A randomized controlled trial of online versus clinic-based CBT for adolescent anxiety.
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: The study examined the relative efficacy of online (NET) versus clinic (CLIN) delivery of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) in the treatment of anxiety disorders in adolescents. METHOD: Participants included 115 clinically anxious adolescents aged 12 to 18 years and their parent(s). Adolescents were randomly assigned to NET, CLIN, or wait list control (WLC) conditions. The treatment groups received equivalent CBT content. Clinical diagnostic interviews and questionnaire assessments were completed 12 weeks after baseline and at 6- and 12-month follow-ups. RESULTS: Assessment at 12 weeks post-baseline showed significantly greater reductions in anxiety diagnoses and anxiety symptoms for both NET and CLIN conditions compared with the WLC. These improvements were maintained or further enhanced for both conditions, with minimal differences between them, at 6- and 12-month follow-ups. Seventy-eight percent of adolescents in the NET group (completer sample) no longer met criteria for the principal anxiety diagnosis at 12-month follow-up compared with 80.6% in the CLIN group. Ratings of treatment credibility from both parents and adolescents were high for NET and equivalent to CLIN. Satisfaction ratings by adolescents were equivalent for NET and CLIN conditions, whereas parents indicated slightly higher satisfaction ratings for the CLIN format. CONCLUSIONS: Online delivery of CBT, with minimal therapist support, is equally efficacious as clinic-based, face-to-face therapy in the treatment of anxiety disorders among adolescents. This approach offers a credible alternative to clinic-based therapy, with benefits of reduced therapist time and greater accessibility for families who have difficulty accessing clinic-based CBT.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In an Australian randomized controlled trial, at the 12-month follow-up, there were no significant differences regarding treatment outcomes between iCBT, face-to-face CBT, and waitlist conditions.
“At the 12-month follow-up, the authors found no significant differences regarding treatment outcomes between the groups”
From The Impact of Parental Support on Adherence to Therapist-Assisted Internet-Delivered Acceptance and Commitment Therapy in Primary Care for Adolescents With Anxiety: Naturalistic 12-Month Follow-Up Study (2025) · cites this paper as [11]
The Discussion reports no significant difference in 12-month outcomes between internet-based and clinic-based CBT. But it also states that the waitlist condition was absent at follow-up; participants were offered internet treatment after the 12-week assessment. The paper therefore does not support a 12-month comparison among all three groups. (LLM, conf=0.92)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMultiple previous studies have indicated positive treatment outcomes for iACT for adolescents with anxiety.
“Multiple previous studies have indicated positive treatment outcomes for iACT for adolescents with anxiety [9-12], but few have performed follow-ups at 12 months after treatment or longer.”
From The Impact of Parental Support on Adherence to Therapist-Assisted Internet-Delivered Acceptance and Commitment Therapy in Primary Care for Adolescents With Anxiety: Naturalistic 12-Month Follow-Up Study (2025) · cites this paper as [11]
The Discussion reports positive treatment outcomes for adolescents with anxiety who received online CBT, including improvements maintained through 12 months. It does not report outcomes for iACT, so the claim’s specific treatment attribution is unsupported by this source. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe adherence rate to f-CBT is 77.5%.
“The adherence rate of 77.5% to f-CBT was estimated from the results reported in two randomized controlled trials on (total 242) participants with symptoms of anxiety [16, 17].”
From Cost-effectiveness of internet-supported cognitive behavioral therapy for university students with anxiety symptoms: A Markov-model analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [17]
The Completion of Therapy Sessions section reports that 79% of clinic-based CBT adolescents completed all sessions by 12-month follow-up, a result that could contribute to the citing authors’ estimate. It does not report a 77.5% adherence rate or the combined estimate from two trials; at the 12-week assessment, the corresponding completion figure was 57%. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe relative difference in adherence to CBT delivered via internet versus in-person is 0.99.
“The relative difference in adherence to CBT delivered via internet versus in-person (76.9% versus 77.5%) were estimated to be 0.99 [16–18].”
From Cost-effectiveness of internet-supported cognitive behavioral therapy for university students with anxiety symptoms: A Markov-model analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [17]
The Completion of Therapy Sessions section (page unavailable) compares session completion for online and clinic-based CBT, so the paper supports an adherence comparison. It reports 7.5 versus 8.25 adolescent sessions completed on average at 12 weeks and 8.20 versus 8.70 at 12 months, but does not report the claimed 76.9% versus 77.5% or a relative value of 0.99. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe demonstrated effect sizes for reductions in anxiety from baseline to Session 9 in this study (Cohen d=0.83-1.01) are similar to the effect sizes observed in previous RCTs (Cohen d=0.91-1.23 for the full Spence Children's Anxiety Scale).
“The demonstrated effect sizes for reductions in anxiety from the baseline to Session 9 in this study (Cohen d=0.83-1.01) are similar to the effect sizes observed in previous RCTs (Cohen d=0.91-1.23 for the full Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale) [10,11].”
From Large-scale dissemination of internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for youth anxiety: Feasibility and acceptability study (2018) · cites this paper as [11]
The Secondary outcome measures results report reduced SCAS-C anxiety symptoms in this RCT, so the cited paper supports the comparison’s general premise. But the Discussion tables report outcomes at 12 weeks, not Session 9, and do not substantiate the attributed Cohen’s d range of 0.91–1.23 for the full scale. The baseline-to-Session-9 figures describe the citing study, not this source. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The sample was somewhat less severe than those examined in previous RCTs of iCBT for child anxiety.
“Thus, the sample was somewhat less severe than those examined in previous RCTs of iCBT for child anxiety [10,11].”
