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Preliminary Psychometric Evaluation of a New Self-Efficacy Scale and Its Relationship to Treatment Outcome in Social Anxiety Disorder
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The main and basic processes of psychological flexibility in ACT include acceptance, defusion, self as context, connection to present, values, and action commitment, and these processes together strengthen psychological flexibility.
“The main and basic processes of psychological flexibility in ACT include acceptance, defusion, self as context, connection to present, values, and action commitment. These processes are related to each other and together affect the strengthening of psychological flexibility.[3]”
From The effectiveness of acceptance and commitment group therapy on social anxiety in female dormitory residents in Isfahan university of medical sciences (2019) · cites this paper as [3]
ACT is a type of behavioral therapy that uses mindfulness, acceptance, and cognitive defusion to increase psychological flexibility.
“Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is a type of behavioral therapy which uses mindfulness, acceptance, and cognitive defusion to increase psychological flexibility.”
From The effectiveness of acceptance and commitment group therapy on social anxiety in female dormitory residents in Isfahan university of medical sciences (2019) · cites this paper as [3]
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Gaudiano, B. A., & Herbert, J. D. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.02.007 · Cited by 435
“Effect sizes between groups were computed on the BPRS using Cohen’s dstatistic.3 Finally, regression analyses were conducted to examine covariates of change in distress associated with psychotic symptoms, similar to procedures used by Gaudiano and Herbert (2003).”
MethodHerbert, J. D., Gaudiano, B. A., Rheingold, A. A., Myers, V. H., Dalrymple, K., & Nolan, E. M. (2005) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(05)80061-9 · Cited by 203
“For those patients who already had relatively strong skills, the SST may have facilitated an increase in their self-efficacy with respect to social situations, thereby improving their ability to cope with anxiety and consequently decreased social avoidance ( Gaudiano & Herbert, 2003 ).”
BackgroundInfluentialEmotion beliefs in social anxiety disorder: Associations with stress, anxiety, and well‐being
De castella, K., Goldin, P., Jazaieri, H., Ziv, M., Heimberg, R. G., & Gross, J. J. (2014) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajpy.12053 · Cited by 104
Emotion Beliefs and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder
Castella, K. D., Goldin, P. R., Jazaieri, H., Heimberg, R. G., Dweck, C. S., & Gross, J. J. (2014) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2014.974665 · Cited by 84
“…were to happen) (see Smits, Julian, Rosenfield, & Powers, 2012, for a review), as well as the role of perceived social self-efficacy (e.g. the belief that you are capable of avoiding negative evaluation in social situations (Gaudiano & Herbert, 2003; Hofmann, 2000, 2007; Leary & Atherton, 1986).”
BackgroundGregory, B., & Peters, L. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.11.008 · Cited by 68
Feasibility of Virtual Reality Environments for Adolescent Social Anxiety Disorder
Parrish, D. E., Oxhandler, H. K., Duron, J. F., Swank, P. R., & Bordnick, P. S. (2015) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731514568897 · Cited by 73
“The SESS is a 9-item self-report measure that was originally developed to assess self-efficacy in social situations for adults (Gaudiano & Herbert, 2003; Gaudiano & Herbert, 2007) and that has since been adapted for adolescents and shown good internal consistency (.82), as well as construct and…”
MethodAhmed, M., & Westra, H. A. (2009) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-008-9182-1 · Cited by 63
“2002), generalized anxiety disorder (Dozois and Westra 2005), social anxiety (Gaudiano and Herbert 2003), panic disorder (Borden et al.”
BackgroundShyness and Marriage: Does Shyness Shape Even Established Relationships?
Baker, L. R., & McNulty, J. K. (2010) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167210367489 · Cited by 62
“Indeed, interventions have demonstrated some success in changing cognitive patterns such as self-efficacy (e.g., Gaudiano & Herbert, 2003).”
BackgroundRomano, M., & Peters, L. (2014) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2014.954154 · Cited by 61
“…self-efficacy were shown to be more likely to act on their intentions and enact change plans (Ochsner, Scholz, & Hornung, 2013), and greater changes in self-efficacy regarding social situations have been related to better outcomes for socially anxious individuals (Gaudiano & Herbert, 2003).”
BackgroundSocial anxiety and related social impairment are linked to self-efficacy and dysfunctional coping
THOMASSON, P., & PSOUNI, E. (2010) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009.00731.x · Cited by 70
Social anxiety disorder and social skills: A critical review of the literature.
Angélico, A. P., Crippa, J. A. S., & Loureiro, S. R. (2013) · International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy · doi:10.1037/h0100961 · Cited by 49
“In Herbert et al. (2005), the participants were recruited exclusively in the community by means of announcements, newspapers articles, posters in bookshops, and cafés.”
