Is Ongoing Sulfluramid Use in South America a Significant Source of Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS)? Production Inventories, Environmental Fate, and Local Occurrence

Löfstedt Gilljam, John; Leonel, Juliana; Cousins, Ian T.; Benskin, Jonathan P.

doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b04544

Cited by 131Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances researchPesticide and Herbicide Environmental StudiesToxic Organic Pollutants Impact

Is Ongoing Sulfluramid Use in South America a Significant Source of Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS)? Production Inventories, Environmental Fate, and Local Occurrence

Löfstedt Gilljam, John, Leonel, Juliana, Cousins, Ian T., Benskin, Jonathan P.·2016·Environmental Science & Technology

DOI 10.1021/acs.est.5b04544

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Abstract

Despite international phase-out initiatives, production and use of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and related substances continues in some countries. In Brazil, the PFOS-precursor N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide (EtFOSA) is used in Sulfluramid, a pesticide for controlling leaf-cutting ants. New data on production, environmental fate, and occurrence of Brazilian Sulfluramid are reported herein. From 2003 to 2013, Brazilian Sulfluramid manufacturing increased from 30 to 60 tonnes yr(-1) EtFOSA. During this time <1.3 tonnes yr(-1) were imported, while exports increased from ∼0.3 to 2 tonnes yr(-1). From 2004 to 2015, most EtFOSA was exported to Argentina (7.2 tonnes), Colombia (2.07 tonnes), Costa Rica (1.13 tonnes), Equador (2.16 tonnes), and Venezuela (2.4 tonnes). Within Brazil, sales occurred primarily in the states of Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Mato Grosso do Sul, Espírito Santo, and Bahia. Model simulations predict EtFOSA will partition to soils, while transformation products perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA) and PFOS are sufficiently mobile to leach into surface waters. In support of these predictions, up to 3400 pg L(-1) of FOSA and up to 1100 pg L(-1) of PFOS were measured in Brazilian surface water, while EtFOSA was not detected. The high FOSA/PFOS ratio observed here (up to 14:1) is unprecedented in the scientific literature to our knowledge. Depending on the extent of conversion of EtFOSA, cumulative Brazilian Sulfluramid production and import from 2004 to 2015 may contribute between 167 and 487 tonnes of PFOS/FOSA to the environment. These levels are clearly nontrivial and of concern since production is continuing unabated.

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Brazilian sulfluramid production between 2004 and 2015 could potentially have contributed to the release of 167-487 tons of PFOS/FOSA into the environment.
“Furthermore, it is estimated that Brazilian sulfluramid production between 2004 and 2015 could potentially have contributed to the release of 167–487 tons of PFOS/FOSA into the environment (Gilljam et al., 2015).”
From Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water and wastewater: A critical review of their global occurrence and distribution (2022) · cites this paper as Gilljam et al., 2015
Model simulations predict that once EtFOSA is released into the environment, it preferentially adsorbs to sediments.
“Their model simulations predict that once EtFOSA is released into the environment, it preferentially adsorbs to sediments.”
From Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water and wastewater: A critical review of their global occurrence and distribution (2022) · cites this paper as Gilljam et al., 2015
The origin of FOSA and PFOS in Brazil and Columbia was attributed to the widespread use of sulfluramid insecticides in the region.
“The origin of these pollutants was attributed to the widespread use of sulfluramid insecticides in this region (Gilljam et al., 2015; Rauert et al., 2018).”
From Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water and wastewater: A critical review of their global occurrence and distribution (2022) · cites this paper as Gilljam et al., 2015
The transformation products of EtFOSA - FOSA and PFOS - are highly mobile and immediately impact surface and groundwater.
“The transformation products of EtFOSA – perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA) and PFOS – are highly mobile and immediately impact the surface and groundwater.”
From Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water and wastewater: A critical review of their global occurrence and distribution (2022) · cites this paper as Gilljam et al., 2015
Evidence of EtFOSA transformation is documented from surface water contamination by FOSA and PFOS in Brazil and Columbia with uniquely high FOSA/PFOS ratios.
“Evidence of such transformation is documented from surface water contamination by FOSA and PFOS in Brazil and Columbia with uniquely high FOSA/PFOS ratios.”
From Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water and wastewater: A critical review of their global occurrence and distribution (2022) · cites this paper as Gilljam et al., 2015

