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Cited by 576Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting MaterialsNanomaterials and Printing TechnologiesNon-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring

Nanomaterial-Enabled Wearable Sensors for Healthcare

Open access
Yao, Shanshan, Swetha, Puchakayala, Zhu, Yong·2018·Advanced Healthcare Materials
DOI 10.1002/adhm.201700889
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Abstract

Highly sensitive wearable sensors that can be conformably attached to human skin or integrated with textiles to monitor the physiological parameters of human body or the surrounding environment have garnered tremendous interest. Owing to the large surface area and outstanding material properties, nanomaterials are promising building blocks for wearable sensors. Recent advances in the nanomaterial‐enabled wearable sensors including temperature, electrophysiological, strain, tactile, electrochemical, and environmental sensors are presented in this review. Integration of multiple sensors for multimodal sensing and integration with other components into wearable systems are summarized. Representative applications of nanomaterial‐enabled wearable sensors for healthcare, including continuous health monitoring, daily and sports activity tracking, and multifunctional electronic skin are highlighted. Finally, challenges, opportunities, and future perspectives in the field of nanomaterial‐enabled wearable sensors are discussed.

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Crossref · 10.1002/adhm.201700889

Cites

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Claims the paper makes

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  • Premisecitation

    Environmental monitoring of humidity, harmful gases, and airborne particulates can provide valuable information for the prediction, management, and treatment of chronic diseases.

    “humidity level, and concentration of harmful gases, and airborne particulates can provide valuable information for the prediction, management, and treatment of chronic diseases.[4,5]”
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  • Premisecitation

    According to percolation theory, nanowires, nanotubes, or nanofibers are more effective in forming conductive pathways compared to nanoparticles.

    “According to the percolation theory, [10,11] nanowires, nanotubes, or nanofibers are more effective in forming conductive pathways compared to nanoparticles.”
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  • Premisecitation

    Long-term and continuous monitoring of vital signs is particularly important in early diagnosis of diseases, management of chronic diseases, and timely response to life-threatening situations.

    “Long-term and continuous monitoring of vital signs is particularly important in early diagnosis of diseases, management of chronic diseases such as diabetes, asthma, hypertension, and severe obesity, and timely response to life-threatening situations such as seizure and cardiac arrest.[2,3]”
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  • Interpretationreasoning

    Nanomaterials are promising building blocks for wearable sensors owing to their large surface area and outstanding material properties.

    “Owing to the large surface area and outstanding material properties, nanomaterials are promising building blocks for wearable sensors.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Premisecitation

    The temperature sensitivity of the serpentine CuNW mesh was ≈0.7 Ω °C−1 over the range RT to 50 °C.

    “The temperature sensitivity was ≈0.7 Ω °C -1 over the range of RT to 50 °C.[23]”
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    Premisecitation

    CuNW mesh patterned into serpentine shape achieved a stretchability up to 80%.

    “As shown in Figure 1a, CuNW mesh was patterned into serpentine shape and achieved a stretchability up to 80%.[23]”
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    Interpretationreasoning

    Nanomaterial-based sensors exhibit improved sensor performances and mechanical robustness compared to those based on bulk materials.

    “Due to the superior electrical/physical/chemical/ mechanical properties, nanomaterial-based sensors exhibit improved sensor performances and mechanical robustness compared to those based on the bulk materials.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

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    Premisecitation

    Continuous tracking of daily and sports activities can offer an efficient way to assess well-being and athletic performances.

    “continuous tracking of daily and sports activities can offer an efficient way to assess the well-being and athletic performances.[6]”
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    Premisecitation

    Wearable temperature monitoring requires good flexibility, fast response, wide sensing range (25-50 °C) and high sensitivity (down to ±0.1 °C in 37-39 °C and ±0.2 °C for below 37 °C and above 39 °C).

    “Wearable temperature monitoring requires good flexibility, fast response, wide sensing range (25-50 °C) and high sensitivity (down to ±0.1 °C in the temperature range of 37-39 °C and ±0.2 °C for below 37 °C and above 39 °C).[6,73,74]”
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    Premisecitation

    AgNW/PDMS dry electrodes showed comparable performance with pregelled Ag/AgCl electrodes when the subject was resting and outperformed them with less motion artifacts under movements.

    “It turned out that the AgNW/ PDMS dry electrodes showed comparable performance with the pregelled Ag/AgCl electrodes when the subject was resting and outperformed the pregelled Ag/AgCl electrodes with less motion artifacts under movements”
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    Premisecitation

    The CNT/aPDMS electrode patch was ultrathin (120 μm), extremely compliant (modulus of 27.5 kPa) and waterproof.

    “the resulting electrode patch (Figure 3e) was ultrathin (120 µm), extremely compliant (modulus of 27.5 kPa) and waterproof.”
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    Premisecitation

    Tensile strain decreased the contact area between adjacent crumpled graphene and increased the contact resistance, leading to higher sensitivity at larger strain.