From Large-scale dissemination of internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for youth anxiety: Feasibility and acceptability study (2018) · cites this paper as [11]
The study description identifies this paper as a prior randomized trial of internet-based CBT for adolescent anxiety, and the Baseline Comparisons section reports anxiety-severity measures for its participants (page unavailable). The source does not describe the citing study’s sample, so it cannot establish that sample was less severe. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAdolescents and their parents generally expressed satisfaction with the intervention, and the majority would recommend it to others, corresponding to previous studies of similar interventions.
“Adolescents and their parents generally expressed satisfaction with the intervention and the majority would recommend it to others, corresponding to what previous studies of similar interventions have found (Spence et al., 2011; Lenhard et al., 2014; Wuthrich et al., 2012).”
From Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for adolescents with anxiety disorders: A feasibility study (2018) · cites this paper as Spence et al., 2011
The ‘Satisfaction with the Program’ section reports moderate to high satisfaction among adolescents and parents, supporting that part of the claim. It does not report whether a majority would recommend the intervention to others. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measurediCBT offers reduced therapist time and hence increased accessibility.
“concluded that iCBT offers reduced therapist time and hence increased accessibility [11].”
The Whitu app incorporates therapeutic tools and techniques with proven clinical effectiveness for young people.
“A key strength of our study is the incorporation of therapeutic tools and techniques with proven clinical effectiveness for young people, such as recognising and rating emotions, commonly used in psychoeducation (Taylor-Rodgers and Batterham, 2014), or using relaxation techniques and coping strategies, commonly used in CBT (Spence et al., 2011).”
From Pilot study of a well-being app to support New Zealand young people during the COVID-19 pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as Spence et al., 2011
The therapist-assisted BRAVE-ONLINE program has a strong evidence base and is recognized internationally as the only "probably efficacious" iCBT intervention for childhood anxiety.
“The evidence base for the therapist-assisted program is strong [9-12], and the program is recognized internationally as the only “probably efficacious” iCBT intervention for childhood anxiety [13].”
From Large-scale dissemination of internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for youth anxiety: Feasibility and acceptability study (2018) · cites this paper as [11]
Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT) for child and adolescent anxiety has demonstrated efficacy in randomized controlled trials.
“Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT) for child and adolescent anxiety has demonstrated efficacy in randomized controlled trials”
From Large-scale dissemination of internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for youth anxiety: Feasibility and acceptability study (2018) · cites this paper as [11]
Previous research has demonstrated high consumer acceptability and satisfaction with the BRAVE program.
“our previous research has demonstrated high consumer acceptability and satisfaction [10,11].”
From Large-scale dissemination of internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for youth anxiety: Feasibility and acceptability study (2018) · cites this paper as [11]
Satisfaction reported by users of the self-help version of the program was highly similar and in some cases higher than that reported by youth participating in the therapist-assisted version in previous RCTs (child program mean satisfaction rating 3.6/5; adolescent program mean satisfaction rating 3.53/5).
“Interestingly, satisfaction reported by users of this self-help version of the program was highly similar and in some cases, higher than that reported by youth participating in the therapist-assisted version of the program in our previous randomized controlled trials (RCTs; child program, mean satisfaction rating 3.6/5) [10] (adolescent program, mean satisfaction rating 3.53/5) [11].”
From Large-scale dissemination of internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for youth anxiety: Feasibility and acceptability study (2018) · cites this paper as [11]
There was a slightly higher proportion of females (61%) in this study than in previous trials that had a more even gender distribution.
“However, there was a slightly higher proportion of females (61%) in this study than in previous trials that had a more even gender distribution [10,11].”
From Large-scale dissemination of internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for youth anxiety: Feasibility and acceptability study (2018) · cites this paper as [11]
When looking specifically at ICBT with adolescents, studies are sparse.
“When looking specifically at ICBT with adolescents, studies are sparse (Tillfors et al., 2011; Spence et al., 2008; Spence et al., 2011; Lenhard et al., 2014; Lenhard et al., 2017).”
From Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for adolescents with anxiety disorders: A feasibility study (2018) · cites this paper as Spence et al., 2011
Structured online therapy programs effectively improve mental health outcomes.
“There is also considerable research demonstrating that structured online therapy programs (eg, MoodGym) effectively improve mental health outcomes [36-40]”
From Do online mental health services improve help-seeking for young people? A systematic review (2014) · cites this paper as [39]
Structured online treatment programs are effective at reducing adolescent depression and anxiety [36-40,88].
“Structured online treatment programs, though effective at reducing adolescent depression and anxiety [36-40,88]”
From Do online mental health services improve help-seeking for young people? A systematic review (2014) · cites this paper as [39]
Of the 15 studies that mention adapting the design of the intervention to increase adherence, 8 studies do so without any theoretical basis or reference.
“Of the 15 studies that mention adapting the design of the intervention to increase adherence, 8 studies do so without any theoretical basis or reference [64-71]”
From Persuasive System Design Does Matter: a Systematic Review of Adherence to Web-based Interventions (2012) · cites this paper as [64]
An RCT comparing telehealth vs in-person CBT over 24 weeks in 115 youth with adolescent anxiety disorder found an effect size for the Clinician Severity Rating outcome measure of 0.05 (95% CI -0.77, 0.95), a non-significant difference with the direction of effect favoring in-person CBT.
