Chain elongation with reactor microbiomes: open-culture biotechnology to produce biochemicals
Open accessAbstract
Chain elongation into medium-chain carboxylates, such as n-caproate and n-caprylate, with ethanol as an electron donor and with open cultures of microbial consortia (i.e., reactor microbiomes) under anaerobic conditions is being developed as a biotechnological production platform. The goal is to use the high thermodynamic efficiency of anaerobic fermentation to convert organic biomass or organic wastes into valuable biochemicals that can be extracted. Several liter-scale studies have been completed and a first pilot-plant study is underway. However, the underlying microbial pathways are not always well understood. In addition, an interdisciplinary approach with knowledge from fields ranging from microbiology and chemical separations to biochemistry and environmental engineering is required. To bring together research from different fields, we reviewed the literature starting with the microbiology and ending with the bioprocess engineering studies that already have been performed. Because understanding the microbial pathways is so important to predict and steer performance, we delved into a stoichiometric and thermodynamic model that sheds light on the effect of substrate ratios and environmental conditions on product formation. Finally, we ended with an outlook.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The text we found for this paper looks like another document, so the self-check wasn’t run.
Cites
Biogas production: current state and perspectives
Weiland, P. (2009) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-009-2246-7 · Cited by 2,824 · see citing works
Absolute metabolite concentrations and implied enzyme active site occupancy in Escherichia coli
Bennett, B. D., Kimball, E. H., Gao, M., Osterhout, R., Van Dien, S. J., & Rabinowitz, J. D. (2009) · Nature Chemical Biology · doi:10.1038/nchembio.186 · Cited by 1,830 · see citing works
Production of bioenergy and biochemicals from industrial and agricultural wastewater
Angenent, L. T., Karim, K., Al‐Dahhan, M. H., Wrenn, B. A., & Domíguez-Espinosa, R. (2004) · Trends in biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2004.07.001 · Cited by 1,030 · see citing works
Self-citationWaste to bioproduct conversion with undefined mixed cultures: the carboxylate platform
Agler, M. T., Wrenn, B. A., Zinder, S. H., & Angenent, L. T. (2010) · Trends in biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2010.11.006 · Cited by 821 · see citing works
Self-citationBuckel, W., & Thauer, R. K. (2013) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics · doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.07.002 · Cited by 797 · see citing works
Self-citationMixed Culture Biotechnology for Bioenergy Production
Kleerebezem, R., & van Loosdrecht, M. C. (2007) · Current Opinion in Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2007.05.001 · Cited by 624 · see citing works
Yutin, N., & Galperin, M. Y. (2013) · Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1111/1462-2920.12173 · Cited by 569 · see citing works
The genome of <i>Clostridium kluyveri</i> , a strict anaerobe with unique metabolic features
Seedorf, H., Fricke, W. F., Veith, B., Brüggemann, H., Liesegang, H., Strittmatter, A., Miethke, M., Buckel, W., Hinderberger, J., Li, F., et al. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0711093105 · Cited by 506 · see citing works
Self-citationChain elongation in anaerobic reactor microbiomes to recover resources from waste
Spirito, C. M., Richter, H., Rabaey, K., Stams, A. J., & Angenent, L. T. (2014) · Current Opinion in Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2014.01.003 · Cited by 479 · see citing works
Self-citationKinetics of Anaerobic Treatment
Pavlostathis, S. G., & Giraldo-Gomez, E. (1991) · Water Science and Technology · doi:10.2166/wst.1991.0217 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
Bacterial community structures are unique and resilient in full-scale bioenergy systems
Werner, J. J., Knights, D., García, M. L., Scalfone, N. B., Smith, S., Yarasheski, K. E., Cummings, T. A., Beers, A. R., Knight, R. D., & Angenent, L. T. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1015676108 · Cited by 470 · see citing works
Self-citationSteinbusch, K. J. J., Hamelers, H. V. M., Plugge, C. M., & Buisman, C. J. N. (2011) · Energy Environ. Sci. · doi:10.1039/c0ee00282h · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Self-citationSelection of slow growing organisms as a means for improving aerobic granular sludge stability
