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Childhood maltreatment and its effect on neurocognitive functioning: Timing and chronicity matter
Open accessAbstract
Childhood maltreatment represents a complex stressor, with the developmental timing, duration, frequency, and type of maltreatment varying with each child (Barnett, Manly, & Cicchetti, 1993; Cicchetti & Manly, 2001). Multiple brain regions and neural circuits are disrupted by the experience of child maltreatment (Cicchetti & Toth, in press; DeBellis et al., 2002; McCrory & Viding, 2010; Teicher, Anderson, & Polcari, 2012). These neurobiological compromises indicate the impairment of a number of important cognitive functions, including working memory and inhibitory control. The present study extends prior research by examining the effect of childhood maltreatment on neurocognitive functioning based on developmental timing of maltreatment, including onset, chronicity, and recency, in a sample of 3- to 9-year-old nonmaltreated (n= 136) and maltreated children (n= 223). Maltreated children performed more poorly on inhibitory control and working-memory tasks than did nonmaltreated children. Group differences between maltreated children based on the timing of maltreatment and the chronicity of maltreatment also were evident. Specifically, children who were maltreated during infancy, and children with a chronic history of maltreatment, exhibited significantly poorer inhibitory control and working-memory performance than did children without a history of maltreatment. The results suggest that maltreatment occurring during infancy, a period of major brain organization, disrupts normative structure and function, and these deficits are further instantiated by the prolonged stress of chronic maltreatment during the early years of life.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This cross-sectional study compared low-SES maltreated and nonmaltreated children aged 3–9 on neurocognitive tasks. Maltreated children showed poorer inhibitory control and working memory, especially when maltreatment began during infancy or persisted across three or more developmental periods.
Key findings
- Maltreated children had lower inhibitory control/working memory composite scores than nonmaltreated children (M = −0.11, SD = .85 vs. M = .08, SD = .82; F(1, 358) = 9.602, p = .002, η² = .026). No significant group differences appeared for memory, motor control/attention, or the overall cognitive composite.
- Chronicity mattered: children maltreated across three or more developmental periods scored lower than nonmaltreated children (M = −.42, SD = .96, p = .000) and lower than the one-period group (p = .05). One- and two-period groups did not differ significantly from nonmaltreated children.
- Onset and recency mattered: infancy-onset maltreatment was associated with lower scores than nonmaltreated status (M = −.32, SD = .91, p = .000) and later onset (p = .036); later onset did not differ from nonmaltreated. Nonmaltreated children outperformed both current-period and past maltreatment groups (p = .004 and p = .05), while current versus past maltreatment did not differ.
- Subtype count showed both one/two and three/four subtype groups performing worse than nonmaltreated children (p = .021 and p = .002), but the two maltreated groups did not differ from each other (p = .08). At age 4, maltreated children failed the tapping pretest more often (76.3% vs. 40.9%; χ² = 8.174, p = .004).
Methods
- Cross-sectional comparison of 3- to 9-year-old low-SES children from urban upstate New York. Maltreated children were identified through Department of Human Services/Child Protective Services records and maternal interview; nonmaltreated comparison children were recruited from TANF families with no DHS involvement. The abstract reports 136 nonmaltreated and 223 maltreated children, while the Method section reports 228 maltreated and 142 nonmaltreated children; follow-up analyses use 136 comparison children.
- Ten neuropsychological tasks assessed inhibitory control/working memory, memory, attention, and motor control. Standardized task variables were combined into inhibitory control/working memory, memory, motor control/attention, and cognitive function composites. ANCOVAs with age in months as a covariate compared groups, and follow-up tests examined maltreatment onset, chronicity, recency, and subtype count on inhibitory control/working memory.
Limitations
- Stated: the design was cross-sectional with assessment at only one time point, so developmental timing and change could not be directly observed; the author calls for longitudinal and fMRI research.
- Evident from the text: sample-size figures differ between the abstract/Method and the analysis samples; subtype analyses had a small three-or-more-subtype group (n = 34); the low-SES urban sample may limit generalizability; pretest failures excluded task-specific data; and causal claims cannot be established from the design.
