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Ras Conformational Ensembles, Allostery, and Signaling
Abstract
Ras proteins are classical members of small GTPases that function as molecular switches by alternating between inactive GDP-bound and active GTP-bound states. Ras activation is regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors that catalyze the exchange of GDP by GTP, and inactivation is terminated by GTPase-activating proteins that accelerate the intrinsic GTP hydrolysis rate by orders of magnitude. In this review, we focus on data that have accumulated over the past few years pertaining to the conformational ensembles and the allosteric regulation of Ras proteins and their interpretation from our conformational landscape standpoint. The Ras ensemble embodies all states, including the ligand-bound conformations, the activated (or inactivated) allosteric modulated states, post-translationally modified states, mutational states, transition states, and nonfunctional states serving as a reservoir for emerging functions. The ensemble is shifted by distinct mutational events, cofactors, post-translational modifications, and different membrane compositions. A better understanding of Ras biology can contribute to therapeutic strategies.
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“Designing PPI inhibitors to block the interaction of RAS and RAS effect factors represents a promising paradigm for modulating RAS function and provides new impetus for the discovery of related drugs.86,326–329”
From Recent advances in targeting the “undruggable” proteins: from drug discovery to clinical trials (2023) · cites this paper as [327]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Lu, S., Jang, H., Muratcioglu, S., Gursoy, A., Keskin, O., Nussinov, R., & Zhang, J.
- Affiliations
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University (CN)
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (US)
- Tel Aviv University (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Nussinov, Ruth
- Zhang, Jian
- Venue
- Chemical Reviews
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2016-01-27
- Volume
- 116
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 6607-6665
- ISSN
- 0009-2665 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-6890
- OpenAlex
- W2260312731
- Cited by
- 355
- References
- 457
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 18
- FWCI
- 3.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Chemical Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (NCET-12-0355)
- National Cancer Institute (HHSN261200800001E)
- Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China (2015CB910403)
- Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (13QA1402300)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (81302698, 81322046, 81473137)
- Shanghai Municipal Health and Family Planning Commission (20154Y0058)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Kinase Regulation and GTPase Signaling
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Receptor Mechanisms and Signaling
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Structure and Dynamics
- Keywords
- Ras proteins, small GTPases, conformational ensembles, allosteric regulation, Ras signaling, guanine nucleotide exchange factor, GTPase-activating protein, post-translational modification, membrane composition, RAS mutations
- MeSH terms
- Allosteric Regulation, Guanosine Triphosphate, Protein Binding, Signal Transduction, Protein Structure, Tertiary, ras Proteins, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular, Catalytic Domain
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