Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 654

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 37 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

CO2 Copolymers from Epoxides: Catalyst Activity, Product Selectivity, and Stereochemistry Control

Lu, Xiao-Bing, Ren, Wei-Min, Wu, Guang-Peng·2012·Accounts of Chemical Research
DOI 10.1021/ar300035z
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The use of carbon dioxide as a carbon source for the synthesis of organic chemicals can contribute to a more sustainable chemical industry. Because CO(2) is such a thermodynamically stable molecule, few effective catalysts are available to facilitate this transformation. Currently, the major industrial processes that convert CO(2) into viable products generate urea and hydroxybenzoic acid. One of the most promising new technologies for the use of this abundant, inexpensive, and nontoxic renewable resource is the alternating copolymerization of CO(2) and epoxides to provide biodegradable polycarbonates, which are highly valuable polymeric materials. Because this process often generates byproducts, such as polyether or ether linkages randomly dispersed within the polycarbonate chains and/or the more thermodynamically stable cyclic carbonates, the choice of catalyst is critical for selectively obtaining the expected product. In this Account, we outline our efforts to develop highly active Co(III)-based catalysts for the selective production of polycarbonates from the alternating copolymerization of CO(2) with epoxides. Binary systems consisting of simple (salen)Co(III)X and a nucleophilic cocatalyst exhibited high activity under mild conditions even at 0.1 MPa CO(2) pressure and afforded copolymers with >99% carbonate linkages and a high regiochemical control (∼95% head-to-tail content). Discrete, one-component (salen)Co(III)X complexes bearing an appended quaternary ammonium salt or sterically hindered Lewis base showed excellent activity in the selectively alternating copolymerization of CO(2) with both aliphatic epoxides and cyclohexene oxide at high temperatures with low catalyst loading and/or low pressures of CO(2). Binary or one-component catalysts based on unsymmetric multichiral Co(III) complexes facilitated the efficient enantioselective copolymerization of CO(2) with epoxides, providing aliphatic polycarbonates with >99% head-to-tail content. These systems were also very efficient in catalyzing the terpolymerization of cyclohexene oxide, propylene oxide and CO(2). The resulting terpolymer had a single glass-transition temperature and a single thermolysis peak. This Account also provides a thorough mechanistic understanding of the high activities, excellent selectivities, and unprecedented stereochemical control of these Co(III)-based catalysts in the production of CO(2) copolymers . The catalysis occurs through a cooperative monometallic mechanism, in which the Lewis acidic Co(III) ion serves as electrophile to activate then epoxide and the nucleophilic counterion or cocatalyst serves as a nucleophile to initiate polymer-chain growth. The high activity and excellent regioselectivity observed in the epoxide ring-opening reactions results from epoxide activation through the moderate electrophilicity of the Co(III) ion, the fast insertion of CO(2) into the Co-O bond, and the facile dissociation of the propagating carboxylate species from the central metal ion. The reversible intra- or intermolecular Co-O bond formation and dissociation helps to stabilize the active Co(III) species against reversion to the inactive Co(II) ion. We also describe our laboratory's recent preparation of the first crystalline CO(2)-based polymer via highly stereospecific copolymerization of CO(2) and meso-cyclohexene oxide and the selective synthesis of perfectly alternating polycarbonates from the coupling of CO(2) with epoxides bearing an electron-withdrawing group.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1021/ar300035z

Cites

37 of 37 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Cited by

See all 654

Metadata

Authors
Lu, X.-B., Ren, W.-M., & Wu, G.-P.
Venue
Accounts of Chemical Research
Publisher
American Chemical Society (ACS)
Published
2012-08-02
Volume
45
Issue
10
Pages
1721-1735
ISSN
  • 0001-4842 (ISSN-L)
  • 1520-4898
DOI
10.1021/ar300035z
OpenAlex
W1991001415
Cited by
654
References
37
FWCI
27.03
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.