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Claims the paper makes
29 Not checked yet · 25 Own result · 18 Own interpretation · 9 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“children who were maltreated during infancy, and children with a chronic history of maltreatment, exhibited significantly poorer inhibitory control and working memory performance than children without a history of maltreatment.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 223- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Maltreated children performed more poorly on inhibitory control and working memory tasks than nonmaltreated children.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 223- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“children who were maltreated during infancy, and children with a chronic history of maltreatment, exhibited significantly poorer inhibitory control and working memory performance than children without a history of maltreatment.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 223- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A one-way between factors ANCOVA with age as a covariate revealed no significant differences between the maltreated children (M = .01, SD = .45) and the nonmaltreated comparison children (M = −.01, SD = .39) on the memory composite (F (1, 357) = .192, p = .662, eta2 = .001).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Results > Cognitive Function Task Performance
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A one-way between factors ANCOVA with age as a covariate revealed a significant group difference between the maltreated children and the nonmaltreated comparison children (F (1, 358) = 9.602, MSE = .325, p = .002, eta2 = .026).”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Function Task Performance · plain
“The maltreated children had a significantly lower ICWM score (M = .-0.11, SD = .85 ) than the nonmaltreated comparison children (M = .08, SD = .82).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Results > Cognitive Function Task Performance
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Children who passed the pretests conceptually understood the tasks.
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Function Task Performance · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A one-way between factors ANCOVA with age as a covariate revealed no significant differences between the maltreatment children (M = −.00, SD = .58) and the nonmaltreated comparison children (M = −.00, SD = .61) on the motor control/attention composite (F (1, 369) = .00, p = .998, eta2 = .00).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Results > Cognitive Function Task Performance
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Children who passed 67% of the motor control/attention tasks had a general understanding of the tasks.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, those children who experienced the onset of maltreatment after infancy also performed significantly better than those who experienced the onset of maltreatment during infancy (p = .036; see Figure 3 for onset of maltreatment means).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Results > Cognitive Function Task Performance
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Children who passed the pretests conceptually understood the tasks.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“three-year-olds from both groups had a greater rate of failure than any other age group on the Tapping Task, the Three Pegs Task, the Day-Night Stroop-Like Task, and the Control Stroop Task.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Results > Pretest performance
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A one way ANCOVA with age as a covariate revealed a significant effect for the recency of children’s maltreatment experience (F (2, 322) = 4.717, MSE = .322, p = .010).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Results > Cognitive Function Task Performance
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Children who passed the pretests conceptually understood the tasks.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Maltreated children experiencing one or two types of maltreatment were not significantly different in their performance compared to children experiencing three or four types of maltreatment (p = .08).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Results > Cognitive Function Task Performance
plainn = 153 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Children who passed the pretests conceptually understood the tasks.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 30
- Probably not a substantial claim. 14
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Group differences between maltreated children based on the timing of maltreatment and the chronicity of maltreatment also were evident.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 223- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this maltreated sample, 66% had been neglected, 57% had experienced emotional maltreatment, 24% had been physically abused, and 7% of had been sexually abused. Within the maltreated sample, 11% of children did not have sufficient detail in the family DHS records to code subtype. Over half (54%) of maltreated children had experienced multiple subtypes of maltreatment.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Method > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our sample, 153 children experienced one or two maltreatment subtypes, and only 34 children experienced three or more maltreatment subtypes.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Discussion