“The second [196] is an RCT comparing telehealth vs in-person CBT over 24 weeks (the same duration as our study) in 115 youth with adolescent anxiety disorder. For consistency with our sample size calculations (which used the primary outcome from the CAMS trial, the clinician-rated Pediatric Anxiety Rating Scale), we estimated the effect size for the Clinician Severity Rating outcome measure, which”
From A Sequential Multiple Assignment Randomized Trial (SMART) study of medication and CBT sequencing in the treatment of pediatric anxiety disorders (2021) · cites this paper as [196]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,841 · see citing works
Pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders in adults
Kleinstäuber, M., Witthöft, M., Steffanowski, A., van Marwijk, H., Hiller, W., & Lambert, M. J. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010628.pub2 · Cited by 11,361 · see citing works
A Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS)
Shaffer, D. (1983) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1983.01790100074010 · Cited by 3,716 · see citing works
A measure of anxiety symptoms among children
Spence, S. H. (1998) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00034-5 · Cited by 1,928 · see citing works
Self-citationCognitive Behavioral Therapy, Sertraline, or a Combination in Childhood Anxiety
Walkup, J. T., Albano, A. M., Piacentini, J., Birmaher, B., Compton, S. N., Sherrill, J. T., Ginsburg, G. S., Rynn, M. A., McCracken, J., Waslick, B., et al. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0804633 · Cited by 1,442 · see citing works
Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents
James, A. C., James, G., Cowdrey, F. A., Soler, A., & Choke, A. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004690.pub4 · Cited by 876 · see citing works
Nauta, M. H., Scholing, A., Rapee, R. M., Abbott, M., Spence, S. H., & Waters, A. (2004) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(03)00200-6 · Cited by 763 · see citing works
Self-citationThe etiology of social phobia: empirical evidence and an initial model
Rapee, R. M., & Spence, S. H. (2004) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2004.06.004 · Cited by 693 · see citing works
Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for phobic and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents
Silverman, W. K., Pina, A. A., & Viswesvaran, C. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374410701817907 · Cited by 660 · see citing works
The Developmental Psychopathology of Anxiety
Vasey, M. W., Bosmans, G., & Ollendick, T. H. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-9608-3_27 · Cited by 605 · see citing works
Psychometric properties of the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale with young adolescents
Spence, S. H., Barrett, P. M., & Turner, C. M. (2002) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0887-6185(02)00236-0 · Cited by 582 · see citing works
Self-citationSpence, S. H., Donovan, C., & Brechman‐Toussaint, M. (2000) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00659 · Cited by 527 · see citing works
Self-citationFrequency, comorbidity, and psychosocial impairment of anxiety disorders in German adolescents
Essau, C. A., soc, R., Conradt, J., Petermann, F., & Phil (2000) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0887-6185(99)00039-0 · Cited by 504 · see citing works
Cartwright‐Hatton, S., Roberts, C., Chitsabesan, P., Fothergill, C., & Harrington, R. (2004) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/0144665042388928 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
Evaluation of cognitive-behavioral group treatments for childhood anxiety disorders
Barrett, P. M. (1998) · Journal of Clinical Child Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp2704_10 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Chronic Course of Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents
Keller, M. B., Lavori, P. W., Wunder, J., Beardslee, W. R., Schwartz, C., & Roth, J. (1992) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199207000-00003 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
March, S., Spence, S. H., & Donovan, C. L. (2009) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsn099 · Cited by 315 · cited 5× · see citing works
“Subsequently, March et al. (2009) examined the efficacy of the same program when delivered fully online, with only minimal therapist contact by email and phone, in comparison to a waitlist control.”
InfluentialSelf-citationKhanna, M. S., & Kendall, P. C. (2010) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019739 · Cited by 282 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Recently, Khanna and Kendall (2010) reported a small-scale randomized controlled trial comparing computer assisted treatment for 7-13 year old anxious children with individual, clinic-based CBT.”
Spence, S. H., Holmes, J. M., March, S., & Lipp, O. V. (2006) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.74.3.614 · Cited by 261 · cited 5× · see citing works
“To date, there appear to be only three published randomized controlled trials evaluating internet-based treatments for childhood anxiety, none of which have involved adolescents (Khanna & Kendall., 2010; March, Spence, & Donovan, 2009; Spence, Holmes, March, & Lipp, 2006).”
InfluentialSelf-citationMuris, P., Schmidt, H., & Merckelbach, H. (2000) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(99)00102-6 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Reger, M. A., & Gahm, G. A. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20536 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Lyneham, H. J., & Rapee, R. M. (2005) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200503000-00012 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents
James, A. C., Soler, A., & Weatherall, R. R. (2005) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004690.pub2 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
(2007) · PubMed · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Hudson, J. L., Rapee, R. M., Deveney, C., Schniering, C. A., Lyneham, H. J., & Bovopoulos, N. (2009) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31819c2401 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents
(2000) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511663239 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
King, R., Bambling, M., Reid, W., & Thomas, I. (2006) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/14733140600874084 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Inter‐Rater Reliability of Global Assessment of Functioning in a Clinical Setting
Rey, J. M., Starling, J., Wever, C., Dossetor, D. R., & Plapp, J. M. (1995) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01329.x · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Family Processes in the Development of Anxiety Problems
Dadds, M. R., & Roth, J. H. (2001) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780195123630.003.0013 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Spence, S. H., Donovan, C. L., March, S., Gamble, A., Anderson, R., Prosser, S., Kercher, A., & Kenardy, J. (2008) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s135246580800444x · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Treating Anxious Children and Adolescents: An Evidence-Based Approach
Rapee, R. M., Wignall, A., Hudson, J. L., & Schniering, C. A. (2000) · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Anxious children and their parents: What do they expect?
