop-like task because abstract designs were used.”
MethodThe neurobiological consequences of early stress and childhood maltreatment
Teicher, M. H., Andersen, S. L., Polcari, A., Anderson, C. M., Navalta, C. P., & Kim, D. M. (2003) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(03)00007-1 · Cited by 1,465 · cited 3×
“This early stress increases the density of glucocorticoid receptors (Teicher et al., 2003).”
BackgroundHot and Cool Executive Function in Childhood and Adolescence: Development and Plasticity
Zelazo, P. D., & Carlson, S. M. (2012) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2012.00246.x · Cited by 1,403 · cited 1×
“A first step in extending this work would be to examine the relationship between maltreatment and executive function in adolescence and to consider executive function in either a cool or hot context (Zelazo & Carlson, 2012).”
BackgroundPechtel, P., & Pizzagalli, D. A. (2011) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-010-2009-2 · Cited by 1,352 · cited 1×
“Maltreatment in infancy represents a clear case of early life stress, because it exceeds the infant’s coping resources and increases the amount of stress experienced at a sensitive period of development (Pechtel & Pizzagalli, 2011).”
Background
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- 10.1111/mono.12032 · DOI · Paper page
- Cicchetti, Handbook of child psychology and developmental science: Vol. 3. Socioemotional process
- Cicchetti, 2003, Maternal Maltreatment Classification Interview
- Barnett, 1993, Child abuse, child development, and social policy, 7
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Lippard, E. T. C., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2020) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19010020 · Cited by 527
“(60) investigated the timing and duration of childhood maltreatment in 223 maltreated children between the ages of 3 and 9 and found that children who were maltreated during in-”
BackgroundResilience in Development: Progress and Transformation
Masten, A. S., & Cicchetti, D. (2016) · Developmental Psychopathology · doi:10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy406 · Cited by 416
Self-citationStress and the adolescent brain
Tottenham, N., & Galván, A. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.030 · Cited by 324
Sheridan, M. A., Peverill, M., Finn, A. S., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2017) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579417001390 · Cited by 276
Herzberg, M. P., & Gunnar, M. R. (2019) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116493 · Cited by 264
Metadata
- Authors
- Cowell, R. A., Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F. A., & Toth, S. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- University of Rochester (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cowell, Raquel A.
- Cicchetti, Dante
- Venue
- Development and Psychopathology
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2015-05
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 521-533
- ISSN
- 0954-5794 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-2198
- PMC
- PMC4443870
- OpenAlex
- W2254866800
- Cited by
- 307
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 27.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Development and Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Minnesota
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh083979-04)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01‐MH083979)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA017741)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (T32HD007151)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- child abuse, neurocognitive function, inhibitory control, working memory, developmental timing, infancy, early childhood, stress, cognitive impairment
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Brain, Child, Child Abuse, Child, Preschool, Cognition, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Neuropsychological Tests
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-06, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-06 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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