de Kreuk, M., & van Loosdrecht, M. C. M. (2004) · Water Science & Technology · doi:10.2166/wst.2004.0792 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Li, F., Hinderberger, J., Seedorf, H., Zhang, J., Buckel, W., & Thauer, R. K. (2008) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.01417-07 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Self-citationEnergy conservation via electron-transferring flavoprotein in anaerobic bacteria
Herrmann, G., Jayamani, E., Mai, G., & Buckel, W. (2008) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.01422-07 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Self-citationChain elongation with reactor microbiomes: upgrading dilute ethanol to medium-chain carboxylates
Agler, M. T., Spirito, C. M., Usack, J. G., Werner, J. J., & Angenent, L. T. (2012) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c2ee22101b · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Self-citationGenthner, B. R. S., Davis, C. L., & Bryant, M. P. (1981) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.42.1.12-19.1981 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Microbial electrosynthesis of butyrate from carbon dioxide
Ganigué, R., Puig, S., Batlle‐Vilanova, P., Balaguer, M. D., & Colprim, J. (2015) · Chemical Communications · doi:10.1039/c4cc10121a · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Annales de chimie et de physique
Damien, B.-C. (1888) · Journal de Physique Théorique et Appliquée · doi:10.1051/jphystap:018880070038100 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Conversion of l-lactate into n-caproate by a continuously fed reactor microbiome
Kucek, L. A., Nguyen, M. T., & Angenent, L. T. (2016) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.018 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Self-citationGe, S., Usack, J. G., Spirito, C. M., & Angenent, L. T. (2015) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b00238 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Self-citationTwo-stage medium chain fatty acid (MCFA) production from municipal solid waste and ethanol
Grootscholten, T. I. M., Strik, D. P. B. T. B., Steinbusch, K. J. J., Buisman, C. J. N., & Hamelers, H. V. M. (2013) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.11.061 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Self-citationInfluence of the pH on (open) mixed culture fermentation of glucose: A chemostat study
Temudo, M. F., Kleerebezem, R., & van Loosdrecht, M. C. M. (2007) · Biotechnology and Bioengineering · doi:10.1002/bit.21412 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Zhu, X., Tao, Y., Liang, C., Li, X., Wei, N., Zhang, W., Zhou, Y., Yang, Y., & Bo, T. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep14360 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Wang, S., Huang, H., Moll, J., & Thauer, R. K. (2010) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.00612-10 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
A Generalized Method for Thermodynamic State Analysis of Environmental Systems
Kleerebezem, R., & van Loosdrecht, M. C. M. (2010) · Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/10643380802000974 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Biohydrogen production in a granular activated carbon anaerobic fluidized bed reactor
ZHANG, Z., Tay, J. H., Show, K.-Y., YAN, R., TEELIANG, D., Lee, D., & JIANG, W. (2006) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2006.08.017 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Zhang, F., Ding, J., Zhang, Y., Chen, M., Ding, Z., van Loosdrecht, M. C. M., & Zeng, R. J. (2013) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2013.07.033 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Steinbusch, K. J. J., Hamelers, H. V. M., & Buisman, C. J. N. (2008) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2008.05.032 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Energy Metabolism of Clostridium kluyveri
Thauer, R. K., Jungermann, K. A., Henninger, H., Wenning, J., & Decker, K. (1968) · European Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1968.tb00189.x · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Metabolism and some characteristics of ruminal strains of Megasphaera elsdenii
Marounek, M., Fliegrova, K., & Bartoš, S. (1989) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.55.6.1570-1573.1989 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Carboxylate Platform: The MixAlco Process Part 1: Comparison of Three Biomass Conversion Platforms
Holtzapple, M. T., & Granda, C. B. (2009) · Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s12010-008-8466-y · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Upgrading dilute ethanol from syngas fermentation to n-caproate with reactor microbiomes
Vasudevan, D., Richter, H., & Angenent, L. T. (2014) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2013.09.105 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Self-citationIsolation, characterization, and quantification of Clostridium kluyveri from the bovine rumen