    “Tensile strain decreased the contact area between adjacent crumpled graphene and increased the contact resistance, leading to higher sensitivity at larger strain.[49]”
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    Premisecitation

    Capacitive electrodes do not form direct electrical contact with skin, which makes them reusable, electrically safe and free from irritating the skin.

    “The capacitive electrodes do not form direct electrical contact with skin, which makes them reusable, electrically safe and free from irritating the skin.[99]”
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    Premisecitation

    Conventional metal thin film based strain sensors have a limited strain range and a relatively small gauge factor (typically ≈2).

    “Conventional metal thin film based strain sensors have a limited strain range and a relatively small gauge factor (GF), relative change in electrical signal divided by the applied strain (typically ≈2), [101,102] which make them challenging for wearable applications.”
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    Premisecitation

    Capacitive strain sensors possess good linearity with low hysteresis, fast response, and are less susceptible to overshoot and creep.

    “Capacitive strain sensors possess good linearity with low hysteresis, fast response, and are less susceptible to overshoot and creep.[107]”
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    Premisenone given

    A capacitive strain sensor relies on the geometrical effect of a stretchable capacitor to measure strain.

    “A capacitive strain sensor relies on the geometrical effect of a stretchable capacitor to measure the strain.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Monitoring of human body would require sensors with a large strain range (e.g., up to 100% for joint motions) and/or high sensitivity (e.g., down to 0.1% for subtle deformations).

    “Monitoring of human body would require sensors with a large strain range (e.g., to monitor large deformations associated with human joint motions, where the strain can be as large as 100%) and/or high sensitivity (e.g., to monitor subtle deformations induced by blood pulse, breathing, facial expression, and so on, where the strain can be as small as 0.1%).[6,103]”
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    Premisecitation

    Most resistive strain sensors exhibit large stretchability and high sensitivity, but many suffer from nonlinear response, large hysteresis, and irreversibility.

    “While most resistive strain sensors exhibit large stretchability and high sensitivity, many suffer from nonlinear response, large hysteresis, and irreversibility.[107]”
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    Premisecitation

    Higher density AgNW networks and higher aspect ratio resulted in better linearity but lower sensitivity.

    “Higher density AgNW networks and higher aspect ratio resulted in better linearity but lower sensitivity.”
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    Interpretationreasoning

    Resistive strain sensors are often not reversible and thus cannot be used repeatedly.

    “Since the nanomaterials cannot completely slide back and the cracks cannot completely close when unloaded, the resistive strain sensors are often not reversible and thus cannot be used repeatedly.”
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    Premisecitation

    A capacitive strain sensor fabricated with stretchable AgNW/PDMS conductors as top and bottom electrodes and Ecoflex as dielectric exhibited good linearity, a gauge factor of 0.7, and a sensing range of 50%.

    “a capacitive strain sensor was fabricated with stretchable AgNW/PDMS conductors as the top and bottom electrodes and Ecoflex as the dielectric material.The sensor exhibited good linearity, GF of 0.7 and a sensing range of 50%.[41]”
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    Premisecitation

    Similar rosette arrangements were also used for CNT-Ecoflex nanocomposite enabled strain sensors.

    “Similar rosette arrangements were also used for CNT-Ecoflex nanocomposite enabled strain sensors.[136]”
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    Premisecitation

    Three identical transparent graphene/PDMS strain sensors were arranged into Delta rosette with relative orientations of 120°.

    “three identical transparent graphene/PDMS strain sensors were arranged into Delta rosette with relative orientations of 120 °C, as shown in Figure 4f.[135]”
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    Premisenone given

    Piezoelectric strain sensors are based on the piezoelectric characteristic of non-centrosymmetric materials, where electric charges are generated in response to applied strain.

    “Piezoelectric strain sensors are based on the piezoelectric characteristic of non-centrosymmetric materials, where electric charges are generated in response to applied strain.”
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    Premisecitation

    The active matrix strain sensor was able to detect a small strain range (up to 0.3%) with a high gauge factor of 389 and an extremely low strain detection limit of 0.008%.

    “The active matrix strain sensor was able to detect a small strain range (up to 0.3%) with a high GF of 389 and an extremely low strain detection limit of 0.008%.”
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    Premisenone given

    The electrical responses of a stretchable sensor along different axes are usually coupled due to Poisson's effect.

    “The electrical responses of a stretchable sensor along different axes are usually coupled due to Poisson's effect.”
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    Premisecitation

    Piezoelectric strain sensors typically have fast response, high gauge factor, low power consumption but limited stretchability.

    “Piezoelectric strain sensors typically have fast response, high gauge factor, low power consumption but limited stretchability.[6]”
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  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    For wearable pressure sensors used for healthcare applications, the sensors should be highly compliant to accommodate skin deformations and highly sensitive to capture small pressure associated with biosignals such as blood pulse or respiration, where pressure down to tens of Pa can be involved.