BackgroundAssessment of Social Anxiety and its Clinical Expressions
Herbert, J. D., Brandsma, L. L., & Fischer, L. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-394427-6.00003-0 · Cited by 37
Self-efficacy for social situations in adolescents with generalized social anxiety disorder
Gaudiano, B. A., & Herbert, J. D. (2007) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465806003377 · Cited by 56
“Change on the SASC-R FNE subscale was included as an independent variable because fear of negative evaluation has been found to be a significant predictor of treatment outcome in SAD in past studies (Gaudiano and Herbert, 2003; Mattick and Peters, 1988; Mattick, Peters and Clarke, 1989).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialDevelopment and validation of a measure of cognitive and behavioural social self-efficacy
Grieve, R., Witteveen, K., Tolan, G. A., & Jacobson, B. (2013) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.11.008 · Cited by 31
Social interactions in virtual reality exposure therapy: A proof-of-concept pilot study
Nexhmedin Morina, B., Brinkman, W., Hartanto, D., Kampmann, I. L., & Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (2015) · Technology and Health Care · doi:10.3233/thc-151014 · Cited by 30
“The Self-efficacy for Social Situations (SESS) [27] was applied to assess self-efficacy in social situations.”
Kampmann, I. L., Emmelkamp, P. M. G., & Morina, N. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2054-2 · Cited by 25
“This was in accordance with research on cognitive behavioural therapy, showing that decreases in self-focused attention predict social anxiety reductions (see [9], for a review) and increases in self-efficacy are associated with treatment outcome of cognitive behavioural therapy [12, 13].”
BackgroundMethodResultBayesian network modeling for diagnosis of social anxiety using some cognitive-behavioral factors
Estabragh, Z. S., Kashani, M. M. R., Moghaddam, F. J., Sari, S., Taherifar, Z., Moosavy, S. M., & Oskooyee, K. S. (2013) · Network Modeling Analysis in Health Informatics and Bioinformatics · doi:10.1007/s13721-013-0042-x · Cited by 18
“For the measurement of the variable of social self-efficacy (X13 node), the social situation scale questionnaire (SESS; Gaudiano and Herbert 2003) was used.”
MethodNguyen, V., Lawson, L., Ledeen, M., Treat, L., Buss, J., Barclay, C. A., Alford, S., Reus, J., & Griffith, C. (2007) · The Journal of Vascular Access · doi:10.1177/112972980700800102 · Cited by 16
Koydemir, S., & Demir, A. (2007) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.100.3.883-893 · Cited by 16
The O bserved W itness E fficacy S cale: a measure of effective testimony skills
Cramer, R. J., DeCoster, J., Neal, T. M. S., & Brodsky, S. L. (2013) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12124 · Cited by 14
Toghiani, Z., Ghasemi, F., & Samouei, R. (2019) · Journal of Education and Health Promotion · doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_111_18 · Cited by 13
Johnson, S. B., & Anderson, P. L. (2016) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2016.1138289 · Cited by 13
Predictors of prolonged grief in an internet-based grief therapy for people bereaved by suicide
Schmidt, V., Treml, J., Linde, K., Peterhänsel, C., & Kersting, A. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.02.023 · Cited by 9
Avşar, V., & Sevim, S. A. (2022) · International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education · doi:10.21449/ijate.1062613 · Cited by 11
Lee, C. S., Bowman, M., & Wu, J. (2022) · Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy · doi:10.47626/2237-6089-2021-0448 · Cited by 9
“All items were taken from the Self-Efficacy for Social Situation Scale (SESS) 34 The workshop content was adapted from the distress tolerance and emotion regulation modules of the DBT skills manual.”
MethodLee, C. S., & Hayes‐Skelton, S. A. (2017) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445517720447 · Cited by 11
“To examine this, the present study examined models of behavior in conjunction with current models of SAD, which highlight behavioral action—the active engagement of a behavior despite fear or anxiety—as an important mechanism of change that provides the chance to change the negative associations with the feared stimul…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialAzriel, O., Arad, G., Pine, D. S., Lazarov, A., & Bar‐Haim, Y. (2023) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2023.102800 · Cited by 8
Rukmini, S., Sudhir, P. M., Bhaskar, A., & Arumugham, S. S. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100194 · Cited by 7
Probst, G., Vîslă, A., & Flückiger, C. (2022) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102635 · Cited by 6
Confidence in Social Interactions Among Turkish Adults Living in the United Kingdom
Yıldırım, M. (2020) · Muhakeme Dergisi · doi:10.33817/muhakeme.825488 · Cited by 6
Tarkhan, M., Ismaeilpoor, M., & Tizdast, T. (2013) · European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences · Cited by 6
Lotfi, S. M. M., Abolghasemi, A., & Narimani, M. (2013) · Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology · Cited by 6
The Nature and Treatment of Social Anxiety
Carpenter, J. K., Curtiss, J. E., & Hofmann, S. G. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118877142.ch5 · Cited by 6
Understanding and effectively mitigating code review anxiety
Lee, C. S., & Hicks, C. M. (2024) · Empirical Software Engineering · doi:10.1007/s10664-024-10550-9 · Cited by 8
“The items are adapted from the Self-Efficacy for Social Situation Scale (Gaudiano and Herbert 2003) and modified to be about code review anxiety coping and management skills (e.g.: “Is it possible for you to cope with and manage stress and anxiety well, despite any weaknesses you might have in…”
Huang, T., & Wu, C. (2022) · International Journal of Applied Linguistics & English Literature · doi:10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.11n.3p.14 · Cited by 5
Jensen, V. L., Hougaard, E., & Fishman, D. B. (2013) · Pragmatic Case Studies in Psychotherapy · doi:10.14713/pcsp.v9i3.1825 · Cited by 5
“…to SP, perceived self-efficacy may be related to the individual’s confidence in his or her ability to behave in a manner that conveys a favourable impression to other people (Gaudiano & Herbert, 2003); that is, self-efficacy corresponds to beliefs in social skills in the situation (Hofmann, 2007).”