plainn = 153- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, those who experienced maltreatment during one developmental period (M = .07, SD = .76) performed significantly better than those who experienced maltreatment during three or more developmental periods (p = .05), but not those who experienced maltreatment during two developmental periods (ns; see Figure 2 for chronicity of maltreatment means).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Results > Cognitive Function Task Performance
plaincorrelationaln = 68 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Children who passed the pretests conceptually understood the tasks.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Post hoc follow up LSD tests revealed that the nonmaltreated comparison group performed significantly better than those children who experienced maltreatment during three or more developmental periods (M = −.42, SD = .96, p = .000), but not children who experienced maltreatment during one (M = .07, SD = .76, ns) or two developmental periods (M = .02, SD = .74, ns).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Results > Cognitive Function Task Performance
plaincorrelationaln = 72- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Children who passed the pretests conceptually understood the tasks.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Post hoc follow up LSD tests demonstrated that the nonmaltreated comparison children performed significantly better than those who experienced the onset of maltreatment during infancy (M = −.32, SD = .91, p = .000), but not those experienced the onset after infancy (M = .09, SD = .74, ns).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Results > Cognitive Function Task Performance
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Children who passed the pretests conceptually understood the tasks.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results suggest that maltreatment occurring during infancy, a period of major brain organization, disrupts normative structure and function, and these deficits are further instantiated by the prolonged stress of chronic maltreatment during the early years of life.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Abstract
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Children with lower self-control also are more vulnerable to negative developmental outcomes in adolescence, such as a greater likelihood of becoming a teenage parent or dropping out of high school (Moffitt et al., 2011).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Moffitt et al., 2011
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Early child neglect has been shown to be related to diffuse organization of white matter microstructure in PFC in adolescents, and this has been associated with neurocognitive deficits on tasks that involve assessments of cognitive control, behavioral regulation, and spatial planning (Hanson et al., 2013).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hanson et al., 2013
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Because maltreatment is a pervasive and prevalent occurrence in the United States (Sedlak et al., 2010), a clearer understanding of how it impacts self-control likely will have far reaching implications.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sedlak et al., 2010
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The administrators and videotape coders were unaware of group membership of the children.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Method > Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Those with a history of being institutionalized also displayed the smallest difference in reactivity between correct and error trials via the error-related negativity (ERN) brain wave difference score, indicating that they processed mistakes more slowly or less accurately than their more fortunate counterparts (McDermott et al., 2012).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McDermott et al., 2012
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Developmental neuroscientists generally agree that the brain is more malleable at early stages of development, with the greatest amount of growth and change happening prenatally and during the first year of life (Fox, Levitt, & Nelson, 2010; Stiles & Jernigan, 2010; Thompson & Nelson, 2001).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fox, Levitt, & Nelson, 2010
- Not checked yetcites Stiles & Jernigan, 2010
- Not checked yetcites Thompson & Nelson, 2001
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a longitudinal study conducted with a cohort of 1,000 children, low self-control was associated with poorer physical health, increased substance dependence, greater financial struggles, and lower income in adulthood (Moffitt et al., 2011).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Moffitt et al., 2011
plaincorrelationaln = 1,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In animal studies, early life stress has been found to be associated with compromised function of the prefrontal cortex in rodents (Sullivan, 2003) and neurochemical alterations in Bonnet macaques (Mathew et al., 2002).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sullivan, 2003
- Not checked yetcites Mathew et al., 2002
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The rapid neuronal changes during the first year of life may provide one explanation for this difference, as this period of neuronal growth is thought to increase the brain’s sensitivity to external perturbations (Johnson, 2011).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Johnson, 2011
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The demographic features were comparable between the nonmaltreated and maltreated children, including gender, χ2 (1, = 370), = .38, ns, (57.7% vs. 61.0% male), and minority race / ethnicity χ2 (1, N = 370) =.77. ns. (73.0% vs. 77.1%), for nonmaltreated and maltreated groups, respectively.”