    “For wearable pressure sensors that are used for healthcare applications, the sensors should be highly compliant to accommodate the skin deformations and highly sensitive to capture small pressure associated with biosignals such as blood pulse or respiration, where pressure down to tens of Pa can be involved.[6,138]”
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    Premisecitation

    Stretching along the prestrain direction leads to flattening of the wavy structure, which accompanies an almost constant resistance.

    “Stretching along the prestrain direction leads to flattening of the wavy structure (Figure 4g), which accompanies an almost constant resistance.”
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    Premisecitation

    In a hierarchical Pt-coated ZnO NW array in an interlocking configuration, detection of low frequency pressure relies on the piezoresistive response of ZnO NWs and detection of high frequency pressure relies on the piezoelectric behavior of ZnO NWs.

    “Detection of low frequency pressure relies on the piezoresistive response of ZnO NWs and detection of high frequency pressure relies on the piezoelectric behavior of ZnO NWs.”
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    Premisenone given

    Resistive tactile sensors rely on the change in geometry, material resistivity, tunneling resistance, or contact resistance to sense pressure.

    “The resistive sensors rely on the change in geometry, material resistivity, tunneling resistance, or contact resistance to sense the pressure.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Wearable tactile sensors, mainly pressure sensors and touch sensors, adopt similar transduction mechanisms as strain sensors, out of which the most common are resistive and capacitive tactile sensors.

    “Wearable tactile sensors, mainly pressure sensors and touch sensors, adopt similar transduction mechanisms as the strain sensors discussed above, out of which the most common are resistive and capacitive tactile sensors (Table 4).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Capacitive tactile sensors rely on the geometrical effect and the change in dielectric properties to sense pressure, and the disturbed fringing field to sense touch.

    “The capacitive sensors rely on the geometrical effect and the change in dielectric properties to sense the pressure, and the disturbed fringing field to sense the touch.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Premisecitation

    Highly deformable dielectric materials can be realized by using commercial porous tapes, creating microstructures in elastomers using a mold, creating porous elastomers using sugar cubes as the template, or fabricating buckled structures through prestretching and releasing.

    “Highly deformable dielectric materials can be realized by using commercial porous tapes, [43] creating microstructures in elastomers using a mold (e.g., the surface of matte glass, [155] a micromachined Si mold, [131] or the surface of lotus leaf [156] ), creating porous elastomers using sugar cubes as the template, [157] or fabricating buckled structures through prestretching and releasing.[158]”
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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    An array of resistive pressure sensors can be integrated with an active matrix backplane to enable low-signal-crosstalk spatial pressure mapping.

    “An array of resistive pressure sensors can be integrated with an active matrix backplane to enable low-signal-crosstalk spatial pressure mapping.”
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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    For a pressure sensor, the relationship between applied pressure and the thickness change of the dielectric and thus the capacitance change is typically nonlinear, which can be predicted or designed with finite element analysis.

    “For a pressure sensor, the relationship between the applied pressure and the thickness change of the dielectric and thus the capacitance change is typically nonlinear, which can be predicted (or designed) with finite element analysis.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Premisecitation

    In a capacitive pressure sensor with CNT/PDMS electrodes, an air gap, and porous PDMS with hollow micropillars as dielectric, at low pressure range the air gap was mainly compressed, leading to high pressure sensitivity; at higher pressure range the porous PDMS was compressed; further increasing pressure compressed the solid PDMS, accompanied with much lower pressure sensitivity.

    “Figure 5d highlights a capacitive pressure sensor with CNT/PDMS as the two electrodes, an air gap and porous PDMS with hollow micropillars as the dielectric.[131] At low pressure range, the air gap was mainly compressed, leading to a high pressure sensitivity; at higher pressure range, the porous PDMS was compressed.Further increasing the pressure compressed the solid PDMS, accompanied with a much”
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    Premisereasoning

    For capacitive pressure sensing, the separation between two electrodes decreases with pressure, resulting in an increase in capacitance.

    “For the capacitive pressure sensing, taking a parallel-plate capacitor as an example (Figure 4d), the separation between two electrodes decreases with the pressure, resulting in an increase in capacitance.”
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    Premisecitation

    Pressure sensors made of electrospun silk nanofiber membranes achieved a low detection limit of 0.8 Pa, a fast response time of less than 16.7 ms, and sensitivities of 34.47 kPa-1 for the low pressure range (0.8-400 Pa) and 1.16 kPa-1 for the high pressure range (400-5000 Pa).

    “Pressure sensors made of electrospun silk nanofiber membranes achieved excellent piezoresistive response.[57] Low detection limit of 0.8 Pa, fast response time of less than 16.7 ms and superior sensitivity of 34.47 kPa -1 for low pressure range (0.8-400 Pa) and 1.16 kPa -1 for high pressure range (400-5000 Pa) were demonstrated.”
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    Premisecitation

    Adding conductive fillers into the dielectric just below the percolation threshold increases the effective dielectric constant, because compression shortens the distance between the fillers, leading to an increased dielectric constant under pressure.

