Cognitive Activities During Adulthood Are More Important than Education in Building Reserve
Open accessAbstract
Cognitive reserve is thought to reflect life experiences. Which experiences contribute to reserve and their relative importance is not understood. Subjects were 652 autopsied cases from the Rush Memory and Aging Project and the Religious Orders Study. Reserve was defined as the residual variance of the regressions of cognitive factors on brain pathology and was captured in a latent variable that was regressed on potential determinants of reserve. Neuropathology variables included Alzheimer's disease markers, Lewy bodies, infarcts, microinfarcts, and brain weight. Cognition was measured with six cognitive domain scores. Determinants of reserve were socioeconomic status (SES), education, leisure cognitive activities at age 40 (CA40) and at study enrollment (CAbaseline) in late life. The four exogenous predictors of reserve were weakly to moderately inter-correlated. In a multivariate model, all except SES had statistically significant effects on Reserve, the strongest of which were CA40 (β = .31) and CAbaseline (β = .28). The Education effect was negative in the full model (β = –.25). Results suggest that leisure cognitive activities throughout adulthood are more important than education in determining reserve. Discrepancies between cognitive activity and education may be informative in estimating late life reserve. (JINS, 2011, 17, 615–624)
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Development of expertise is associated with richer and more differentiated conceptual representations, which can attenuate age-related decline in the domain of expertise.
“The development of expertise is associated with the presence of richer and more differentiated conceptual representations, which can attenuate age-related decline in the domain of expertise.54,65–67”
From Maintenance, reserve and compensation: the cognitive neuroscience of healthy ageing (2018) · cites this paper as [67]
The Discussion (page not provided) links midlife cognitive activity to greater semantic-memory reserve and suggests that abilities may be maintained to different degrees in the face of dementia. It does not examine expertise or say that developing expertise produces richer, more differentiated conceptual representations; nor does it demonstrate reduced age-related decline specifically within a domain of expertise. (LLM, conf=0.79)
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Maintenance, reserve and compensation: the cognitive neuroscience of healthy ageing
Cabeza, R., Albert, M., Belleville, S., Craik, F. I. M., Duarte, A., Grady, C. L., Lindenberger, U., Nyberg, L., Park, D. C., Reuter-Lorenz, P. A., et al. (2018) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-018-0068-2 · Cited by 1,289 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Reed, B. R., Dowling, M., Tomaszewski Farias, S., Sonnen, J., Strauss, M., Schneider, J. A., Bennett, D. A., & Mungas, D.
- Affiliations
- VA Northern California Health Care System (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- Case Western Reserve University (US)
- Rush University Medical Center (US)
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Reed, Bruce R.
- Venue
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2011-04-05
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 615-624
- ISSN
- 1355-6177 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-7661
- PMC
- PMC3498078
- OpenAlex
- W2113693003
- Cited by
- 121
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 4.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG017917, P30-AG 10161, R13AG030995, P30AG010129, AG 10161, RF1AG031563, R01 AG15819, AG-17917, R01AG015819, P30AG010161, AG031563, R01AG010220, R01AG031563)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Historical and Modern Theater Studies
- Keywords
- cognitive reserve, education, socioeconomic status, neuropathology, Alzheimer's disease, Lewy bodies, cerebral infarction, microinfarcts, brain weight, cognitive aging, late-life cognition
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Alzheimer Disease, Autopsy, Mental Disorders, Child, Cognition, Educational Status, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Neuropsychological Tests, Nutritional Status, Pregnancy, Prenatal Care, Social Environment, Socioeconomic Factors, Cognitive Reserve
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