Cobham, V. E., & Dadds, M. R. (1999) · Journal of Clinical Child Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp2802_9 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Dyrborg, J., Larsen, F. W., Nielsen, S. L., Byman, J., Nielsen, B. B., & Gautrè-Delay, F. (2000) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s007870070043 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Principles of youth participation in mental health services
James, A. M. (2007) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2007.tb01339.x · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Stallard, P. N., Udwin, O., Goddard, M., & Hibbert, S. (2007) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465807003724 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Stallard, P., Velleman, S., & Richardson, T. (2010) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/j.1475-3588.2009.00540.x · Cited by 58 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Indeed, adolescents demonstrate a preference for text-based (email) or online counseling over talk-based (telephone) counseling (King, Bambling, Reid, & Thomas, 2006) and a large proportion report using computers to search the web for information relating to worries, unhappiness or other problems (Stallard et al., 201…”
Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents: Research, Assessment and Intervention
Durant, N. A. (2002) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.5.886 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 38 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [9]9. Guy, W., & Bonato, R. R. (Eds.). (1970). CGI: Clinical Global Impressions. Chevy Chase (Maryland): National Institute of Mental Health.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Persuasive System Design Does Matter: a Systematic Review of Adherence to Web-based Interventions
Kelders, S. M., Kok, R. N., Ossebaard, H. C., & Van Gemert-Pijnen, J. E. (2012) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.2104 · Cited by 1,308 · see citing works
“Of the 15 studies that mention adapting the design of the intervention to increase adherence, 8 studies do so without any theoretical basis or reference [64-71], 4 studies make the adaptation the focus of their study [72-75], and 2 studies have adapted the design based on a prior study on the same intervention [76, 77…”
BackgroundCarlbring, P., Andersson, G., Cuijpers, P., Riper, H., & Hedman-Lagerlöf, E. (2018) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2017.1401115 · Cited by 1,232 · see citing works
“In addition, studies needed to target an adult population, excluding a study on clinically anxious adolescents aged 12–18 years and their parent (Spence et al., 2011) and on treating youth depression and anxiety (Sethi, 2013).”
BackgroundAdvantages and limitations of Internet-based interventions for common mental disorders
Andersson, G., & Titov, N. (2014) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20083 · Cited by 1,160 · see citing works
“Most studies have been on adults, but there are also studies on children/adolescents (60,61) and older adults (62).”
BackgroundAndersson, G., Cuijpers, P., Carlbring, P., Riper, H., & Hedman, E. (2014) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20151 · Cited by 1,077 · see citing works
“However, a study by Spence et al (50) on adolescents is clearly in line with our findings, suggesting equivalence.”
ResultWeisz, J. R., Kuppens, S., Ng, M. Y., Eckshtain, D., Ugueto, A. M., Vaughn-Coaxum, R., Jensen-Doss, A., Hawley, K. M., Krumholz Marchette, L. S., Chu, B. C., et al. (2017) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0040360 · Cited by 862 · see citing works
Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents
James, A. C., James, G., Cowdrey, F. A., Soler, A., & Choke, A. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004690.pub4 · Cited by 876 · see citing works
Ebert, D. D., Zarski, A.-C., Christensen, H., Stikkelbroek, Y., Cuijpers, P., Berking, M., & Riper, H. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119895 · Cited by 533 · see citing works
Evidence Base Update: 50 Years of Research on Treatment for Child and Adolescent Anxiety
Higa-McMillan, C. K., Francis, S. E., Rith-Najarian, L., & Chorpita, B. F. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2015.1046177 · Cited by 557 · see citing works
Garrido, S., Millington, C., Cheers, D., Boydell, K., Schubert, E., Meade, T., & Nguyen, Q. V. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00759 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents
James, A. C., Reardon, T., Soler, A., James, G., & Creswell, C. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013162.pub2 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Do online mental health services improve help-seeking for young people? A systematic review
Kauer, S. D., Mangan, C., & Sanci, L. (2014) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.3103 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
“There is also considerable research demonstrating that structured online therapy programs (eg, MoodGym) effectively improve mental health outcomes [36-40] and that mobile self-monitoring is a useful tool [41-43].”
BackgroundVigerland, S., Lenhard, F., Bonnert, M., Lalouni, M., Hedman, E., Ahlen, J., Olén, O., Serlachius, E., & Ljótsson, B. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.09.005 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
“Three studies in our reviewdirectly compared ICBTwith face-to-face CBT and effects did not statistically differ between the groups (De Bruin et al., 2014; De Bruin, Bögels, Oort, & Meijer, 2015; Spence et al., 2011).”
ResultGrist, R., Croker, A., Denne, M., & Stallard, P. (2019) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-018-0271-8 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
“Similarly, online CBT anxiety programs such as BRAVE were found to be very acceptable to young people and as effective as face to face CBT (Spence et al. 2011).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPennant, M. E., Loucas, C. E., Whittington, C., Creswell, C., Fonagy, P., Fuggle, P., Kelvin, R., Naqvi, S., Stockton, S., & Kendall, T. (2015) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.01.009 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
“Two of these programs were for anxiety disorders: BRAVE for teenagers-ONLINE (Spence et al., 2011) and Cool Teens (Wuthrich et al.”
BackgroundMusiat, P., & Tarrier, N. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291714000245 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
“Similar results were reported in other studies comparing cCBT with face-to-face CBT (Spence et al. 2006, 2011; Kiropoulos et al. 2008; Botella et al. 2009).”
ResultUsing technology to deliver mental health services to children and youth: a scoping review.
Boydell, K., Hodgins, M., Pignatiello, A., Teshima, J., Edwards, H. E., & Willis, D. (2014) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Whiteside, S. P. H., Sim, L. A., Morrow, A. S., Farah, W. H., Hilliker, D. R., Murad, M. H., & Wang, Z. (2020) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-019-00303-2 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Bennett, S. D., Cuijpers, P., Ebert, D. D., McKenzie Smith, M., Coughtrey, A. E., Heyman, I., Manzotti, G., & Shafran, R. (2019) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13010 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Christ, C., Schouten, M. J., Blankers, M., van Schaik, D. J., Beekman, A. T., Wisman, M. A., Stikkelbroek, Y. A., & Dekker, J. J. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/17831 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
“In nine studies, guidance additionally included providing personalized feedback on completed exercises [63,64,74-80].”