    “Another strategy to increase the effective dielectric constant is to add conductive fillers into the dielectric just below the percolation threshold.[153] Compression shortens the distance between the fillers, leading to an increased dielectric constant under pressure.”
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    Premisereasoning

    High pressure sensitivity can be achieved by using dielectric materials with low elastic modulus, increasing dielectric constant with pressure, or low Poisson's ratio.

    “High pressure sensitivity can be achieved by using dielectric materials with the following properties-low elastic modulus so as to cause a larger strain ε under a given pressure, increasing dielectric constant with pressure, or low Poisson's ratio.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

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    Premisecitation

    Substantial efforts were devoted to improving pressure sensitivity by using a softer material as the dielectric, or a dielectric that can show increasing dielectric constant under pressure.

    “Substantial efforts were devoted to improving the pressure sensitivity by using a softer material as the dielectric, or a dielectric that can show increasing dielectric constant under pressure.[152][153][154]”
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    Premisecitation

    A cyclic test of 10,000 cycles confirmed the good stability of the electrospun silk nanofiber membrane pressure sensor.

    “A cyclic test of 10 000 cycles confirmed the good stability.”
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    Premisecitation

    A detection limit as low as 0.1 Pa and a high sensitivity of 1.1 V kPa-1 for pressure range between 0.4 and 2 kPa were obtained.

    “Detection limit as low as 0.1 Pa and high sensitivity of 1.1 V kPa -1 for pressure range between 0.4 and 2 kPa were obtained.[58]”
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    Premisenone given

    Biofluids are rich in electrolytes, heavy metals, biomolecules, and metabolites.

    “Biofluids are rich in electrolytes, heavy metals, biomolecules, and metabolites.”
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    Premisenone given

    Wearable electrochemical sensors require good flexibility of the electrodes (stretchability of 25-100%), wide sensing range of analyte, good selectivity, good reproducibility (RSD 1-5%) and high sensitivity.

    “Wearable electrochemical sensors require good flexibility of the electrodes (stretchability of 25-100%), wide sensing range of analyte (for instance, glucose levels of 70-100 mg dL -1 for healthy person and 80-130 mg dL -1 for diabetic patient, sodium levels of 135-145 mEq L -1 and potassium levels of 3.5-5 mEq L -1 ), good selectivity, good reproducibility (relative standard deviation (RSD): 1-5%”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Premisecitation

    Touch sensing can be achieved using the capacitive mechanism in a capacitor configuration; unlike strain and pressure sensors that rely on geometrical effect, a decrease in capacitance is seen for touch sensing, arising from the disturbed fringing field by the conducting object.

    “Touch sensing can be achieved using the capacitive mechanism in a capacitor configuration.[41,43,54,165,166] Different from strain and pressure sensors that rely on geometrical effect, a decrease in capacitance is seen for touch sensing, arising from the disturbed fringing field by the conducting object (Figure 4d).”
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    Premisenone given

    Similar to piezoelectric strain sensors, piezoelectric pressure sensors detect applied pressure by measuring accumulated electric charges.

    “Similar to piezoelectric strain sensors, the piezoelectric pressure sensors detect the applied pressure by measuring the accumulated electric charges.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Premisecitation

    Freestanding electrospun PVDF-TrFE nanofiber arrays or electrospun PVDF-TrFE nanofiber mat sandwiched between two electrodes were fabricated for piezoelectric pressure sensing.

    “Freestanding electrospun PVDF-TrFE nanofiber arrays [58] or electrospun PVDF-TrFE nanofiber mat sandwiched between two electrodes [59] were fabricated for piezoelectric pressure sensing.”
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    Premisenone given

    Potentiometric devices measure the electromotive force (EMF) generated between two electrodes.

    “These devices measure the electromotive force (EMF) that generated between two electrodes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Wearable electrochemical sensors have gained momentum in healthcare, forensic, sports, fitness, and security surveillance.

    “Wearable electrochemical sensors have gained momentum in healthcare, forensic, sports, fitness, and security surveillance.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Premisecitation

    Triboelectric pressure sensors can generate output signals under pressure due to contact electrification and can function without an external power source.

    “Triboelectric pressure sensors can generate output signals under pressure due to the contact electrification.[163,164] They can function without using an external power source.”
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    Premisenone given

    Skin mounted devices emerged for continuous monitoring of electrolytes, metabolites, pH, and significant biochemicals (e.g., glucose and lactate) in body fluids, which can alert users from dehydration, fatigue, and early disease symptoms.

    “Skin mounted devices emerged for continuous monitoring of electrolytes, metabolites, pH, and significant biochemicals (e.g., glucose and lactate) in body fluids, which can alert users from dehydration, fatigue, and early disease symptoms.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Potentiometric measurements rely on the relationship between ion concentration and the electrochemical potential of the electrode.