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Horizontal and Vertical Distribution of Perfluoroalkyl Acids (PFAAs) in the Water Column of the Atlantic Ocean
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Perfluoroalkyl acids in aqueous samples from Germany and Kenya
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Confirming sulfluramid (EtFOSA) application as a precursor of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) in Brazilian agricultural soils
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First report of perfluoroalkyl substances in South African Odonata
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PCBs occurrence in marine bivalves and fish from Todos os Santos Bay, Bahia, Brazil
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Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Marine Mammals
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Testosterone-Mediated Endocrine Function and TH1/TH2 Cytokine Balance after Prenatal Exposure to Perfluorooctane Sulfonate: By Sex Status
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p K a prediction of per- and polyfluoroalkyl acids in water using in silico gas phase stretching vibrational frequencies and infrared intensities
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Occurrence and potential ecological risks of PFAS in Pampulha Lake, Brazil, a UNESCO world heritage site
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Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in urban PM2.5 samples from Curitiba, Brazil
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Mechanisms Underlying the Impacts of Lipids on the Diverse Bioavailability of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Foods
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Investigation of Transformation Pathways of Polyfluoroalkyl Substances during Chlorine Disinfection
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Push‐pull to manage leaf‐cutting ants: an effective strategy in forestry plantations
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Determination of perfluorooctane sulphonate and perfluorooctanoic acid in seafood and water from Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate area, Thailand
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BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN LEAF-CUTTING ANTS, Atta sexdens (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE), USING PATHOGENIC FUNGI
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Serum levels of perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid in pregnant women: Maternal predictors and associations with birth outcomes in the PIPA Project
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The Symbiotic Fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus (Möller) Singer (Agaricales, Agaricaceae) as a Target Organism to Control Leaf-Cutting Ants
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Behavioral Response of the Leaf-Cutting Ant Atta cephalotes (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) to Trichoderma sp.
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Degradation differences in N-ethylperfluorooctane sulfonamidoacetic acid by vacuum ultraviolet (VUV)/peroxydisulfate and VUV/sulfite: Kinetics, products, and mechanism
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Environmental occurrence of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid from sulfluramid-based ant bait usage and its ecotoxicological risks
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Profile of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, source appointment, and determinants in Argentinean postpartum women
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Inhibition of symbiote fungus of the leaf cutter ant Atta sexdens by secondary metabolites from the bacterium Xenorhabdus szentirmaii associated with entomopathogenic nematodes
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Evaporative Losses of Perfluoroalkyl Sulfonamides during PFAS Analysis
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Leaf-Cutter Ants and Microbial Control
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Linking Industrial Point Sources to PFAS Contamination in Wells: Michigan Case StudyPreprint
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Making the Connection Between PFASs and Agriculture Using the Example of Minnesota, USA: A Review
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Biotransformation, developmental toxicity, and hepatotoxicity of N-ethyl perfluorooctanesulfonamide (N-EtFOSA) in zebrafish (Danio rerio)
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TOXICITY OF ALKALOID FRACTIONS FROM Psychotria spp. (RUBIACEAE) AGAINST Atta sexdens FOREL, 1908 (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE)
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Spatio-seasonal distribution, precursor transformation, and ecological risks of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in port sediments: Insights from a subtropical urban harbor
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Assessment of Per- and Poly-Fluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Surface Waters Used for Urban Water Supply in Brazil
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The Atmospheric Pollution Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Perfluorohexane Sulfonic Acid in Beijing
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Agroecologia e educação profissional do campo
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Sulfluramid use in Brazilian agriculture: A source of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) to the environment
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Confirming sulfluramid (EtFOSA) application as a precursor of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) in Brazilian agricultural soils
Guida, Y., Torres, F. B. M., Barizon, R. R. M., Assalin, M. R., & Rosa, M. A. (2023) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138370 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Environmental occurrence of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid from sulfluramid-based ant bait usage and its ecotoxicological risks
Guida, Y., Barizon, R. R. M., Kummrow, F., Menezes-Sousa, D., Assalin, M. R., Rosa, M. A., Pazianotto, R. A. A., & Lana, J. T. D. O. (2025) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2025.121851 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Biodegradation and uptake of the pesticide sulfluramid in a soil-carrot mesocosm
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Self-citation
Características Físico-Químicas E Toxicológicas da Sulfluramida e suas Implicações Ambientais
Rodrigues, A. R., Gotto, A. J. D. O., Santos, B. D. O. S., Cardoso, J. C. M., Silva, N., & Espinosa, P. L. R. (2025) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental contamination · doi:10.5132/eec.2024.02.05

Authors: Löfstedt Gilljam, J., Leonel, J., Cousins, I. T., & Benskin, J. P.
Affiliations: Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
Universidade Federal da Bahia (BR)
Stockholm University (SE)
Corresponding author: Leonel, Juliana
Benskin, Jonathan P.
ORCID: Leonel, Juliana
Cousins, Ian T.
Benskin, Jonathan P.
Venue: Environmental Science & Technology
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Published: 2015-12-24
Volume: 50
Issue: 2
Pages: 653-659
ISSN: 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
1520-5851
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04544
OpenAlex: W2301272036
Cited by: 131
References: 37
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 7
FWCI: 8.60
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Environmental Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pesticide and Herbicide Environmental Studies
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
Keywords: PFOS, sulfluramid, perfluorooctane sulfonamide, fosA, environmental fate, South America, Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, Venezuela, Costa Rica
MeSH terms: Brazil, Environmental Monitoring, Fluorocarbons, Models, Theoretical, Sulfonamides, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Alkanesulfonic Acids

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Is Ongoing Sulfluramid Use in South America a Significant Source of Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS)? Production Inventories, Environmental Fate, and Local Occurrence

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