The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 44 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Online CBT in the treatment of child and adolescent anxiety disorders: issues in the development of brave-online and two case illustrations
Open accessAbstract
Abstract This paper describes the rationale for and development of an online cognitive-behavioural treatment for child and adolescent anxiety (BRAVE–ONLINE). It highlights the challenges involved in adapting a clinic-based intervention for delivery using the internet, with separate sessions for parents and their children (or adolescents). We outline strategies to ensure that young people remain engaged in online therapy, and describe techniques designed to optimize the alliance between clients and the online therapist. Two case studies are presented that illustrate the practical and technical aspects of implementing the intervention, and demonstrate the feasibility of achieving successful outcomes using online delivery of CBT for child and adolescent anxiety. However, firm conclusions regarding the efficacy of this approach cannot be drawn until the results of randomized controlled trials are available. The paper identifies directions for future research.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“When looking specifically at ICBT with adolescents, studies are sparse (Tillfors et al., 2011; Spence et al., 2008; Spence et al., 2011; Lenhard et al., 2014; Lenhard et al., 2017).”
From Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for adolescents with anxiety disorders: A feasibility study (2018) · cites this paper as Spence et al., 2008
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Challenges related to exposure tasks in ICBT seems though to be a general issue in the literature (see for example Spence et al., 2008) more so than a barrier reserved for the present study.”
From Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for adolescents with anxiety disorders: A feasibility study (2018) · cites this paper as Spence et al., 2008
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Kytle, J., & Bandura, A. (1978) · Contemporary Sociology · doi:10.2307/2065952 · Cited by 25,422
Pierce, W. D., & Bandura, A. (1977) · The Canadian Journal of Sociology · doi:10.2307/3340496 · Cited by 9,742
Jacobson, N. S., & Truax, P. (1991) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.59.1.12 · Cited by 7,770
A Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS)
Shaffer, D. (1983) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1983.01790100074010 · Cited by 3,716 · cited 2×
“The Children’s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS; Schaffer et al., 1983) was used to assess global level of functioning. Based on information provided in the ADIS-C/P interviews, the interviewer gave a rating of 0–100 on the CGAS scale. According to Schaffer et al. (1983), scores of 81–100 on the CGAS indicate a normal le…”
MethodRelation of the therapeutic alliance with outcome and other variables: a meta-analytic review
Martin, D. J., Garske, J. P., & Davis, M. K. (2000) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.68.3.438 · Cited by 3,355
A measure of anxiety symptoms among children
Spence, S. H. (1998) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00034-5 · Cited by 1,928
Internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy for symptoms of depression and anxiety: A meta-analysis
SPEK, V., CUIJPERS, P., NYKLÍČEK, I., RIPER, H., KEYZER, J., & POP, V. (2007) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291706008944 · Cited by 1,586
Credibility of analogue therapy rationales
Borkovec, T. D., & Nau, S. D. (1972) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0005-7916(72)90045-6 · Cited by 1,553 · cited 1×
“Items are based on Borkovec and Nau’s (1972) conceptualization of treatment credibility and expectancy, and assess clients’ expectations about the program’s ability to help them overcome anxiety, as well as their own ability to complete the program and use the skills learned during the program to master their anxiety.”
BackgroundFactor structure of the working alliance inventory
Tracey, T. J., & Kokotovic, A. M. (1989) · Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.1.3.207 · Cited by 1,501 · cited 2×
“The quality of the therapeutic alliance was assessed using the 12-item Working Alliance Inventory-Short Form (WAI-S: Tracey and Kokotovic, 1989).”
MethodTreating anxiety disorders in children: Results of a randomized clinical trial.