    “Potentiometric measurements rely on the relationship between ion concentration and the electrochemical potential of the electrode.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Carbon based nanomaterials received much attention due to their large specific surface area, presence of structural defects, high electric conductivity, high mechanical strength, and excellent chemical and thermal stability.

    “Carbon based nanomaterials received much attention due to its large specific surface area, presence of structural defects, high electric conductivity, high mechanical strength, and excellent chemical and thermal stability.”
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    Premisereasoning

    The measured EMF and current are directly dependent on the analyte concentration.

    “The measured EMF and current are directly dependent on the analyte concentration.”
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    Premisecitation

    A CNT-based device functionalized with selective ionophores and enzymes was developed to realize a wide-range of applications toward potentiometric ammonium sensor ((0.1-100)×10^-3 M), amperometric enzyme based glucose sensor ((0-10)×10^-3 M), enzymatic glucose BFC and self-powered biosensor.

    “A CNT-based device functionalized with selective ionophores and enzymes was developed to realize a wide-range of applications toward potentiometric ammonium sensor ((0.1-100) × 10 -3 m), amperometric enzyme based glucose sensor ((0-10) × 10 -3 m), enzymatic glucose BFC and self-powered biosensor (Figure 6f).”
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    Premisecitation

    The textile sensor showed a Nernstian response of 59.4 mV/log [Na+] for a linear range (10^-4 to 10^-1 M) with a detection limit 10^-4.9 M for the sodium selective electrode and 56.5 mV/log [K+] for a range 10^-4 to 10^-1 M with detection limit 10^-4.9 M for the potassium selective electrode.

    “The Nernstian response was 59.4 mV/log [Na + ] for a linear range (10 -4 to 10 -1 m) with a detection limit 10 -4.9 m for sodium selective electrode and 56.5 mV/log [K + ] for a range 10 -4 to 10 -1 m with detection limit 10 -4.9 m for the potassium selective electrode.”
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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    While graphene and CNT as flexible materials are widely used in physical sensing, they are still rarely employed in wearable chemical sensors so far.

    “While graphene and CNT as flexible materials are widely used in physical sensing as discussed in previous sections, they are still rarely employed in wearable chemical sensors so far.”
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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Amperometric sensors are based on the measurement of the current produced through oxidation or reduction of an electroactive species at a constant applied potential.

    “Amperometric sensors based on the measurement of the current produced through oxidation or reduction of an electroactive species at a constant applied potential.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Graphene printed silk with interdigitated configuration, transferred to tooth enamel and functionalized with anti-microbial peptides, was used for wireless monitoring of respiration, Staphylococcus aureus, and selective recognition of Helicobacter pylori cells in saliva.

    “The graphene silk was transferred to tooth enamel followed by functionalization with anti-microbial peptides for wireless monitoring of respiration, bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus), and selectively recognize Helicobacter pylori cells in saliva as shown in Figure 6b.[169]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [169] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Wearable environmental sensors monitor environmental parameters such as humidity, light illumination and gas concentration.

    “Wearable environmental sensors monitor the environmental parameters such as humidity, light illumination and gas concentration (Table 6).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Increase or decrease in resistance is typically detected, depending on whether the gaseous stimulus is an electron donator or an electron acceptor.

    “Increase or decrease in resistance is typically detected, depending on whether the gaseous stimulus is an electron donator or an electron acceptor.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The resulting skin hydration sensor is stretchable, low-cost and suitable for long-term hydration sensing.

    “The resulting skin hydration sensor is stretchable, low-cost and suitable for long-term hydration sensing.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [42] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    For humidity sensing, both capacitive and resistive sensors have been reported.

    “For humidity sensing, both capacitive and resistive sensors have been reported.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Stretchable gas sensors were demonstrated by Lee et al.; stable NO2 sensing performance under 30% strain was observed for rGO based gas sensors.

    “Besides flexible gas sensors, stretchable gas sensors were also demonstrated by Lee et al. [173] Stable NO 2 sensing performance under 30% strain was observed for rGO based gas sensors.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [173] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A multifunctional sensor with interlocked microdome arrays exhibited a pressure sensitivity of 15.1 kPa-1, a shear-force sensitivity of 2.21 N-1 under a normal pressure of 65 Pa, and ultrahigh sensitivity to tensile strain (27.8 for strain of 0-40%, 1084 for 40-90%, and 9617 for 90-120%).

    “the multifunctional sensor with interlocked microdome arrays (Figure 5a) exhibited a pressure sensitivity of 15.1 kPa -1 , [141] a shear-force sensitivity of 2.21 N -1 under a normal pressure of 65 Pa and a ultrahigh sensitivity to tensile strain (i.e., 27.8 for strain of 0-40%, 1084 for 40-90%, and 9617 for 90-120%).[144]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [141] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [144] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Stretchable ZnO NW-PU composites enabled pyroelectric temperature sensing, resistive strain sensing, and UV illumination detection.