- Also stated in: § Participants · plain
“The nonmaltreated and maltreated groups also were comparable in terms of family income (in thousands), t (354)=.78, ns. (M=19.01, SD=10.9 vs. M=18.11, SD=10.3), representation in the two lowest levels of the Hollingshead scale of socioeconomic status χ2 (1, N=360) =1.47. ns. (74.5% vs. 79.9%), and history of receipt of public assistance, χ2 (1, N=358) =.84, ns. (91.5% vs. 94.0%).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Method > Participants
plainn = 370- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Participants · plain
In the paper
“One general theory that may lend insight into why atypical activation occurs in these regions is Johnson’s proposed model of Interactive Specialization, which states that some cortical regions have broad functionality and their functions do not become well defined until, through a sufficient amount of activation and successful competition with other regions, they become functionally efficient (Joh”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Johnson, 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Importantly, self-control is considered a relatively stable trait across the lifespan (Casey et al., 2011), and understanding whether and how self-control can be influenced during development represents a significant area for researchers, clinicians, and policymakers alike.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Casey et al., 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Searches to assure the absence of CPS or Preventive Services records were conducted to confirm nonmaltreatment status. Nonmaltreatment status was further verified by maternal report, using the MMCI interview.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Method > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A consideration of how both onset and duration of maltreatment significantly impact cognitive control performance (both inhibitory control and working memory) provides a rich account of how early experiences may inform the development of self-control processes.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To allow for an examination of cognitive performance over and above the effects of age, a participant’s age in months was included as a continuous covariate for all following analyses.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Results > Pretest performance
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On-line coding of the participant’s and experimenter’s actions, such as response accuracy, was always rechecked by subsequent coding of the videotape to confirm accurate coding. Any discrepancies were resolved to consensus.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Method > Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Maltreatment in infancy represents a clear case of early life stress, as it exceeds the infant’s coping resources and increases the amount of stress experienced at a sensitive period of development (Pechtel & Pizzagalli, 2011).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pechtel & Pizzagalli, 2011
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Before testing, the child had to first demonstrate an understanding of the directions by recognizing at least 1 “day” and 1 “night” card in a row. The child needed to have answered each rule correctly at least once during either the two practice trials or the first two trials of testing for his/her data to be considered usable.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Method > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, discovering that children maltreated during infancy had significantly worse performance than children maltreated later in childhood indicates that timing of adversity matters in the development of self-control.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This system has been previously reported as reliable and valid in classifying incidents of maltreatment and in differentiating subtypes of maltreatment (e.g., Bolger & Patterson, 2001; Manly, Kim, Rogosch, & Cichetti, 2001).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Method > Participants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bolger & Patterson, 2001
- Not checked yetcites Manly, Kim, Rogosch, & Cichetti, 2001 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Trained research staff coded the DHS records, and adequate reliability was obtained (average ICC’s ranged from .82 to 1.0).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Method > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Foster care children showed more diffuse patterns of activation, and displayed stronger activation in the left inferior parietal lobule and the right superior occipital cortex; moreover, compared to nonmaltreated children, they also demonstrated less activation in regions typically associated with inhibitory control performance, such as the anterior cingulate cortex (Bruce et al., 2013).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bruce et al., 2013
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A longer history of maltreatment results in prolonged period of stress on the child’s neuroendocrine and immune systems and possible neural reorganization to optimize survival in a deprived and difficult environment (Johnson, 2011; Teicher et al., 2003).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Johnson, 2011
- Not checked yetcites Teicher et al., 2003
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A limitation of the current investigation is the cross-sectional nature of the design with assessment of children at only one point in time.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“may be indistinguishable from their SES-matched nonmaltreated counterparts.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Numerous interconnected neurobiological systems are affected by the various stressors associated with child maltreatment (DeBellis, 2001, 2005; Hart & Rubia, 2012).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DeBellis, 2001, 2005
- Not checked yetcites Hart & Rubia, 2012
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Early onset of maltreatment not only significantly predicted inhibitory control and working memory performance, but also so did the chronicity of maltreatment.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In fact, a phenomena like joint attention, in which an infant and caregiver both attend to the same stimuli (Tomasello, 1995), presents an infant with the experience that cues, such as eye gaze, are important for knowing what to attend to in his/her environment.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tomasello, 1995
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The density of the synapses in the prefrontal cortex increases slowly over the course of development, and the experience of prolonged maltreatment may compromise synaptogenesis (Johnson, 2011).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Johnson, 2011
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, if maltreatment occurred solely during one period of development, then the child’s inhibitory control and working memory capacities remained intact, more closely resembling a nonmaltreated child’s profile than that of a child who experienced chronic maltreatment.”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Best practices for promoting self-control, and the key developmental periods for doing so, are not yet established.
“Yet knowledge on best practices for fostering self-control, including a focus on critical time points for nurturing optimal development, must still be identified.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Early childhood maltreatment produces cascading effects across neurobiological, social, emotional, and cognitive domains.
“Maltreatment in early childhood has been shown to have cascading effects on neurobiological, social, emotional, and cognitive development.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The maltreated children are representative of county DHS service families in terms of low income and minority racial/ethnic status.
“The maltreated sample was representative of families receiving services at the country DHS with respect to low-income and minority racial/ethnic status.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The DHS records used provide accurate information about when maltreatment occurred, how long it lasted, and its subtype.