Weimer, P. J., & Stevenson, D. M. (2011) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-011-3751-z · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Chain elongation of acetate and ethanol in an upflow anaerobic filter for high rate MCFA production
Grootscholten, T. I. M., Steinbusch, K. J. J., Hamelers, H. V. M., & Buisman, C. J. N. (2012) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2012.10.165 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Self-citationA Two-Stage Continuous Fermentation System for Conversion of Syngas into Ethanol
Richter, H., Martin, M. E., & Angenent, L. T. (2013) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en6083987 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Self-citationPROPERTIES OF A FATTY ACID FORMING ORGANISM ISOLATED FROM THE RUMEN OF SHEEP
Elsden, S. R., Volcani, B. E., Gilchrist, F. M. C., & Lewis, D. (1956) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.72.5.681-689.1956 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Weimer, P. J., Nerdahl, M. A., & Brandl, D. J. (2014) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2014.10.054 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Grootscholten, T. I. M., Steinbusch, K. J. J., Hamelers, H. V. M., & Buisman, C. J. N. (2013) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2013.02.114 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Self-citationIn-line and selective phase separation of medium-chain carboxylic acids using membrane electrolysis
Xu, J., Guzman, J. J. L., Andersen, S. J., Rabaey, K., & Angenent, L. T. (2015) · Chemical Communications · doi:10.1039/c5cc01897h · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Self-citationClostridium kluyverii, an Organism Concerned in the Formation of Caproic Acid from Ethyl Alcohol
Barker, H. A., & Taha, S. M. (1942) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.43.3.347-363.1942 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
THE ENERGY METABOLISM OF CLOSTRIDIUM KLUYVERI AND THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS
Bornstein, B. T., & Barker, H. A. (1948) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)52752-1 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Promoting chain elongation in mixed culture acidification reactors by addition of ethanol
Grootscholten, T. I. M., Borgo, F. K. D., Hamelers, H. V. M., & Buisman, C. J. N. (2012) · Biomass and Bioenergy · doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.11.019 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Self-citationCaproate formation in mixed-culture fermentative hydrogen production
Ding, H.-B., Tan, G.-Y. A., & Wang, J. (2010) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2010.07.056 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
The synthesis of butyric and caproic acids from ethanol and acetic acid by Clostridium kluyveri
Barker, H. A., Kamen, M. D., & Bornstein, B. T. (1945) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.31.12.373 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Linking thermodynamics and kinetics to assess pathway reversibility in anaerobic bioprocesses
González‐Cabaleiro, R., Lema, J. M., Rodríguez, J., & Kleerebezem, R. (2013) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c3ee42754d · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Studies on the substrate range of Clostridium kluyveri; the use of propanol and succinate
Kenealy, W. R., & Waselefsky, D. M. (1985) · Archives of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/bf00408056 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
1-Hexene: a renewable C6 platform for full-performance jet and diesel fuels
Harvey, B. G., & Meylemans, H. A. (2013) · Green Chemistry · doi:10.1039/c3gc41554f · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Chowdhury, N. P., Mowafy, A. M., Demmer, J. K., Upadhyay, V., Koelzer, S., Jayamani, E., Kahnt, J., Hornung, M., Demmer, U., Ermler, U., et al. (2013) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m113.521013 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Self-citationKenealy, W. R., Cao, Y., & Weimer, P. J. (1995) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/bf00169952 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Biorefining of biomass to liquid fuels and organic chemicals
Levy, P. F., Sanderson, J. E., Kispert, R. G., et al. (1981) · Enzyme and Microbial Technology · doi:10.1016/0141-0229(81)90087-9 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
(1995) · Water Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/0273-1223(96)00005-4 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE LIGHT AND DARK FERMENTATIONS OF ORGANIC ACIDS BY RHODOSPIRILLUM RUBRUM
