When Microplastic Is Not Plastic: The Ingestion of Artificial Cellulose Fibers by Macrofauna Living in Seagrass Macrophytodetritus
Open accessAbstract
Dead leaves of the Neptune grass, Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile, in the Mediterranean coastal zone, are colonized by an abundant "detritivorous" invertebrate community that is heavily predated by fishes. This community was sampled in August 2011, November 2011, and March 2012 at two different sites in the Calvi Bay (Corsica). Ingested artificial fibers (AFs) of various sizes and colors were found in 27.6% of the digestive tracts of the nine dominant species regardless of their trophic level or taxon. No seasonal, spatial, size, or species-specific significant differences were revealed; suggesting that invertebrates ingest AFs at constant rates. Results showed that, in the gut contents of invertebrates, varying by trophic level, and across trophic levels, the overall ingestion of AFs was low (approximately 1 fiber per organism). Raman spectroscopy revealed that the ingested AFs were composed of viscose, an artificial, cellulose-based polymer. Most of these AFs also appeared to have been colored by industrial dyes. Two dyes were identified: Direct Blue 22 and Direct Red 28. The latter is known for being carcinogenic for vertebrates, potentially causing environmental problems for the P. oceanica litter community. Techniques such as Raman spectroscopy are necessary to investigate the particles composition, instead of relying on fragment size or color to identify the particles ingested by animals.
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The degradation of natural and semisynthetic fibers causes the release of toxics adsorbed (e.g., textile dyes) to the surface into the environment.
“Moreover, the degradation of natural and semisynthetic fibers causes the release of toxics adsorbed (i.e., textile dyes) to the surface into the environment [90,91].”
From Is Wild Marine Biota Affected by Microplastics? (2022) · cites this paper as [90]
The Discussion (page not supplied) says that degradation of cellulose by invertebrates could accelerate dye leakage in their digestive tracts, and identifies a potentially harmful dye on the studied artificial fibers. It does not establish that degradation of natural and semisynthetic fibers causes surface-adsorbed toxins to be released into the wider environment; the proposed leakage is conditional and limited to digestive tracts. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Duncan, E. M., Broderick, A. C., Fuller, W. J., Galloway, T. S., Godfrey, M. H., Hamann, M., Limpus, C. J., Lindeque, P. K., Mayes, A. G., Omeyer, L. C. M., et al. (2018) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.14519 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
“Indeed, this has begun to be reported elsewhere within the literature (Cai et al., 2017; Courtene‐Jones, Quinn, Gary, Mogg, & Narayanaswamy, 2017; Remy et al., 2015).”
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“However, because of their L/D ratio they are easily ingested by organisms (Remy et al., 2015; Lusher et al., 2013; Sanchez et al., 2014).”
BackgroundKaeppler, A., Fischer, M., Scholz‐Böttcher, B. M., Oberbeckmann, S., Labrenz, M., Fischer, D., Eichhorn, K., & Voit, B. I. (2018) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-018-1185-5 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
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“In addition to the risks posed by plastic microfibers, processed natural fibers, collected as part of this study could also pose a potential risk due to chemicals and dyes associated with clothing and textile manufacturing worldwide (Remy et al., 2015).”
BackgroundAtmospheric transport and deposition of microplastics in a subtropical urban environment
Huang, Y., He, T., Yan, M., Yang, L., Gong, H., Wang, W., Qing, X., & Wang, J. (2021) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126168 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Blair, R. M., Waldron, S., Phoenix, V. R., & Gauchotte‐Lindsay, C. (2019) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-019-04678-1 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
“Spectroscopy analysis via FTIR and Raman has been used successfully for further isolation of MP from non-MP fibres (Remy et al. 2015), highlighting the need for advanced chemical characterisation tools for proper MP quantification, especially in the case of fibres.”
BackgroundMethodAssessment of microplastics derived from mariculture in Xiangshan Bay, China
Chen, M., Jin, M., Tao, P., Wang, Z., Xie, W., Yu, X., & Wang, K. (2018) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.133 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Barrows, A., Christiansen, K. S., Bode, E. T., & Hoellein, T. J. (2018) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2018.10.013 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
“Even though semi-synthetic microfibers have less plastic and are composed of some fraction of naturally occurring fibers, synthetic and semi-synthetic microfibers can cause similar physical and chemical effects when ingested by aquatic animals (Remy et al. 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialContamination of table salts from Turkey with microplastics
Gündoğdu, S. (2018) · Food Additives & Contaminants Part A · doi:10.1080/19440049.2018.1447694 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
“Additionally, the spectra acquired were also compared to those reported by Lenz et al. (2015), Remy et al. (2015), Kappler et al. (2016) and Karami et al. (2017b).”