“Maltreatment status was determined through a detailed examination of Child Protective Service (CPS) and Preventive Services records at DHS.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Children who passed the pretests conceptually understood the tasks.
“Initially, chi-squared analyses were conducted to assess performance differences on tasks that include pre-tests in order to ascertain whether children conceptually understand the task.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Children who passed 67% of the motor control/attention tasks had a general understanding of the tasks.
“This allowed for the assumption that children had a general understanding of the tasks.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The line bisection task measures spatial perception.
“The line bisection task measures spatial perception.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The number of developmental periods in which maltreatment occurred is a valid index of chronicity.
“The number of developmental periods in which the child was maltreated was used as an index of chronicity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Maltreatment onset during infancy versus after infancy is a valid index of timing.
“Onset of maltreatment was examined in relation to the ICWM. Children whose maltreatment onset occurred during infancy (n = 101) were differentiated from those children whose maltreatment onset occurred after infancy (n = 86).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Each neurobiological system influences and is influenced by multiple domains of biological and psychological development.
“Moreover, each of these neurobiological systems influences and is influenced by multiple domains of biological and psychological development.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The child-caregiver relationship plays an important role because the precursor of higher cognition during infancy is connecting an act to a consequence.
“The child-caregiver relationship may also play an important role because the precursor of higher cognition during infancy is connecting an act to a consequence.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“An emerging literature also suggests childhood trauma exposure during specific phases of development is important to later neurobiological functioning (Andersen et al., 2008; Cowell et al., 2015; Gee and Casey, 2015; Kuhlman et al., 2015)”
From Developmental psychoneuroendocrine and psychoneuroimmune pathways from childhood adversity to disease (2017) · cites this paper as Cowell et al., 2015
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Consistentt(354) = 0.78reported n.s. · recomputed p = .436
“t (354)=.78, ns.”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 0.84reported n.s. · recomputed p = .359
“χ2 (1, N=358) =.84, ns.”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 8.174reported p = .004 · recomputed p = .004
“χ2 (1, N= 65) = 8.174, p = .004”
- ConsistentF(5, 358) = 29.92reported p = 0 · recomputed p < .001
“F (5, 358) = 29.92, p = .00”
- ConsistentF(1, 357) = 0.192reported p = .662 · recomputed p = .662
“F (1, 357) = .192, p = .662”
- ConsistentF(1, 369) = 0reported p = .998 · recomputed p = 1.000
“F (1, 369) = .00, p = .998”
- ConsistentF(1, 358) = 1.427reported p = .233 · recomputed p = .233
“F (1, 358) = 1.427, p = .233”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Results > Pretest performance
“At age four, maltreated children (76.3%) failed to pass the Tapping Task significantly more often than the nonmaltreated comparison children (40.9%)”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Results > Pretest performance
“(χ2 (1, N= 65) = 8.174, p = .004; see Figure 1 for group failure rates on the Tapping Task).”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Results > Cognitive Function Task Performance
“A one-way between factors ANCOVA with age as a covariate revealed no significant differences between the maltreatment children (M = −.00, SD = .58) and the nonmaltreated comparison children (M = −.00, SD = .61) on the motor control/attention composite (F (1, 369) = .00, p = .998, eta2 = .00).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Method > Participants
“The sample included 228 maltreated low-SES children (89 females, 139 males) and 142 nonmaltreated low-SES comparison children (60 females, 82 males)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Results > Cognitive Function Task Performance
“A one-way ANCOVA with age as a covariate revealed a significant effect for the number of developmental periods in which maltreatment occurred (F (3, 322) = 4.385, MSE = .330, p = .005).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Results > Cognitive Function Task Performance
“Three separate maltreatment groups were generated, including those who experienced maltreatment during one developmental period (n = 68), two developmental periods (n = 47), or three or more developmental periods (n = 72).”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Results > Cognitive Function Task Performance
“A one-way ANCOVA with age as a covariate revealed a significant effect for the number of maltreatment subtypes (F (1, 322) = 5.890, MSE = .330, p = .003).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Results > Cognitive Function Task Performance
“Both maltreatment groups were compared to the nonmaltreated comparison group (n = 136).”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“All children were tested on 10 tasks (three working memory and inhibition tasks, four memory tasks, and two motor tasks).”