Kendall, P. C. (1994) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.62.1.100 · Cited by 1,376
Nauta, M. H., Scholing, A., Rapee, R. M., Abbott, M., Spence, S. H., & Waters, A. (2004) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(03)00200-6 · Cited by 763
The etiology of social phobia: empirical evidence and an initial model
Rapee, R. M., & Spence, S. H. (2004) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2004.06.004 · Cited by 693
Psychometric properties of the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale with young adolescents
Spence, S. H., Barrett, P. M., & Turner, C. M. (2002) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0887-6185(02)00236-0 · Cited by 617
The Developmental Psychopathology of Anxiety
Vasey, M. W., Bosmans, G., & Ollendick, T. H. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-9608-3_27 · Cited by 605
Spence, S. H., Donovan, C., & Brechman‐Toussaint, M. (2000) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00659 · Cited by 527 · cited 1×
“Dadds, Davey and Field, 2001; Ollendick, King and Muris, 2002; Rapee and Spence, 2004; Silverman and Treffers, 2001; Vasey and Dadds, 2001) and evidence-based, cognitive-behavioural interventions for childhood anxiety (Barrett, 1998; Kendall, 1994; Rapee, Wignall, Hudson and Schniering, 2000; Spence, Donovan and Brech…”
BackgroundFrequency, comorbidity, and psychosocial impairment of anxiety disorders in German adolescents
Essau, C. A., soc, R., Conradt, J., Petermann, F., & Phil (2000) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0887-6185(99)00039-0 · Cited by 504
The Developmental Psychopathology of Anxiety
(2001) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780195123630.001.0001 · Cited by 479
Evaluation of cognitive-behavioral group treatments for childhood anxiety disorders
Barrett, P. M. (1998) · Journal of Clinical Child Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp2704_10 · Cited by 410
Kaltenthaler, E., Brazier, J., De Nigris, E., Tumur, I., Ferriter, M., Beverley, C., Parry, G., Rooney, G., & Sutcliffe, P. (2006) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta10330 · Cited by 357
Spence, S. H., Holmes, J. M., March, S., & Lipp, O. V. (2006) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.74.3.614 · Cited by 261
Muris, P., Schmidt, H., & Merckelbach, H. (2000) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(99)00102-6 · Cited by 259
Howgego, I. M., Yellowlees, P., Owen, C. A., Meldrum, L., & Dark, F. L. (2003) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1614.2003.01131.x · Cited by 251
Interpreting change on the WAIS-III/WMS-III in clinical samples
Iverson, G. L. (2001) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/16.2.183 · Cited by 232
International Handbook of Phobic and Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents
Ollendick, T. H., King, N. J., & Yule, W. (1994) · Issues in clinical child psychology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1498-9 · Cited by 228
Booth, M. L., Bernard, D., Quine, S., Kang, M. S., Usherwood, T. P., Alperstein, G., & Bennett, D. L. (2003) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2003.06.011 · Cited by 221
Griffiths, K. M., & Christensen, H. (2006) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1080/13284200500378696 · Cited by 210
Lyneham, H. J., & Rapee, R. M. (2005) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200503000-00012 · Cited by 198
Fears and Phobias in Children: Phenomenology, Epidemiology, and Aetiology
Ollendick, T. H., King, N. J., & Muris, P. (2002) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/1475-3588.00019 · Cited by 185
BOOTH, M., BERNARD, D., QUINE, S., KANG, M., USHERWOOD, T., ALPERSTEIN, G., & BENNETT, D. (2004) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/s1054-139x(03)00304-5 · Cited by 176
Kenardy, J. A., Dow, M. G. T., Johnston, D. W., Newman, M. G., Thomson, A., & Taylor, C. B. (2003) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.71.6.1068 · Cited by 157
Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents
(2000) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511663239 · Cited by 157
Main, C., Bojke, L., Griffin, S. C., Norman, G., Barbieri, M., Mather, L., Stark, D., Palmer, S., & Riemsma, R. P. (2006) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta10090 · Cited by 156
Meissner, W. W. (1996) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 154
Treating Anxious Children and Adolescents: An Evidence-Based Approach
Rapee, R. M., Wignall, A., Hudson, J. L., & Schniering, C. A. (2000) · Cited by 116
The Effectiveness of Emotive Imagery in the Treatment of Darkness Phobia in Children
Cornwall, E., Spence, S. H., & Schotte, D. E. (1996) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1017/s0813483900004824 · Cited by 82
Computer-aided vicarious exposure versus live graded exposure for spider phobia in children
Dewis, L., Kirkby, K. C., Martin, F. H., Daniels, B. A., Gilroy, L. J., & Menzies, R. G. (2001) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0005-7916(01)00019-2 · Cited by 63
Structured Diagnostic Interviews
Silverman, W. K. (1994) · Issues in clinical child psychology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1498-9_15 · Cited by 58
WEB-BASED CBT FOR SELECTIVE MUTISM
Fung, D. S. S., Manassis, K., Kenny, A., & Fıksenbaum, L. (2002) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200202000-00003 · Cited by 52
Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: research, assessmentand intervention
Vance, A. L. A. (2002) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1614.2002.01015.x · Cited by 48
Efficacy of cognitive-behavioural therapy for children and adolescents with anxiety disorders
Hudson, J. L. (2005) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1375/bech.2005.22.2.55 · Cited by 38
Computerized exposure and in vivo exposure treatments of spider fear in children: two case reports.