BackgroundCreswell, C., Nauta, M. H., Hudson, J. L., March, S., Reardon, T. C., Arendt, K. B., Bodden, D. H. M., Cobham, V. E., Donovan, C. L., Halldorsson, B., et al. (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13283 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
“…modes (e.g., online programs) are associated with slower completion of treatment sessions (Jolstedt et al., 2018; March, Spence, & Donovan, 2008; Spence et al., 2011; Vigerland et al., 2016) and that, sometimes, treatment could be shortened in response to subject characteristics such as anxiety…”
BackgroundSelf-citationLenhard, F., Andersson, E., Mataix-Cols, D., Rück, C., Vigerland, S., Högström, J., Hillborg, M., Brander, G., Ljungström, M., Ljótsson, B., et al. (2017) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2016.09.515 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Assessment and management of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents
Creswell, C., Waite, P., & Cooper, P. J. (2014) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/archdischild-2013-303768 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Practitioner Review: Anxiety disorders in children and young people – assessment and treatment
Creswell, C., Waite, P., & Hudson, J. (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13186 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“a useful approach (Pennant et al., 2015; Spence et al., 2011) although positive benefits are less”
Weisz, J. R., Krumholz, L. S., Santucci, L. C., Thomassin, K., & Ng, M. Y. (2015) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112820 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“Strategies particularly relevant for youths include embedding interventions within everyday settings such as summer camps (e.g., Pelham et al. 2005, Santucci & Ehrenreich-May 2013) and using technology to meet youths on their own turf through interactive, computer-based treatments such as Camp Cope-A-Lot (Khanna & Ken…”
MethodVigerland, S., Ljótsson, B., Thulin, U., Öst, L.-G., Andersson, G., & Serlachius, E. (2016) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.11.006 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
“Furthermore, other studies of CBT for children with anxiety disorders have not found any significant between group treatment effect on the SCAS-C, and it may be that the properties of the measure are not optimal for treatment evaluation (Spence et al., 2011; Spence, Holmes, March, & Lipp, 2006; Wergeland et al., 2014).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialYe, X., Bapuji, S. B., Winters, S. E., Struthers, A., Raynard, M., Metge, C. J., Kreindler, S. A., Charette, C., Lemaire, J. A., Synyshyn, M., et al. (2014) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/1472-6963-14-313 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
“Spence, 2011 [14] 3-arm RCT (Internet-based CBT vs.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSigurvinsdóttir, A. L., Jensínudóttir, K. B., Baldvinsdóttir, K. D., Smárason, O., & Skarphedinsson, G. (2020) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039488.2019.1686653 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Logging into therapy: Adolescent perceptions of online therapies for mental health problems
Sweeney, G., Donovan, C., March, S., & Forbes, Y. (2016) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2016.12.001 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“…exploring the factors contributing to attitudes towards online therapies has been limited to adults (Becker and Jensen-Doss, 2013; Tsan and Day, 2007), health professionals (Donovan et al., 2015; Stallard et al., 2010; Fleming and Merry, 2013; Gun et al., 2011), and parents (Sweeney et al., 2015).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationGuided internet-based CBT for common mental disorders
Andersson, G., Carlbring, P., Ljótsson, B., & Hedman, E. (2013) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1007/s10879-013-9237-9 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“For example, there are trials on posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms showing the guided iCBT works (Lange et al. 2003; Spence et al. 2011b).”
BackgroundA randomized controlled trial of the cool teens CD-ROM computerized program for adolescent anxiety
Wuthrich, V. M., Rapee, R. M., Cunningham, M. J., Lyneham, H. J., Hudson, J. L., & Schniering, C. A. (2012) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.12.002 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
McCloud, T. L., Jones, R., Lewis, G., Bell, V., & Tsakanikos, E. (2020) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/15418 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“There is evidence that computerized forms of self-directed CBT (cCBT) can be as effective as traditional CBT in the treatment of depression and anxiety [10,12-14], and cCBT is now recommended in the United Kingdom for treating subclinical to moderate depression [15].”
BackgroundCBT for adolescents with anxiety: mature yet still developing
Kendall, P. C., & Peterman, J. S. (2015) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.14081061 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Forehand, R., Jones, D. J., & Parent, J. M. (2012) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.10.010 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Wildeboer, G., Kelders, S. M., & van Gemert-Pijnen, J. E. W. C. (2016) · International Journal of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2016.04.005 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
A Review of Technology-Based Youth and Family-Focused Interventions
MacDonell, K. W., & Prinz, R. J. (2016) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-016-0218-x · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Anderson, R. E. E., Spence, S. H., Donovan, C. L., March, S., Prosser, S., & Kenardy, J. (2012) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.1848 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“Participants included those from the online and clinic conditions of a randomized controlled trial reported by Spence et al [5].”
MethodResultSelf-citationApplication of Artificial Intelligence on Psychological Interventions and Diagnosis: An Overview
Zhou, S., Zhao, J., & Zhang, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.811665 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Psychotherapy for inflammatory bowel disease: a review and update
McCombie, A. M., Mulder, R. T., & Gearry, R. B. (2013) · Journal of Crohn s and Colitis · doi:10.1016/j.crohns.2013.02.004 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Lenhard, F., Vigerland, S., Andersson, E., Rück, C., Mataix-Cols, D., Thulin, U., Ljótsson, B., & Serlachius, E. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100773 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“To date, only a handful of case series and open trials [28,29] and two randomized controlled studies of therapist-supported ICBT for pediatric anxiety disorders [30,31] have been conducted.”