§ Childhood Maltreatment and Its Effect on Neurocognitive Functioning: Timing and Chronicity Matter > Method > Procedures
Reported 10 · recomputed 9
Citations
Cites
Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition
Lupien, S. J., McEwen, B. S., Gunnar, M. R., & Heim, C. (2009) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2639 · Cited by 6,256
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BackgroundInfluentialThe basics of brain development
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“The aberrant neuronal circuitry most likely contributes to the multifinal phenotypes observed in maltreated individuals (Cicchetti & Rogosch, 1996).”
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“…effects through later development, possibly constraining the child’s flexibility to adapt to novel challenging situations with new strategies rather than with old conceptual and behavioral prototypes (Cicchetti & Tucker, 1994; Courchesne, Chisum, & Townsend, 1994; Masten & Cicchetti, 2010).”
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MethodThe neurobiological consequences of early stress and childhood maltreatment
Teicher, M. H., Andersen, S. L., Polcari, A., Anderson, C. M., Navalta, C. P., & Kim, D. M. (2003) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(03)00007-1 · Cited by 1,465 · cited 3×
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“A first step in extending this work would be to examine the relationship between maltreatment and executive function in adolescence and to consider executive function in either a cool or hot context (Zelazo & Carlson, 2012).”
BackgroundPechtel, P., & Pizzagalli, D. A. (2011) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-010-2009-2 · Cited by 1,352 · cited 1×
“Maltreatment in infancy represents a clear case of early life stress, because it exceeds the infant’s coping resources and increases the amount of stress experienced at a sensitive period of development (Pechtel & Pizzagalli, 2011).”
BackgroundCognition assessment using the NIH Toolbox
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“Self-control is a concept encompassing top-down neurocognitive processes involved in explicit, goal-directed processes (Weintraub et al., 2013).”
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BackgroundDefining child maltreatment: The interface between policy and research
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BackgroundInfluentialCicchetti, D. (2013) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02608.x · Cited by 653 · cited 3×
“…perspective of whether the number of developmental periods in which maltreatment occurs matters, it is possible to gain a better understanding of the resilience of a system, as well as how recurring traumatic experiences impact maltreated children at different points in time (Cicchetti, 2013).”
BackgroundSelf-citationTeicher, M. H., Anderson, C. M., & Polcari, A. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1115396109 · Cited by 639 · cited 1×
“These include the prefrontal cortex (PFC), both the orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex, and the amygdala (DeBellis, 2001; Hart & Rubia, 2012; McCrory et al., 2010; Teicher et al., 2012).”
BackgroundDe Bellis, M. D., Keshavan, M. S., Shifflett, H., Iyengar, S., Beers, S. R., Hall, J., & Moritz, G. (2002) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01459-2 · Cited by 632
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“In addition, in children internationally adopted from institutions, current research has shown patterns of reduced glucose metabolism in regions of the frontal cortex, including the orbitofrontal gyrus and infralimbic PFC, compared to noninstitutionalized youth (Chugani et al, 2001).”
BackgroundResearch Review: The neurobiology and genetics of maltreatment and adversity
McCrory, E., De Brito, S. A., & Viding, E. (2010) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02271.x · Cited by 598 · cited 1×
“These include the prefrontal cortex (PFC), both the orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex, and the amygdala (DeBellis, 2001; Hart & Rubia, 2012; McCrory et al., 2010; Teicher et al., 2012).”
Background‘Willpower’ over the life span: decomposing self-regulation
Mischel, W., Ayduk, O., Berman, M. G., Casey, B. J., Gotlib, I. H., Jonides, J., Kross, E., Teslovich, T., Wilson, N. L., Zayas, V., et al. (2011) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsq081 · Cited by 595 · cited 1×
“Childhood performance has been shown to be correlated with adult performance, up to 40 years later (Casey et al., 2011; Eigsti et al., 2006; Mischel et al., 2010).”
BackgroundTHORNBERRY, T. P., IRELAND, T. O., & SMITH, C. A. (2001) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579401004114 · Cited by 579
Developmental Cascades [Special Issue, Part 1]
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Self-citationDevelopmental science and the media: Early brain development.
