Regulation of Copper and Iron Homeostasis by Metal Chelators: A Possible Chemotherapy for Alzheimer’s Disease
Abstract
With the increase of life expectancy of humans in more than two-thirds of the countries in the World, aging diseases are becoming the frontline health problems. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is now one of the major challenges in drug discovery, since, with the exception of memantine in 2003, all clinical trials with drug candidates failed over the past decade. If we consider that the loss of neurons is due to a high level of oxidative stress produced by nonregulated redox active metal ions like copper linked to amyloids of different sizes, regulation of metal homeostasis is a key target. The difficulty for large copper-carrier proteins to directly extract copper ions from metalated amyloids might be considered as being at the origin of the rupture of the copper homeostasis regulation in AD brains. So, there is an urgent need for new specific metal chelators that should be able to regulate the homeostasis of metal ions, specially copper and iron, in AD brains. As a consequence of that concept, chelators promoting metal excretion from brain are not desired. One should favor ligands able to extract copper ions from sinks (amyloids being the major one) and to transfer these redox-active metal ions to copper-carrier proteins or copper-containing enzymes. Obviously, the affinity of these chelators for the metal ion should not be a sufficient criterion, but the metal specificity and the ability of the chelators to release the metal under specific biological conditions should be considered. Such an approach is still largely unexplored. The requirements for the chelators are very high (ability to cross the brain-blood barrier, lack of toxicity, etc.), few chemical series were proposed, and, among them, biochemical or biological data are scarce. As a matter of fact, the bioinorganic pharmacology of AD represents less than 1% of all articles dedicated to AD drug research. The major part of these articles deals with an old and rather toxic drug, clioquinol and related analogs, that do not efficiently extract copper from soluble amyloids. We have designed and developed new tetradendate ligands such as 21 and PA1637 based on bis(8-aminoquinolines) that are specific for copper chelation and are able to extract copper(II) from amyloids and then can release copper ion upon reduction with a biological reducing agent. These studies contribute to the understanding of the physicochemical properties of the tetradentate copper ligands compared with bidentate ligands like clioquinol. One of these copper ligands, PA1637, after selection with a nontransgenic mouse model that is able to efficiently monitor the loss of episodic memory, is currently under preclinical development.
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In Alzheimer's disease, brain levels of copper, iron and zinc increase almost three times normal.
“In AD the level of metal ions in the brain mainly copper, iron, zinc increases almost 3 times the normal.”
From Recent Advancements in Pathogenesis, Diagnostics and Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease (2020) · cites this paper as [126]
Clioquinol has shown better results in treating neurodegenerative disease.
“Clioquinol from class 8-hydroxyquinoline has shown better results in treating neurodegenerative disease.”
From Recent Advancements in Pathogenesis, Diagnostics and Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease (2020) · cites this paper as [126]
Clioquinol is a bi-dentate ligand with 2:1 activity against copper and zinc ions.
“It is a bi-dentate ligand which has 2:1 activity against copper and zinc ions.”
From Recent Advancements in Pathogenesis, Diagnostics and Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease (2020) · cites this paper as [126]
Clioquinol transfers metal ions from extracellular to intracellular environment to maintain metal ion balance and dissolves Aβ-Cu2+/Zn2+ aggregates.
“It is known to transfer metal ions from extracellular environment to intra cellular environment of the cell to maintain metal ion balance and also dissolves Ab-Cu2+/Zn2+aggregates [125, 126].”
From Recent Advancements in Pathogenesis, Diagnostics and Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease (2020) · cites this paper as [126]
Deferoxamine and Deferiprone are main metal chelators for iron; they treat memory impairment due to iron and prevent ROS production and metal-induced toxicity.
“Deferoxamine (DFO) and Deferiprone are main metal chelators for iron. They treat memory impairment due to iron and also prevent ROS production as well as metal induced toxicity.”
From Recent Advancements in Pathogenesis, Diagnostics and Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease (2020) · cites this paper as [126]
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- Authors
- Robert, A., Liu, Y., Nguyen, M., & Meunier, B.
- Affiliations
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Guangdong University of Technology (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Robert, Anne
- Meunier, Bernard
- Venue
- Accounts of Chemical Research
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2015-05-06
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1332-1339
- ISSN
- 0001-4842 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-4898
- OpenAlex
- W2404450481
- Cited by
- 212
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 15.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Accounts of Chemical Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Trace Elements in Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Metal complexes synthesis and properties
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, copper homeostasis, iron homeostasis, metal chelators, copper chelation, amyloid, oxidative stress, tetradentate ligands, clioquinol, redox-active metal ions, drug discovery
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Chelating Agents, Copper, Homeostasis, Humans, Iron, Organometallic Compounds, Molecular Structure
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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