Nelissen, I., Muris, P., & Merckelbach, H. (1995) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0005-7916(95)00002-h · Cited by 37
Computers in cognitive-behaviour therapy
Kenardy, J. A., & Adams, C. (1993) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00050069308258900 · Cited by 28
Developmental Aspects of Conditioning Processes in Anxiety Disorders
Dadds, M. R., Davey, G. C. L., & Field, A. P. (2001) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780195123630.003.0010 · Cited by 19
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Achenbach, 2001, Manual for the ASEBA School-Age Forms and Profiles
- Spence, 2005, BRAVE for Children – ONLINE: an internet based program for children with anxiety
- 10.1037/0022-006X.68.3.438 · DOI · Paper page
- Silverman, 1996, Anxiety Disorders Interview schedule for DSM-IV – Child Version: Parent Interview Schedule
- Spence, 2006, BRAVE for Teenagers – ONLINE: an internet based program for adolescents with anxiety
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A randomized controlled trial of online versus clinic-based CBT for adolescent anxiety.
Spence, S. H., Donovan, C. L., March, S., Gamble, A., Anderson, R. E., Prosser, S., & Kenardy, J. (2011) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0024512 · Cited by 381
March, S., Spence, S. H., & Donovan, C. L. (2009) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsn099 · Cited by 315
“For a more detailed description of the development of the program, see Spence et al. (2008).”
BackgroundRichardson, T., Stallard, P., & Velleman, S. (2010) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-010-0069-9 · Cited by 272
“Abeles et al. (2009) recruited children and adolescents with a primary diagnosis of depression, whilst participants in the studies by Cunningham et al. (2009), March et al. (2009) and Spence et al. (2006, 2008) had a primary diagnosis of an anxiety disorder.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialUsing technology to deliver mental health services to children and youth: a scoping review.
Boydell, K., Hodgins, M., Pignatiello, A., Teshima, J., Edwards, H. E., & Willis, D. (2014) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 197
Rooksby, M., Elouafkaoui, P., Humphris, G., Clarkson, J., & Freeman, R. (2015) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.11.006 · Cited by 143
Metadata
- Authors
- Spence, S. H., Donovan, C. L., March, S., Gamble, A., Anderson, R., Prosser, S., Kercher, A., & Kenardy, J.
- Affiliations
- Griffith University (AU)
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Macquarie University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Spence, Susan H.
- Venue
- Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2008-07
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 411-430
- ISSN
- 1352-4658 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-1833
- OpenAlex
- W2156143452
- Cited by
- 120
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 6.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy (publishedVersion)
- Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion)
- University of Southern Queensland ePrints (University of Southern Queensland) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council
- National Health and Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy, child and adolescent anxiety, online intervention, parent-child therapy, treatment engagement, therapeutic relationship, intervention adaptation, feasibility
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review