ResultCompa, M., Ventero, A., Iglesias, M., & Deudero, S. (2018) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.01.009 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
“Natural fibres on the other hand, are composed of natural materials primarily chemically modified viscose from the textile industry (Remy et al., 2015).”
BackgroundBråte, I. L. N., Hurley, R. R., Iversen, K., Beyer, J., Thomas, K. V., Steindal, C. C., Green, N. W., Olsen, M., & Lusher, A. (2018) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2018.08.077 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Towards the suitable monitoring of ingestion of microplastics by marine biota: A review
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Recovering microplastics from marine samples: A review of current practices
Miller, M. E., Kroon, F. J., & Motti, C. A. (2017) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.08.058 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
“Remy et al. (2015) used 99% bidistilled glycerin to preserve invertebrate digestive tracts during visual analysis, however, it was noted that subsequent (undefined) washing techniques to rid plastic fibers of the glycerin were “destructive” hindering the ability to identify microplastics.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWesch, C., Elert, A. M., Wörner, M., Braun, U., Klein, R., & Paulus, M. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-05838-4 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Yu, X., Ladewig, S. M., Bao, S., Toline, C. A., Whitmire, S. L., & Chow, A. T.-S. (2017) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.100 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Microplastic Pollution in Benthic Midstream Sediments of the Rhine River
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Lourenço, P. M., Serra-Gonçalves, C., Ferreira, J. L., Catry, T., & Granadeiro, J. P. (2017) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.103 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Seagrass beds acting as a trap of microplastics - Emerging hotspot in the coastal region?
Huang, Y., Xiao, X., Xu, C., Perianen, Y. D., Hu, J., & Holmer, M. (2019) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113450 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Goss, H., Jaskiel, J. E., & Rotjan, R. (2018) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.08.024 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
The imprint of microfibres in southern European deep seas
Sànchez‐Vidal, A., Thompson, R. C., Canals, M., & de Haan, W. P. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0207033 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
“This applies not only to plastic microfibres but also to cellulose fibres, which associated dyes or additives could also be potentially harmful for the biota [45].”
BackgroundLarue, C., Géraldine Sarret, B., Castillo-Michel, H. A., & Real, A. (2021) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.202005834 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Detection of low numbers of microplastics in North Sea fish using strict quality assurance criteria.
Hermsen, E., Pompe, R., Besseling, E., & Koelmans, A. (2017) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.06.051 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
“…numbers of fibres (Lusher et al., 2013; Rummel et al., 2016; Nadal et al., 2016; Desforges et al., 2015; Devriese et al., 2015; Neves et al., 2015; Remy et al., 2015; Mathalon and Hill, 2014; Anastasopoulou et al., 2013; Foekema et al., 2013; Claessens et al., 2011; Davison and Asch, 2011),…”
Microplastic/nanoplastic toxicity in plants: an imminent concern
Roy, T., Dey, T. K., & Jamal, M. (2022) · Environmental Monitoring and Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10661-022-10654-z · Cited by 207 · see citing works
“Furthermore, textile and clothing industries are also becoming potential hubs of MPs/NPs due to the rapid utilization of synthetic polymers, including polyester and polyamide (Mathalon and Hill 2014; Remy et al., 2015; Carney-Almroth et al., 2018).”