Kohlmiller, E. F., & Gest, H. (1951) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.61.3.269-282.1951 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Choi, K., Jeon, B. S., Kim, B.-C., Oh, M., Um, Y., & Sang, B. (2013) · Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s12010-013-0310-3 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Weimer, P. J., & Moen, G. N. (2012) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-012-4645-4 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Andersen, S. J., Candry, P., Basadre, T., Khor, W. C., Roume, H., Hernandez‐Sanabria, E., Coma, M., & Rabaey, K. (2015) · Biotechnology for Biofuels · doi:10.1186/s13068-015-0396-7 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Sträuber, H., Schröder, M., & Kleinsteuber, S. (2012) · Energy Sustainability and Society · doi:10.1186/2192-0567-2-13 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Jeon, B. S., Moon, C., Kim, B.-C., Kim, H., Um, Y., & Sang, B. (2013) · Enzyme and Microbial Technology · doi:10.1016/j.enzmictec.2013.02.008 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Wallace, R. J., McKain, N., McEwan, N. R., et al. (2003) · INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY · doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02110-0 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Production of hexanoic acid from d-galactitol by a newly isolated Clostridium sp. BS-1
Jeon, B. S., Kim, B.-C., Um, Y., & Sang, B. (2010) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-010-2827-5 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Microbial energetics applied to waste repositories
Hanselmann, K. W. (1991) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/bf01958816 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
High rate heptanoate production from propionate and ethanol using chain elongation
Grootscholten, T. I. M., Steinbusch, K. J. J., Hamelers, H. V. M., & Buisman, C. J. N. (2013) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2013.02.085 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Self-citationAgler, M. T., Spirito, C. M., Usack, J. G., Werner, J. J., & Angenent, L. T. (2014) · Water Science and Technology · doi:10.2166/wst.2013.549 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationSträuber, H., Lucas, R., & Kleinsteuber, S. (2015) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-015-6996-0 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Effect of hydrogen and carbon dioxide on carboxylic acids patterns in mixed culture fermentation
Arslan, D., Steinbusch, K. J. J., Diels, L., et al. (2012) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2012.05.003 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationRogosa, M. (1971) · International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology · doi:10.1099/00207713-21-2-187 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Xiong, B., Richard, T. L., & Kumar, M. (2015) · Journal of Membrane Science · doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2015.04.022 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Energetic and rate effects on methanogenesis of ethanol and propionate in perturbed CSTRs
Smith, D. P., & McCarty, P. L. (1989) · Biotechnology and Bioengineering · doi:10.1002/bit.260340106 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Considerations on the energy metabolism of Clostridium kluyveri
Schoberth, S. M., & Gottschalk, G. (1969) · Archives of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/bf00412211 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Carboxylic acid production from brewer’s spent grain via mixed culture fermentation
Liang, S., & Wan, C. (2015) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2015.01.082 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Reduced product formation following perturbation of ethanol‐ and propionate‐fed methanogenic CSTRs
Smith, D. P., & McCarty, P. L. (1989) · Biotechnology and Bioengineering · doi:10.1002/bit.260340702 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Wallace, R. J., Chaudhary, L. C., Miyagawa, E., McKain, N., & Walker, N. D. (2004) · Microbiology · doi:10.1099/mic.0.27190-0 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Agler, M. T., Werner, J. J., Iten, L. B., Dekker, A., Cotta, M. A., Dien, B. S., & Angenent, L. T. (2012) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es302352c · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationLiang, S., Gliniewicz, K., Mendes‐Soares, H., Settles, M. L., Forney, L. J., Coats, E. R., & McDonald, A. G. (2014) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2014.12.032 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
The Synthesis of One‐Carbon Units from CO2 in Clostridium kluyveri
