Sensitive, High-Strain, High-Rate Bodily Motion Sensors Based on Graphene–Rubber Composites
Open accessAbstract
Monitoring of human bodily motion requires wearable sensors that can detect position, velocity and acceleration. They should be cheap, lightweight, mechanically compliant and display reasonable sensitivity at high strains and strain rates. No reported material has simultaneously demonstrated all the above requirements. Here we describe a simple method to infuse liquid-exfoliated graphene into natural rubber to create conducting composites. These materials are excellent strain sensors displaying 104-fold increases in resistance and working at strains exceeding 800%. The sensitivity is reasonably high, with gauge factors of up to 35 observed. More importantly, these sensors can effectively track dynamic strain, working well at vibration frequencies of at least 160 Hz. At 60 Hz, we could monitor strains of at least 6% at strain rates exceeding 6000%/s. We have used these composites as bodily motion sensors, effectively monitoring joint and muscle motion as well and breathing and pulse.
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Respiration rate can be accessed by measuring the deformation associated with respiration using wearable strain or pressure sensors placed on the chest, or by measuring the pressure caused by the air flow using a pressure sensor placed under the nose.
“It can be accessed by measuring the deformation associated with respiration using wearable strain [103,120,121] or pressure sensors [57] placed on the chest, or by measuring the pressure caused by the air flow using a pressure sensor placed under the nose.[141]”
From Nanomaterial-Enabled Wearable Sensors for Healthcare (2018) · cites this paper as [120]
Wearable strain sensors with a large strain detection range are widely used to monitor body motions, including finger bending, forearm muscle movements, and knee motions.
“Wearable strain sensors with a large strain detection range are widely used to monitor body motions, including finger bending, [41,52,120,123,126] forearm muscle movements, [21,44,52,103,120,123,153] and knee motions.[41,121,153]”
From Nanomaterial-Enabled Wearable Sensors for Healthcare (2018) · cites this paper as [120]
Phonation vibrations and voice patterns can be monitored using a strain sensor or a pressure sensor attached to the neck.
“The phonation vibrations and voice patterns can be monitored using a strain sensor [44,52,103,120,121,123,126] or a pressure sensor [57,141] attached to the neck.”
From Nanomaterial-Enabled Wearable Sensors for Healthcare (2018) · cites this paper as [120]
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- Authors
- Boland, C. S., Khan, U., Backes, C., O’Neill, A., McCauley, J., Duane, S., Shanker, R., Liu, Y., Jurewicz, I., Dalton, A. B., & Coleman, J. N.
- Affiliations
- Trinity College Dublin (IE)
- University of Surrey (GB)
- University of Surrey , , , ,
- Corresponding author
- Coleman, Jonathan N.
- ORCID
- Venue
- ACS Nano
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2014-08-06
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 8819-8830
- ISSN
- 1936-0851 (ISSN-L)
- 1936-086X
- OpenAlex
- W2171632855
- Cited by
- 793
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 58 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 75 · 2020: 86 · 2019: 102 · 2018: 136 · 2017: 79 · 2016: 53 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 29.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- ACS Nano (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey) (submittedVersion)
- Sussex Research Online (University of Sussex) (submittedVersion)
- Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Open Research (University of Surrey) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (NA)
- European Commission (604391)
- Science Foundation Ireland (11/PI/1087)
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices, Trinity College Dublin (NA)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Nanomaterials and Printing Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Graphene research and applications
- Keywords
- wearable sensors, strain sensors, natural rubber, conductive composites, gauge factor, vibration sensing, joint movement, respiratory monitoring, pulse monitoring
- MeSH terms
- Elasticity, Graphite, Humans, Monitoring, Physiologic, Movement, Rubber, Stress, Mechanical
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