BackgroundPlastic Particle Ingestion by Wild Freshwater Fish: A Critical Review
Collard, F., Gasperi, J., Gabrielsen, G. W., & Tassin, B. (2019) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.9b03083 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Laundering and textile parameters influence fibers release in household washings
Cesa, F. S., Turra, A., Checon, H. H., Leonardi, B., & Baruque-Ramos, J. (2019) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113553 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Gouin, T. (2020) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.4718 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
“…of studies reporting fibrous particles also comes a need to accurately characterize their polymeric composition, particularly if natural cellulosic fibers and/or semisynthetic fibers such as rayon are to be differentiated from synthetic plastic fibers (Remy et al. 2015; Comnea‐Stancu et al. 2017).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAvio, C. G., Pittura, L., d’Errico, G., Abel, S. M., Amorello, S., Marino, G., Gorbi, S., & Regoli, F. (2019) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113766 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Hermabessière, L., Paul-Pont, I., Cassone, A.-L., Himber, C., Receveur, J., Jézéquel, R., Rakwe, M. E., Rinnert, E., Rivière, G., Christophe Lambert, B., et al. (2019) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.051 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Le Guen, C., Suaria, G., Sherley, R. B., Ryan, P. G., Aliani, S., Boehme, L., & Brierley, A. S. (2020) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.105303 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Provencher, J. F., Ammendolia, J., Rochman, C. M., & Mallory, M. L. (2019) · Environmental Reviews · doi:10.1139/er-2018-0079 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
“Several of the studies 271 focused efforts on sampling specific habitats and regions, and thus bathymetric ranges were similar 272 among the species sampled within a study (Remy et al. 2015; Lima et al. 2015; Gusmão et al. 2016).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialAssessment tools for microplastics and natural fibres ingested by fish in an urbanised estuary
Halstead, J. E., Smith, J. A., Carter, E. A., Lay, P. A., & Johnston, E. L. (2017) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.085 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Caron, A. G. M., Thomas, C. R., Berry, K., Motti, C. A., Ariel, E., & Brodie, J. (2018) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.12.062 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Alvim, C. B., Bes-Piá, A., & Mendoza‐Roca, J. A. (2020) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2020.126293 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Public attitudes towards microplastics: Perceptions, behaviors and policy implications
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Liu, Y., Zhang, J., Cai, C., He, Y., Chen, L., Xiong, X., Huang, H., Tao, S., & Liu, W. (2020) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114261 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Sources, transport, measurement and impact of nano and microplastics in urban watersheds
Birch, Q. T., Potter, P. M., Pinto, P. X., Dionysiou, D. D., & Al‐Abed, S. R. (2020) · Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology · doi:10.1007/s11157-020-09529-x · Cited by 182 · see citing works
“Semi-synthetic fibers, cellulosic materials, and other microliter also may have risks (Remy et al. 2015).”
BackgroundSeagrasses provide a novel ecosystem service by trapping marine plastics
Sànchez‐Vidal, A., Canals, M., de Haan, W. P., Romero, J., & Veny, M. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-79370-3 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Exposure of coastal environments to river-sourced plastic pollution
Harris, P. T., Westerveld, L., Nyberg, B., Maes, T., Macmillan-Lawler, M., & Appelquist, L. R. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145222 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
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Does Use Matter? Comparison of Environmental Impacts of Clothing Based on Fiber Type
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Natural or Synthetic—How Global Trends in Textile Usage Threaten Freshwater Environments
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Rapid and Efficient Method for the Detection of Microplastic in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Fishes
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Microfibers: a preliminary discussion on their definition and sources
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Characterization of Microplastics by Raman Spectroscopy
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Microplastics in bloom-forming macroalgae: Distribution, characteristics and impacts
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The Widespread Environmental Footprint of Indigo Denim Microfibers from Blue Jeans
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Improving microplastics source apportionment: a role for microplastic morphology and taxonomy?
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Microplastic accumulation in a Zostera marina L. bed at Deerness Sound, Orkney, Scotland.
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“This follows an emerging trend for studies in coastal areas where particles are subsequently analysed using μFT-IR or other spectral techniques such as Raman, which often find a high percentage of anthropogenic particles in seawater or ingested by marine species comprise modified-cellulose-based anthropogenic material…”
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“347 Indeed, characterisation of these particles by FTIR indicated that most identifiable debris were not 348 MP (Remy et al., 2015).”
BackgroundMicroplastic contamination in Auckland (New Zealand) beach sediments
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Microplastic and Fibre Contamination in a Remote Mountain Lake in Switzerland
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Anthropogenic particles ingestion in fish species from two areas of the western Mediterranean Sea
Rios-Fuster, B., Alomar, C., Compa, M., Guijarro, B., & Deudero, S. (2019) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.04.064 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
- Authors
- Remy, F., Collard, F., Gilbert, B., Compère, P., Eppe, G., & Lepoint, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Liège (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Remy, François
- Venue
- Environmental Science & Technology
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2015-08-27
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 18
- Pages
- 11158-11166
- ISSN
- 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5851
- OpenAlex
- W1498907367
- Cited by
- 378
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 15.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- orbi.uliege.be
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Environmental Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ORBi (University of Liège) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Fonds pour la Formation ? la Recherche dans l?Industrie et dans l?Agriculture
- Fiducie de Recherche sur la Foret des Cantons-de-l'Est (N?2.4511.09F)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Keywords
- microplastic ingestion, Posidonia oceanica, rayon, industrial dyes, Direct Red 28, Raman spectroscopy, gut contents, trophic levels, Bay of Calvi, Mediterranean coast
- MeSH terms
- Air Pollutants, Animals, Cellulose, France, Gastric Mucosa, Invertebrates, Plastics, Spectrum Analysis, Raman, Alismatales
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