Jungermann, K. A., Thauer, R. K., & Decker, K. (1968) · European Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1968.tb19536.x · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The fermentation of lactic acid by a Gram-negative coccus
Ladd, J. N. (1959) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj0710016 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Zhang, F., Zhang, Y., Chen, M., van Loosdrecht, M. C. M., & Zeng, R. J. (2013) · Biotechnology and Bioengineering · doi:10.1002/bit.24855 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
or, J. C. V. N., van Loosdrecht, M. C. M., Picioreanu, C., et al. (2000) · Water Science & Technology · doi:10.2166/wst.2000.0462 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Inactivation of Ascaris suum by Short-Chain Fatty Acids
Butkus, M., Hughes, K. T., Bowman, D. D., Liotta, J. L., Jenkins, M. B., & Labare, M. P. (2010) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.01675-10 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Scale Effects on Hydrodynamic and Mass Transfer Characteristics of External Loop Airlift Reactors
Benyahia, F., & Jones, L. (1997) · Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4660(199707)69:3 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Barker, H. A. (1947) · Antonie van Leeuwenhoek · doi:10.1007/bf02272663 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
13C NMR studies of butyric fermentation in Clostridium kluyveri.
Smith, G. M., Kim, B. W., Franke, A. A., et al. (1985) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(17)38751-3 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
A serendipic legacy: Erwin Esmarch's isolation of the first photosynthetic bacterium in pure culture
Gest, H. (1995) · Photosynthesis Research · doi:10.1007/bf00032302 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Technical photosynthesis involving CO2 electrolysis and fermentation
Haas, T., Krause, R., Weber, R., Demler, M., & Schmid, G. (2018) · Nature Catalysis · doi:10.1038/s41929-017-0005-1 · Cited by 649 · see citing works
Liew, F., Martin, M. E., Tappel, R. C., Heijstra, B. D., Mihalcea, C., & Köpke, M. (2016) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00694 · Cited by 485 · see citing works
Moscoviz, R., Trably, E., Bernet, N., & Carrère, H. (2018) · Green Chemistry · doi:10.1039/c8gc00572a · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Ma, H., Lin, Y., Jin, Y., Gao, M., Li, H., Wang, Q., Ge, S., Cai, L., Huang, Z., Van Le, Q., et al. (2021) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115936 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Wu, Q., Feng, X., Chen, Y., Liu, M., & Bao, X. (2021) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123471 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
- Authors
- Angenent, L. T., Richter, H., Buckel, W., Spirito, C. M., Steinbusch, K. J. J., Plugge, C. M., Strik, D. P. B. T. B., Grootscholten, T. I. M., Buisman, C. J. N., & Hamelers, H. V. M.
- Affiliations
- Cornell University (US)
- Philipps University of Marburg (DE)
- Wageningen University & Research (NL)
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Angenent, Largus T.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Environmental Science & Technology
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2016-02-25
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 2796-2810
- ISSN
- 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5851
- OpenAlex
- W2265953077
- Cited by
- 689
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 100 · 2025: 80 · 2024: 92 · 2023: 78 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 66 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 14
- FWCI
- 6.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.wur.nl
- Locations
- Environmental Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Army Research Office (W911NF-12-1-0555)
- National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NYC-123452)
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (FP-91763801-0)
- Wageningen University
- Division of Chemical, Bioengineering, Environmental, and Transport Systems (1336186)
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory
- BE-Basic Foundation
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas Production
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Microbial Fuel Cells and Bioremediation
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Biofuel production and bioconversion
- Keywords
- chain extension, microbial consortia, n-caproate, anaerobic fermentation, biochemical production, biomass conversion, organic waste valorization, stoichiometric modeling, thermodynamic modeling, substrate ratio, bioprocess engineering
- MeSH terms
- Bacteria, Fermentation, Organic Chemicals, Bioreactors, Microbiota
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