BackgroundLevy, H. C., & Radomsky, A. S. (2015) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-015-9678-4 · Cited by 4
“Other published measures in this area tend to assess self-efficacy as it relates to unique and idiosyncratic domains of specific anxiety disorders (e.g., confidence to perform well in social situations as assessed by the Self-Efficacy for Social Situations Scale, Gaudiano and Herbert 2003).”
MethodArai, H., Hironaka, Y., & Kondo, K. (2015) · The Japanese Journal of Personality · doi:10.2132/personality.24.1 · Cited by 4
Schmidt, V., Treml, J., Deller, J., & Kersting, A. (2023) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-023-10383-8 · Cited by 6
“Moreover, previous research has investigated changes in self-efficacy throughout therapy and from preto post-intervention (Brown et al., 2014; Gaudiano & Herbert, 2003).”
MethodSocial anxiety, attention control, and performance deficits
Daniels, S. M. (2011) · NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro) · Cited by 3
Attentional Mechanisms in Subclinical Anxiey in School-Aged Children
Rebega, O. L., & Bengà, O. (2013) · Cognitie, Creier, Comportament · Cited by 3
Shahbazirad, A., Ghadampour, E., Ghazanfari, F., & Momeni, K. (2016) · PSYCHOLOGIA · doi:10.2117/psysoc.2016.202 · Cited by 2
“However, we can suggest that the findings of this study are in line with the results of studies conducted by Moree (2010), Gaudiano and Herbert (2003), Rapee and Heimberg (1997), Clark and Wells (1995), and Masoudnia (2008).”
BackgroundResultPsychometric evidence of statistical self-efficacy instrument based on postgraduate
al., M. E. (2018) · International Journal of ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES · doi:10.21833/ijaas.2018.11.014 · Cited by 2
“The justification for delivering the psychometric evidence is due to problems in replicating the scales based on past studies (Gaudiano and Herbert, 2003; Smith and Betz, 2000).”
Veit, L., Jungmann, S. M., & Freitag, C. M. (2023) · Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1024/1422-4917/a000951 · Cited by 1
A Self-Efficacy Measure for Use During Exposure in CBT Therapy for Childhood Anxiety Disorders
Cancilliere, M. K., Fryc, A., & Flannery-Schroeder, E. C. (2022) · Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1080/23794925.2022.2148380 · Cited by 1
“Similarly, investigation of the significant relationship between self-efficacy and social anxiety has shown important implications for treatment outcomes and has spurred the creation of a self-efficacy scale specific to social anxiety (Gaudiano & Herbert, 2003).”
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Enlisting Positive Psychologies to Challenge Love Within SAD’s Culture of Maladaptive Self-Beliefs
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Jin, J., Zhang, Y., Hedley, F. E., & Zhang, R. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4129094/v1 · Cited by 1
Effects of Emotional Intelligence on General Health of Divorced Women
Gholami, A., & Beshlideh, K. (2015)
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Social Anxiety’s Failure to Establish, Develop, and Maintain Healthy Relationships
Mullen, R. F. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-76665-7_59-1
Social Anxiety’s Failure to Establish, Develop, and Maintain Healthy Relationships
Mullen, R. F. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-94512-0_59
Durar, E., & Soylu, F. K. (2026) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2026.152122
Metadata
- Authors
- Gaudiano, B. A., & Herbert, J. D.
- Affiliations
- Drexel University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gaudiano, Brandon A.
- ORCID
- Gaudiano, Brandon A.
- Venue
- Cognitive Therapy and Research
- Published
- 2003-10
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 537-555
- ISSN
- 0147-5916 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2819
- OpenAlex
- W2100031475
- Cited by
- 54
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 8
- FWCI
- 1.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Cognitive Therapy and Research (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- self-efficacy, social anxiety disorder, psychometric properties, reliability and validity, treatment outcomes, social anxiety symptoms
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