    “stretchable ZnO NW-PU composites enabled pyroelectric temperature sensing, resistive strain sensing, and UV illumination detection.[82]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [82]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Sensors in the form of a stretchable capacitor can sense tensile stretching and normal pressure based on dimensional change and sense the approaching of an object based on the disturbed fringing field.

    “Sensors in the form of a stretchable capacitor can sense the tensile stretching and normal pressure based on the dimensional change and sense the approaching of an object based on the disturbed fringing field, as shown in Figure 4d.[25,41,43,165]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [25] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [41] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [43] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [165] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Simultaneous sensing of temperature and pressure were demonstrated by utilizing piezoresistive and pyroelectric behavior of PVDF/ZnO NR nanocomposites or piezoelectric and pyroelectric properties of PVDF-TrFE/BaTiO3 nanocomposites.

    “Simultaneous sensing of temperature and pressure were demonstrated by utilizing piezoresistive and pyroelectric behavior of PVDF/ZnO NR nanocomposites [62] or piezoelectric and pyroelectric properties of PVDF-TrFE/BaTiO 3 nanocomposites.[185]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [62] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [185] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Due to the crumpled structure, the photodetector can withstand 200% tensile strain, with 20% decrease in the photocurrent at 200% strain.

    “Also due to the crumpled structure, the photodetector can withstand 200% tensile strain, with 20% decrease in the photocurrent at 200% strain.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [177] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The auxetic foams were able to shrink/stretch concurrently in three dimensions, and therefore enhanced the pressure sensitivity by 300% and tensile strain sensitivity by 500%.

    “The auxetic foams were able to shrink/stretch concurrently in three dimensions, and therefore enhanced the pressure sensitivity by 300% and tensile strain sensitivity by 500%.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [48] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Assembling sensors with multifunctionalities to achieve multimodal sensing could simplify the sensor integration.

    “Assembling sensors with multifunctionalities to achieve multimodal sensing could simplify the sensor integration.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In a capacitive sensor, multiple stimuli can cause capacitance change, including tensile stretching (capacitance increase), normal pressure (capacitance increase), finger approaching (capacitance decrease), and humidity level change (capacitance increase or decrease).

    “For instance, in a capacitive sensor, multiple stimuli can cause capacitance change, including tensile stretching (capacitance increase), normal pressure (capacitance increase), finger approaching (capacitance decrease), and humidity level change (capacitance increase or decrease).[25,41]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [25] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [41] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In addition to capacitive sensing of pressure and finger approaching, temperature variations can be detected due to thermoresistive response of the CNT yarns, while humidity and other chemical solvents can be detected from the capacitance change.

    “In addition to the capacitive sensing of pressure and finger approaching, the temperature variations can be detected due to thermoresistive response of the CNT yarns, while the humidity and other chemical solvents can be detected from the capacitance change.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [54] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    In contrast to finger approaching that leads to a decrease in capacitance, higher humidity level or higher concentration of chemical solvents leads to an increase in capacitance due to the existence of dipoles in the water or other chemical solvents.

    “In contrast to the finger approaching that leads to a decrease in capacitance, higher humidity level or higher concentration of chemical solvents leads to an increase in capacitance due to the existence of dipoles in the water or other chemical solvents.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Jin et al. integrated a type of self-healing polymer with a functionalized AuNP sensor array to detect VOCs in human breath or on skin and monitor heart beat and breath rate.

    “Jin et al. integrated a type of self-healing polymer with a functionalized AuNP sensor array to detect VOCs in human breath or on skin and monitor heart beat and breath rate.[198]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [198] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The passive feature of the RFID eliminates the need for on-system power supply.

    “The passive feature of the RFID eliminates the need for on-system power supply.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Wireless transmission capability can be enabled by integrating an antenna or a Bluetooth module.

    “Wireless transmission capability can be enabled by integrating an antenna [169,175,176] or a Bluetooth module.[42,45,119,175]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 6 sources checked
    • cites [169] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [175] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [176] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [42] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [45] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [119] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The multisensor array exhibited good mechanical resiliency with good RSD (1% for electrolytes and 5% for metabolites).

    “The multisensor array exhibited good mechanical resiliency with good RSD (1% for electrolytes and 5% for metabolites).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [199] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Power can be harvested from various sources including temperature difference and mechanical sources such as body movements and vibrations.

    “The power can be harvested from various sources including temperature difference and mechanical sources such as body movements and vibrations.[66,67,75,131,133,162,200,201]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 8 sources checked
    • cites [66] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [67] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [75] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [131] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [133] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [162] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [200] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [201] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Transmittance of 75.3%, strain sensing range up to 60% and ultralow power consumption of 5 μW cm-2 were realized.

    “Transmittance of 75.3%, strain sensing range up to 60% and ultralow power consumption of 5 µW cm -2 were realized.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [201] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The ACG waveform clearly indicated all the characteristic peaks, providing valuable information for cardiac diagnosis.