Thompson, R. A., & Nelson, C. A. (2001) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.56.1.5 · Cited by 556 · cited 1×
“Developmental neuroscientists generally agree that the brain is more malleable at early stages of development, with the greatest amount of growth and change happening prenatally and during the first year of life (Fox, Levitt, & Nelson, 2010; Stiles & Jernigan, 2010; Thompson & Nelson, 2001).”
BackgroundDe Bellis, M. D. (2005) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559505275116 · Cited by 531
Sedlak, A. J., Mettenburg, J., Basena, M., Petta, I., McPherson, K. S., Greene, A., & Li, S. (2010) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e565022012-001 · Cited by 514 · cited 1×
“Because maltreatment is a pervasive and prevalent occurrence in the United States (Sedlak et al., 2010), a clearer understanding of how it impacts self-control likely will have far-reaching implications.”
BackgroundA sensorimotor paradigm for Bayesian model selection
Genewein, T., & Braun, D. A. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00291 · Cited by 488
Cicchetti, D., & Valentino, K. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470939406.ch4 · Cited by 481 · cited 2×
“Given the findings on the deleterious effects of maltreatment during infancy (Cicchetti & Lynch, 1993; Cicchetti & Valentino, 2006), it will be particularly important to focus on how best to provide intervention to these vulnerable infants in hopes of diverting them from a negative to a more…”
BackgroundSelf-citationDevelopment and self-regulatory structures of the mind
Cicchetti, D., & Tucker, D. (1994) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400004673 · Cited by 429 · cited 3×
“Researchers, clinicians, and policymakers would benefit from a clearer understanding of how perturbations to one’s early environment may disrupt the ability to self-regulate later on (Cicchetti & Tucker, 1994).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDevelopmental Pathways from Child Maltreatment to Peer Rejection
Bolger, K. E., & Patterson, C. J. (2001) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00296 · Cited by 400 · cited 1×
“This system has been previously reported as reliable and valid in classifying incidents of maltreatment and in differentiating subtypes of maltreatment (e.g., Bolger & Patterson, 2001; Manly, Kim, Rogosch, & Cichetti, 2001).”
MethodTurk, J., GRAHAM, P. J., & Verhulst, F. C. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780199216697.003.0004 · Cited by 369
Predicting Cognitive Control From Preschool to Late Adolescence and Young Adulthood
Eigsti, I.-M., Zayas, V., Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., Ayduk, O., Dadlani, M. B., Davidson, M. C., Aber, J. L., & Casey, B. J. (2006) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01732.x · Cited by 365 · cited 1×
“Childhood performance has been shown to be correlated with adult performance, up to 40 years later (Casey et al., 2011; Eigsti et al., 2006; Mischel et al., 2010).”
BackgroundThe Development of Executive Function in Childhood
Cragg, L. (2008) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/7437.003.0041 · Cited by 320
Attachment organization in maltreated preschoolers
Cicchetti, D., & Barnett, D. (1991) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400007598 · Cited by 284 · cited 1×
“This finding is consistent with other samples of maltreated children as well as the nature of child maltreatment (Barnett et al., 1993; Cicchetti & Barnett, 1991).”
ResultSelf-citationEarly neglect is associated with alterations in white matter integrity and cognitive functioning
Hanson, J. L., Adluru, N., Chung, M. K., Alexander, A. L., Davidson, R. J., & Pollak, S. D. (2013) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12069 · Cited by 276 · cited 2×
“Early child neglect has been shown to be related to diffuse organization of white matter microstructure in PFC in adolescents, and this has been associated with neurocognitive deficits on tasks that involve assessments of cognitive control, behavioral regulation, and spatial planning (Hanson et al., 2013).”
BackgroundBlair, C., Family Life Project Investigators, Raver, C. C., & Berry, D. J. (2013) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0033647 · Cited by 273 · cited 1×
“Specific working-memory, inhibitory control, and attentionalcognitive abilities comprise executive functions in the developmental cognitive neuroscience literature (Blair et al., 2014; Zelazo & Bauer, 2013).”