BackgroundOnline CBT for preschool anxiety disorders: A randomised control trial
Donovan, C. L., & March, S. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.05.001 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Self-citationSpence, S. H., Donovan, C. L., March, S., Kenardy, J. A., & Hearn, C. S. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.12.003 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citationMarch, S., Spence, S. H., Donovan, C. L., & Kenardy, J. A. (2018) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.9211 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“Thus, the sample was somewhat less severe than those examined in previous RCTs of iCBT for child anxiety [10,11].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationA Meta-Analysis on the Efficacy of Technology Mediated CBT for Anxious Children and Adolescents
Podina, I. R., Mogoase, C., David, D., Szentagotai, A., & Dobrean, A. (2016) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-015-0228-5 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Web-Based Interventions for Youth Internalizing Problems: A Systematic Review
Reyes-Portillo, J. A., Mufson, L., Greenhill, L. L., Gould, M. S., Fisher, P. W., Tarlow, N., & Rynn, M. A. (2014) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2014.09.005 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Computer-based and online therapy for depression and anxiety in children and adolescents
Stasiak, K., Fleming, T., Lucassen, M. F. G., Shepherd, M. J., Whittaker, R., & Merry, S. N. (2016) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2015.0029 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Artificial intelligence for psychotherapy: a review of the current state and future directions
Beg, M. J., Verma, M., M., V. C. K. M., & Verma, M. K. (2025) · Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1177/02537176241260819 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“46”
Orsolini, L., Pompili, S., Salvi, V., & Volpe, U. (2021) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina57080793 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“The findings of the study reported a significant reduction in anxiety symptomatology in both groups with active treatment, compared to the waitlist condition [30].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialDonovan, C., Poole, C., Boyes, N., Redgate, J., & March, S. (2015) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2015.09.001 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationJolstedt, M., Wahlund, T., Lenhard, F., Ljótsson, B., Mataix-Cols, D., Nord, M., Öst, L.-G., Högström, J., Serlachius, E., & Vigerland, S. (2018) · The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/s2352-4642(18)30275-x · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Conaughton, R. J., Donovan, C. L., & March, S. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.04.032 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“Indeed, non-completion of sessions is problematic for internetprograms and has been noted in all studies conducted on BRAVE-ONLINE to date (March et al., 2009; Spence et al., 2008; Spence et al., 2011).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationJolstedt, M., Ljótsson, B., Fredlander, S., Tedgård, T., Hallberg, A., Ekeljung, A., Högström, J., Mataix-Cols, D., Serlachius, E., & Vigerland, S. (2018) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2017.11.003 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Khan, K., Hall, C. L., Davies, E. B., Hollis, C. P., & Glazebrook, C. (2019) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/13478 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“In the field of psychological and neurodevelopmental health, Web-based therapeutic interventions have been designed for CYP with a range of problems including ADHD [12], anxiety [13], depression [14], and obsessive-compulsive disorder [15].”
BackgroundThe Effectiveness of Psychological Therapies for Anxiety Disorders in Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis
Baker, H. J., Lawrence, P. J., Karalus, J., Creswell, C., & Waite, P. (2021) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-021-00364-2 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Stjerneklar, S., Hougaard, E., McLellan, L. F., & Thastum, M. (2019) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0222485 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Also, both the online group and the face-to-face group showed comparable reductions in self-rated anxiety symptoms on The Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale [SCAS; [50]] Child version post-treatment [46].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialComputer-assisted cognitive behavioral therapy for children with epilepsy and anxiety: A pilot study
Blocher, J. B., Fujikawa, M., Sung, C. Y. Y., Jackson, D. C., & Jones, J. E. (2013) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2012.12.014 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“Such programs have been delivered in innovative settings, such as primary care facilities, schools, and camps, and have made use of computers and the Internet [34–40].”
BackgroundVigerland, S., Ljótsson, B., Bergdahl Gustafsson, F., Hagert, S., Thulin, U., Andersson, G., & Serlachius, E. (2014) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2014.06.002 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“, 2010), but results so far are promising (Khanna and Kendall, 2010; March et al., 2009; Spence et al., 2011; Wuthrich et al., 2012; Merry et al., 2012; Vigerland et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInternet-delivered CBT for children with specific phobia: a pilot study
Vigerland, S., Thulin, U., Ljótsson, B., Svirsky, L., Öst, L.-G., Lindefors, N., Andersson, G., & Serlachius, E. (2013) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2013.844201 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“However, the sample in the present study reported low levels of reported anxiety compared to other ICBT studies on children (March et al., 2009; Spence et al., 2011; Wuthrich et al., 2012) and norm data (Essau, Sakano, Ishikawa, & Sasagawa, 2004).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialUsing Evaluative Criteria to Review Youth Anxiety Measures, Part II: Parent-Report
Etkin, R. G., Lebowitz, E. R., & Silverman, W. K. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2021.1878898 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“A randomized controlled trial of online versus clinic-based CBT for adolescent anxiety.”
BackgroundInfluentialDyadic Psychosocial eHealth Interventions: Systematic Scoping Review
Shaffer, K. M., Tigershtrom, A., Badr, H., Benvengo, S., Hernandez, M., & Ritterband, L. M. (2019) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/15509 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Storch, E. A., Salloum, A., King, M. A., Crawford, E. A., Andel, R., McBride, N. M., & Lewin, A. B. (2015) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22399 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“Computerbased CBT for anxious youth has demonstrated efficacy and treatment acceptability,[28] and preliminary data among adults suggest lower cost.”
BackgroundThe Art of Exposure: Putting Science Into Practice
Peterman, J. S., Read, K. L., Wei, C., & Kendall, P. C. (2014) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2014.02.003 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Novella, J. K., Ng, K., & Samuolis, J. (2020) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2020.1786101 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“However, this study also focused on asynchronous intervention with minimal therapist check-ins.(21) Although these studies show promise regarding the use of online counseling with adolescents and young adults, there is a clear need for studies with random assignment, control group and synchronous delivery to establish…”
BackgroundHoagwood, K., Jensen, P. S., Acri, M. C., Olin, S.-C. S., Lewandowski, R. E., & Herman, R. (2012) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.09.004 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Childhood Anxiety Disorders: A Review of Recent Advances
Banneyer, K. N., Bonin, L., Price, K., Goodman, W. K., & Storch, E. A. (2018) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-018-0924-9 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Carpenter, A. L., Pincus, D. B., Furr, J. M., & Comer, J. S. (2018) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2018.01.007 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“…years, research has supported the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of computerbased treatments for child anxiety and related disorders (Comer, Furr et al., 2014; Donovan & March, 2014; Fung, Manassis, Kenny, & Fiksenbaum, 2002; Khanna & Kendall, 2010; Morgan et al., 2017; Spence et al., 2011).”