    “The ACG waveform clearly indicated all the characteristic peaks, providing valuable information for cardiac diagnosis.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [115] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Wearable sensors mounted on the skin or integrated with textiles can enable the real-time monitoring of physiological parameters and ambient conditions.

    “Wearable sensors mounted on the skin or integrated with textiles can enable the real-time monitoring of physiological parameters and ambient conditions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Subtle deformations induced by body activities such as blood pulse flow and respiration, and large deformations related to the body movements such as finger and knee bending can be readily detected using these mechanical sensors.

    “Subtle deformations induced by body activities such as blood pulse flow and respiration, and large deformations related to the body movements such as finger and knee bending can be readily detected using these mechanical sensors.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Wearable sensors are driving the shift from high-cost hospital-centered healthcare to customized homecare.

    “They are driving the shift from high-cost hospital-centered healthcare to customized homecare.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Monitoring of respiration rate is critical in diagnosis of many disorders or diseases such as sleep disorders, asthma and anemia.

    “Monitoring of respiration rate is critical in diagnosis of many disorders or diseases such as sleep disorders, asthma and anemia.[70]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [70] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Respiration rate can be accessed by measuring the deformation associated with respiration using wearable strain or pressure sensors placed on the chest, or by measuring the pressure caused by the air flow using a pressure sensor placed under the nose.

    “It can be accessed by measuring the deformation associated with respiration using wearable strain [103,120,121] or pressure sensors [57] placed on the chest, or by measuring the pressure caused by the air flow using a pressure sensor placed under the nose.[141]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [103] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [120] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [121] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [57] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [141] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Nanomaterial-enabled wearable sensors have shown great potential in a wide range of applications for healthcare.

    “Nanomaterial-enabled wearable sensors have shown great potential in a wide range of applications for healthcare.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Heart rate can be calculated from the R-R interval of an ECG signal.

    “It can be calculated from the R-R interval of an ECG signal.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [70] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In a wearable diabetes patch consisting of multiple wearable sensors, a sweat collection system and a microneedle array, the tremor signals under hypoglycemic conditions can be measured by a strain sensor and the sweat can be collected for glucose sensing.

    “In a wearable diabetes patch consisting of multiple wearable sensors, a sweat collection system and a microneedle array, as shown previously in Figure 8d, the tremor signals under hypoglycemic conditions can be measured by a strain sensor and the sweat can be collected for glucose sensing.[170]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [170] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    In an advanced wearable system with both sensing and therapeutic treatment capabilities, highly sensitive multimodal sensors can monitor the physiological parameters to evaluate health conditions or monitor body motions to access the effectiveness of rehabilitation.

    “In an advanced wearable system with both sensing and therapeutic treatment capabilities, [37,79,170] highly sensitive multimodal sensors can monitor the physiological parameters to evaluate health conditions or monitor body motions to access the effectiveness of rehabilitation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [37] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [79] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [170] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Analysis of daily and sports activities can provide valuable insights into well-being and fitness of human beings, important feedback during rehabilitation, and quantitative data for evaluation of athletic performances.

    “Analysis of daily and sports activities can provide valuable insights into well-being and fitness of human beings, important feedback during rehabilitation, and quantitative data for evaluation of athletic performances.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Both intensity and frequency of the motions can be identified.

    “Both intensity and frequency of the motions can be identified.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [121] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The sweat analysis enabled real-time assessment of the physiological and metabolic state and provided important information for disease diagnosis and athletic performance evaluation.

    “The sweat analysis enabled real-time assessment of the physiological and metabolic state and provided important information for disease diagnosis and athletic performance evaluation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Heart rate, respiration rate, body motions, and other parameters collected from wearable sensors can provide crucial information to evaluate and improve the performances during rehabilitation or sports.

    “Heart rate, respiration rate, body motions, and other para meters collected from wearable sensors can provide crucial information to evaluate and improve the performances during rehabilitation or sports.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The distribution and assembly of nanomaterials are crucial to the mechanical and electrical properties of the sensors.

    “The distribution and assembly of nanomaterials are crucial to the mechanical and electrical properties of the sensors.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    One sensor may respond to multiple stimuli, making it difficult to identify the exact type of stimuli and the intensity of each stimulus.

    “One sensor may respond to multiple stimuli, making it difficult to identify the exact type of stimuli and the intensity of each stimulus.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Research on developing green wearable sensors using biodegradable materials is emerging.

    “In addition to efforts toward low cost sensors, such as replacing Ag with Cu or carbon based materials and using low cost synthesis and processing methods for CNTs, [9,212] research on developing green wearable sensors using biodegradable materials is emerging.[213]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [213] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Most of the reported nanomaterial-based devices are relative large or have limited spatial resolution, which makes the integration of multiple sensors into a single platform challenging.