BackgroundA Comparison of the Electroencephalogram between Institutionalized and Community Children in Romania
Marshall, P. J., Fox, N. A., & Group, B. C. (2004) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/0898929042304723 · Cited by 268 · cited 1×
“Children with an early history of institutionalization also exhibit lower levels of electrical brain activity than their same-aged counterparts (Marshall & Fox, 2004).”
BackgroundConsidering normal and abnormal together: The essence of developmental psychopathology
Sroufe, L. A. (1990) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400005769 · Cited by 212 · cited 1×
“It is generally understood that early adverse life experiences, such as the occurrence of child maltreatment, often carry long-lasting consequences (Cicchetti & Valentino, 2006; Sroufe, 1990; Sroufe, Egeland, Carlson, & Collins, 2005).”
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Two-year-olds use pragmatic cues to differentiate reference to objects and actions
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“A phenomena such as joint attention, in which an infant and caregiver both attend to the same stimuli (Tomasello & Akhtar, 1995), presents an infant with the experience that cues, such as eye gaze, are important for knowing what to attend to in his or her environment.”
BackgroundEarly adversity and neural correlates of executive function: Implications for academic adjustment
McDermott, J. M., Westerlund, A., Zeanah, C. H., Nelson, C. A., & Fox, N. A. (2012) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2011.09.008 · Cited by 146 · cited 2×
“…also displayed the smallest difference in reactivity between correct and error trials via the error-related negativity brain wave difference score, indicating that they processed mistakes more slowly or less accurately than their more fortunate counterparts (McDermott et al., 2012).”
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Editorial: Operationalizing child maltreatment: Developmental processes and outcomes
Cicchetti, D., & Manly, J. T. (2001) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579401004011 · Cited by 103 · cited 1×
“Childhood maltreatment represents a complex stressor, with the developmental timing, duration, frequency, and type of maltreatment varying with each child (Barnett, Manly, & Cicchetti, 1993; Cicchetti & Manly, 2001).”
BackgroundSelf-citationNeural activity-dependent brain changes in development: Implications for psychopathology
Courchesne, E., Chisum, H. J., & Townsend, J. (1994) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400004740 · Cited by 85
Dimensionality of brain networks linked to life-long individual differences in self-control
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“Self-control may be expressed differently across the life span; however, continuity in similar self-control tasks across different developmental periods has been empirically supported (Berman et al., 2013; Casey et al., 2011).”
BackgroundBruce, J., Fisher, P. A., Graham, A. M., Moore, W. E., Peake, S. J., & Mannering, A. M. (2013) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457941300028x · Cited by 65 · cited 2×
“A recent functional magnetic resonance imaging study of maltreated children in foster care showed atypical neuronal activation during an inhibitory control task (Bruce et al., 2013).”
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“Multiple brain regions and neural circuits are disrupted by the experience of child maltreatment (Cicchetti & Toth, in press; DeBellis et al., 2002; McCrory & Viding, 2010; Teicher, Anderson, & Polcari, 2012).”
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Method
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- Cicchetti, Handbook of child psychology and developmental science: Vol. 3. Socioemotional process
- Cicchetti, 2003, Maternal Maltreatment Classification Interview
- Barnett, 1993, Child abuse, child development, and social policy, 7
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Lippard, E. T. C., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2020) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19010020 · Cited by 527
“(60) investigated the timing and duration of childhood maltreatment in 223 maltreated children between the ages of 3 and 9 and found that children who were maltreated during in-”
BackgroundResilience in Development: Progress and Transformation
Masten, A. S., & Cicchetti, D. (2016) · Developmental Psychopathology · doi:10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy406 · Cited by 416
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Metadata
- Authors
- Cowell, R. A., Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F. A., & Toth, S. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- University of Rochester (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cowell, Raquel A.
- Cicchetti, Dante
- Venue
- Development and Psychopathology
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2015-05
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 521-533
- ISSN
- 0954-5794 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-2198
- PMC
- PMC4443870
- OpenAlex
- W2254866800
- Cited by
- 307
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 27.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Development and Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Minnesota
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh083979-04)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01‐MH083979)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA017741)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (T32HD007151)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- child abuse, neurocognitive function, inhibitory control, working memory, developmental timing, infancy, early childhood, stress, cognitive impairment
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Brain, Child, Child Abuse, Child, Preschool, Cognition, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Neuropsychological Tests
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