BackgroundDigital Mental Health Interventions for Child and Adolescent Anxiety
Khanna, M. S., & Carper, M. M. (2021) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2021.05.003 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Wright, B., Tindall, L., Littlewood, E., Allgar, V. L., Abeles, P., Trépel, D., & Ali, S. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012834 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“compares favourably to other studies examining computerised therapies with completion rates of 39%(24) and 57%.(45) These figures are, however, lower than those reported with face-to-face CBT,(45) suggesting that the presence of a clinician may encourage completion and thus reduce attrition.”
ResultVaks, Y., Bensen, R., Steidtmann, D., Wang, T., Platchek, T., Zulman, D. M., Malcolm, E., & Milstein, A. (2015) · Healthcare · doi:10.1016/j.hjdsi.2015.09.001 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Mental health symptoms in children and adolescents during COVID-19 in Australia
Sicouri, G., March, S., Pellicano, E., De Young, A. C., Donovan, C. L., Cobham, V. E., Rowe, A., Brett, S., Russell, J. K., Uhlmann, L., et al. (2023) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674221090174 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Youth mental health services were overburdened early on (Young, 2020), and despite a move to the use of telehealth, more could be done to increase efficiencies in the delivery of mental health services, such as the increased use of evidence-based digital interventions (Spence et al., 2011).”
BackgroundSelf-citationWickersham, A., Barack, T., Cross, L., & Downs, J. (2022) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/29842 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“The studies targeted various populations (Table S3 in Multimedia Appendix 3 [39-54]) and were conducted in a wide range of countries, including New Zealand, China, Japan, Australia, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Denmark, and Sweden.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialReynolds, J., Griffiths, K., Cunningham, J., Bennett, K., & Bennett, A. (2015) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/mental.4200 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“These include tailoring the program in response to individual service users’ progress (for example by controlling the release of new content) and helping them to complete critical tasks such as exposure, which they might otherwise avoid [67-69].”
Springer, P. R., Bischoff, R. J., Kohel, K., Taylor, N. C., & Farero, A. M. (2020) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.12431 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“There is mounting evidence to suggest that a wide variety of traditional treatment models can be applied effectively through videoconferencing (Antonacci, Bloch, Saeed, Yildiram & Talley, 2008; Bashshur, Shannon, Bashshur, & Yellowlees, 2016; Spence et al., 2011).”
BackgroundParent-Child Interactions and Adolescent Anxiety: A Systematic Review
Waite, P., Whittington, L., & Creswell, C. (2014) · Psychopathology Review · doi:10.5127/pr.033213 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Recently, treatment studies have begun to focus on adolescents specifically and have involved parents in treatment (e.g. Spence et al., 2011; Wuthrich et al., 2012), however, the contribution of parental involvement to treatment outcome has not been evaluated.”
Cardy, J. L., Waite, P., Cocks, F., & Creswell, C. (2020) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-020-00324-2 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Radomski, A. D., Wozney, L., McGrath, P., Huguet, A., Hartling, L., Dyson, M. P., Bennett, K., & Newton, A. S. (2019) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/11128 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“5/10 modules completed (high use); 39% of users completed all 10 modules (low use) Same as above Same as above [80]”
BackgroundWozney, L., McGrath, P. J., Gehring, N. D., Bennett, K., Huguet, A., Hartling, L., Dyson, M. P., Soleimani, A., & Newton, A. S. (2018) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/mental.9655 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Both positive (61%) [36,38,39,41,43,45,50,54,55,78,80] and mixed (39%) [37,40,42,46,48,49,79] findings were reported across 18 studies on technology acceptability.”
BackgroundInfluentialCraig, S. L., Iacono, G., Pascoe, R. V., & Austin, A. (2021) · Clinical Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10615-021-00796-x · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Ryan, K. M., Zimmer‐Gembeck, M. J., Neumann, D. L., & Waters, A. M. (2018) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2018.11.009 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Wozney, L., Baxter, P., & Newton, A. S. (2015) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-015-0534-1 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“The structured and sequential nature of CBT translates well to computer-based delivery via the Web [19] and initial research has demonstrated feasibility for a variety of CBT interventions for treating anxiety [20–22].”
BackgroundMcCombie, A., Gearry, R., Andrews, J., Mikocka-Walus, A., & Mulder, R. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-015-9420-0 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Preliminary evidence has found CCBT to be of comparable efficacy to standard CBT for adolescent anxiety (Spence et al., 2011) and panic disorder with or without agoraphobia (Kiropoulos et al., 2008).”
BackgroundEsfandiari, N., Mazaheri, M. A., Akbari-Zardkhaneh, S., Sadeghi-Firoozabadi, V., & Cheraghi, M. (2021) · International Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_208_21 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“This approach offers a reasonable alternative to clinic‐based therapy with advantages of low cost, reduced therapist time, and greater accessibility for the families that have difficulty accessing clinic‐based CBT.[10,11]”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSpence, S. H., March, S., & Donovan, C. L. (2019) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2019.100268 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“However, the study also indicated that only 30% of anxious youth who enrolled in the program with no therapist support completed three or more sessions, whereas previous studies in which ICBT was supplemented with therapist support have reported much higher levels of program adherence (March et al., 2009; Spence et al…”
Self-citationEfficacy of parent‐delivered behavioral therapy for primary complex motor stereotypies
Specht, M. W., Mahone, E. M., Kline, T., Waranch, R., Brabson, L. A., Thompson, C. B., & Singer, H. S. (2016) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.13164 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Additional studies have also established the potential of family-implemented behavioral treatment for repetitive behaviors in autism.(15) This report describes the preliminary efficacy of an instructional DVD designed for parents to provide home-based therapy for CMS.”