    “In addition, most of the reported nanomaterial-based devices are relative large or have limited spatial resolution, which makes the integration of multiple sensors into a single platform challenging.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    A plethora of nanomaterial-enabled wearable sensors have been recently developed with high sensitivity and large stretchability, which have shown promising potential in a broad range of applications including health monitoring, activity tracking, and electronic skin.

    “A plethora of nanomaterial-enabled wearable sensors have been recently developed with high sensitivity and large stretchability, which have shown promising potential in a broad range of applications including health monitoring, activity tracking, and electronic skin.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    In spite of the exciting progress, there remain many challenges and opportunities associated with materials, sensing performance and integration into wearable systems for practical applications.

    “In spite of the exciting progress, there remain many challenges and opportunities associated with materials, sensing performance and integration into wearable systems for practical applications.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Each pixel is actively controlled by a transistor, realizing mapping of external stimuli with low crosstalk between adjacent signals.

    “Each pixel is actively controlled by a transistor, realizing mapping of external stimuli with low crosstalk between adjacent signals.[30,84,85,134]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [30] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [84] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [85] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [134] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Poor interfaces between the wearable sensors and these other components often occur due to the dissimilar electrical/mechanical/thermal properties.

    “Poor interfaces between the wearable sensors and these other components often occur due to the dissimilar electrical/mechanical/thermal properties.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Cracking and delamination under repetitive mechanical deformations may happen, leading to device failure.

    “Cracking and delamination under repetitive mechanical deformations may happen, leading to device failure.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationcitation

    Developing these components with improved compliance and stretchability can facilitate their integration with wearable sensors.

    “Developing these components with improved compliance and stretchability [29,189,193,[214][215][216] can facilitate their integration with wearable sensors.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [29,189,193,[214][215][216]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Low-power electronics and high efficient energy generators are desirable for the development of self-powered wearable systems.

    “In addition, low-power electronics and high efficient energy generators are desirable for the development of self-powered wearable systems.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
102 of 102

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Recent studies have focused on developing novel nanomaterials for optical transduction in wearables to improve sensitivity and selectivity, such as quantum dots, carbon dots, and plasmonic nanoparticles.

    “Recent studies have focused on developing novel nanomaterials for optical transduction in wearables to improve sensitivity and selectivity, such as quantum dots, carbon dots, and plasmonic nanoparticles with exceptional optical properties [176,177,178].”

    From The emergence of AI-based wearable sensors for digital health technology: a review (2023) · cites this paper as [177]

  • With AI and ML algorithms, wearable devices provide users with personalized health recommendations, early detection of potential issues, and even life-saving interventions.

    “With cutting-edge AI and ML algorithms, these devices provide users with personalized health recommendations, early detection of potential issues, and even life-saving interventions [177,183,184,229,230,231].”

    From The emergence of AI-based wearable sensors for digital health technology: a review (2023) · cites this paper as [177]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Sodium sensor response differs between text and Table 5

    Major

    For the CNT sodium sensor cited as [171], the text reports 59.4 mV/log [Na+], while Table 5 reports 51.8 mV/log [Na+].

  • Potassium sensor response differs between text and Table 5

    Minor

    For the same CNT sensor cited as [171], the text reports 56.5 mV/log [K+], while Table 5 reports 51.6 mV/log [K+].

  • Electron tunneling is assigned to the wrong numbered mechanism

    Minor

    The text calls strain-modified electron tunneling the second mechanism, but its numbered list identifies tunneling resistance as the third mechanism.

3 of 3

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. 2017, Wearable Electronic Devices Market—Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Trends and Forecast, 2015–2023
  2. 10.1002/adhm.201601371 · DOI · Paper page
  3. Liao X., 2016, Adv. Funct. Mater.
  4. 2016, 2016 Conf. on Biomedical Wireless Technologies, Networks, and Sensing Systems (BioWireleSS)

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Yao, S., Swetha, P., & Zhu, Y.
Affiliations
North Carolina State University (US)
Corresponding author
Zhu, Yong
ORCID
Venue
Advanced Healthcare Materials
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2017-11-30
Volume
7
Issue
1
ISSN
  • 2192-2640 (ISSN-L)
  • 2192-2659
DOI
10.1002/adhm.201700889
OpenAlex
W2773668590
Semantic Scholar
c27c15f2d3f8723c02cce86347233596d9bb11e7
Cited by
576
References
213
Citations by year
2026: 40 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 86 · 2021: 87 · 2020: 77 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 34
FWCI
4.00
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Advanced Healthcare Materials (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
National Science Foundation (IIS‐1637892)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Nanomaterials and Printing Technologies
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
Keywords
wearable sensors, nanomaterials, electronic skin, health monitoring, physiological monitoring, temperature sensing, strain sensing, tactile sensing, electrochemical sensor, environmental sensors, multimodal sensing, textile-integrated sensors, flexible electronics
MeSH terms
Wearable Electronic Devices, Humans, Monitoring, Physiologic, Biosensing Techniques, Nanostructures

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-09.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-09.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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