Hill, C., Creswell, C., Vigerland, S., Nauta, M. H., March, S., Donovan, C., Wolters, L., Spence, S. H., Martin, J. L., Wozney, L., et al. (2018) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2018.02.002 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“First, iCBT programs for children often incorporate parents/caregivers into treatment, with many offering separate parent programs or involving the parent as a coach or support person in the treatment (March et al., 2009; Spence, 2011; Vigerland et al., 2016; Wuthrich et al., 2012).”
InfluentialSelf-citationO’Dea, B., Subotic-Kerry, M., KING, C. A., Mackinnon, A. J., Achilles, M. R., Anderson, M., Parker, B., Werner‐Seidler, A., Torok, M. H., Cockayne, N. L., et al. (2021) · The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific · doi:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100178 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Cravens, J. D., Morris, N., & Johnson, D. J. (2019) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.12417 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Eilert, N., Wogan, R., Leen, A., & Richards, D. (2022) · JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting · doi:10.2196/33551 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“No controlStructured clinical interview 16.8 (15- 19) N=11 (female 6, male 5) Sweden Spence et al, 2011 [53]c —CGAS-clinician rated —SCAS-C/PFace-to-face CBTu (n=44), wait-list (n=27) Primary diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, social phobia, or specific phobia 13.98 (12-18) N=115 (…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLudlow, K., Russell, J. K., Ryan, B., Brown, R. L., Joynt, T., Uhlmann, L. R., Smith, G. E., Donovan, C., Hides, L., Spence, S. H., et al. (2023) · DIGITAL HEALTH · doi:10.1177/20552076231216410 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“26 Digital Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) interventions have been shown to be particularly effective in reducing symptoms of youth anxiety 27,28 and depression.”
BackgroundSelf-citationCouple teletherapy in the era of COVID‐19: Experiences and recommendations
Hardy, N., Maier, C. A., & Gregson, T. J. (2021) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.12501 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Psicoterapia pela Internet: viável ou inviável?
Pieta, M. A. M., & Gomes, W. B. (2014) · Psicologia Ciência e Profissão · doi:10.1590/s1414-98932014000100003 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Pilot study of a well-being app to support New Zealand young people during the COVID-19 pandemic
Serlachius, A., Boggiss, A., Lim, D., Schache, K., Wallace-Boyd, K., Brenton-Peters, J., Buttenshaw, E., Chadd, S., Cavadino, A., Cao, N., et al. (2021) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2021.100464 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“A key strength of our study is the incorporation of therapeutic tools and techniques with proven clinical effectiveness for young people, such as recognising and rating emotions, commonly used in psychoeducation (Taylor-Rodgers and Batterham, 2014), or using relaxation techniques and coping strategies, commonly used i…”
InfluentialGarner, K., Boggiss, A. L., Jefferies, C., & Serlachius, A. S. (2021) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/pedi.13304 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“For example, research in healthy adolescent populations has shown that online delivery of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) and psycho-education is just as effective for treating anxiety or depression in adolescents as face-to-face therapy.(20,21) A systematic review and meta-analysis also found that computerized CBT p…”
BackgroundStjerneklar, S., Hougaard, E., Nielsen, A. D., Gaardsvig, M. M., & Thastum, M. (2018) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2018.01.001 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“previous studies of similar interventions have found (Spence et al., 2011; Lenhard et al., 2014; Wuthrich et al., 2012).”
BackgroundResultCognitive behavioral therapy in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: an integrative review
Rechenberg, K., & Koerner, R. (2021) · Journal of Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2021.06.019 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Stjerneklar, S., Hougaard, E., & Thastum, M. (2019) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2019.01.003 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Handbook of Rural School Mental Health
(2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-64735-7 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Stasiak, K., Merry, S., Frampton, C. M., & Moor, S. (2016) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2016.1244617 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Two large RCTs of BRAVE-ONLINE have shown it to be effective and safe in treating anxiety disorders in children (March et al., 2009) and adolescents (Spence et al., 2011).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialWaite, P., Marshall, T., & Creswell, C. (2019) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/camh.12311 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“, 2012), and BRAVE for TeenagersONLINE involves parents completing five online parent sessions and two online booster sessions (Spence et al., 2011).”
BackgroundClinical assessment and diagnostic formulation
Leckman, J. F., & Taylor, E. A. (2015) · doi:10.1002/9781118381953.ch32 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Digital technologies to support adolescents with depression and anxiety: review
Jones, R. B., Hussain, F., Agha, S. S., Weavers, B., Lucassen, M. F. G., Merry, S., Stallard, P. N., Simpson, S. A., & Rice, F. J. (2022) · BJPsych Advances · doi:10.1192/bja.2022.3 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“It was originally developed in Australia, but has been evaluated in several countries (Spence 2011).”
Method
- Authors
- Spence, S. H., Donovan, C. L., March, S., Gamble, A., Anderson, R. E., Prosser, S., & Kenardy, J.
- Affiliations
- Griffith University (AU)
- Macquarie University (AU)
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Venue
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
- Published
- 2011-10
- Volume
- 79
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 629-642
- ISSN
- 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2117
- OpenAlex
- W1982417363
- Cited by
- 381
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 26.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Health and Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Keywords
- cognitive behavioral therapy, adolescent anxiety, online therapy, internet-delivered treatment, treatment efficacy, treatment credibility, treatment satisfaction, access to mental health care, anxiety disorders
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Child, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Interview, Psychological, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Treatment Outcome, Internet
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
