Changes in the self during cognitive behavioural therapy for social anxiety disorder: a systematic review
Abstract
A consistent feature across cognitive-behavioural models of social anxiety disorder (SAD) is the central role of the self in the emergence and maintenance of the disorder. The strong emphasis placed on the self in these models and related empirical research has also been reflected in evidence-based treatments for the disorder. This systematic review provides an overview of the empirical literature investigating the role of self-related constructs (e.g., self-beliefs, self-images, self-focused attention) proposed in cognitive models of SAD, before examining how these constructs are modified during and following CBT for SAD. Forty-one studies met the inclusion criteria. Guided by Stopa's (2009a, b) model of self, most studies examined change in self-related content, followed by change in self-related processing. No study examined change in self-structure. Pre- to post-treatment reductions were observed in self-related thoughts and beliefs, self-esteem, self-schema, self-focused attention, and self-evaluation. Change in self-related constructs predicted and/or mediated social anxiety reduction, however relatively few studies examined this. Papers were limited by small sample sizes, failure to control for depression symptoms, lack of waitlist, and some measurement concerns. Future research directions are discussed.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Changes in attention focus may constitute a highly relevant process mechanism of therapeutic improvement during and after exposure therapy.
“even though changes in attention focus may constitute a highly relevant process mechanism of therapeutic improvement during and after exposure therapy (Gregory and Peters, 2017; Kampmann et al., 2019; Norton and Abbott, 2016; Wong et al., 2017; Hofmann, 2000)”
From Virtual Reality exposure therapy in the treatment of public speaking anxiety and social anxiety disorder (2024) · cites this paper as Gregory and Peters, 2017
If revealing the authentic self is less likely to trigger shame, then defensive self-focused attention may also be reduced, resulting in a decreased need to regulate shame through avoidant, self-critical processes.
“More broadly, if revealing the authentic self is less likely to trigger shame, then defensive self-focused attention may also be reduced (105–107), resulting in a decreased need to regulate shame through avoidant, self-critical processes.”
From MDMA-Assisted Therapy as a Means to Alter Affective, Cognitive, Behavioral, and Neurological Systems Underlying Social Dysfunction in Social Anxiety Disorder (2021) · cites this paper as [107]
A review suggested that changes in self-related constructs may be a basis for individuals' reduction in SAD as a result of CBT.
“A review of changes in self‐related constructs during CBT for SAD, including three studies on SE, suggested that changes in these constructs may be a basis for individuals' reduction in SAD as a result of CBT (Gregory and Peters 2017).”
From Exploring Moderators and Mediators of the Outcome of Group Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Compared With Group Schema Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder and Comorbid Avoidant Personality Disorder. (2025) · cites this paper as Gregory and Peters 2017
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,841 · see citing works
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: the PRISMA statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & for the PRISMA Group (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b2535 · Cited by 83,823 · see citing works
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & The PRISMA Group (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097 · Cited by 64,042 · see citing works
Society and the Adolescent Self-Image
Rosenberg, M. (1965) · doi:10.1515/9781400876136 · Cited by 30,126 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/springerreference_121117 · Cited by 20,769 · see citing works
(1998) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · Cited by 19,139 · see citing works
Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test.
Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.74.6.1464 · Cited by 11,720 · see citing works
Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: the implicit association test
Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464 · Cited by 9,210 · see citing works
Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review
Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.004 · Cited by 6,686 · see citing works
The Dynamic Self-Concept: A Social Psychological Perspective
Markus, H., & Wurf, E. (1987) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.38.020187.001503 · Cited by 3,089 · see citing works
A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia
Rapee, R. M., & Heimberg, R. G. (1997) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(97)00022-3 · Cited by 2,987 · see citing works
Robins, L. N. (1988) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800360017003 · Cited by 2,909 · see citing works
Danaei, G., Ding, E. L., Mozaffarian, D., Taylor, B., Rehm, J., Murray, C. J. L., & Ezzati, M. (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000058 · Cited by 2,860 · see citing works
A cognitive model of social phobia
Adrian Wells, A. (1995) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) · Cited by 2,701 · see citing works
Mediators and Mechanisms of Change in Psychotherapy Research
Kazdin, A. E. (2007) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091432 · Cited by 2,504 · see citing works
Self-concept clarity: Measurement, personality correlates and cultural boundaries
Campbell, J. D., Trapnell, P. D., Heine, S. J., Katz, I. M., Lavallee, L. F., & Lehman, D. R. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.1.141 · Cited by 2,088 · see citing works
Cognitive self-statements in depression: Development of an automatic thoughts questionnaire
Hollon, S. D., & Kendall, P. C. (1980) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01178214 · Cited by 1,482 · see citing works
Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment
Franklin, M. E. (1996) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(96)00036-0 · Cited by 1,389 · see citing works
Self-esteem and clarity of the self-concept.
Campbell, J. D. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.59.3.538 · Cited by 1,381 · see citing works
The attributional Style Questionnaire
Peterson, C., Semmel, A., von Baeyer, C., Abramson, L., Metalsky, G., & Seligman, M. (1982) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01173577 · Cited by 1,226 · see citing works
Stein, M. B., & Stein, D. J. (2008) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)60488-2 · Cited by 1,137 · see citing works
Hofmann, S. G. (2007) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070701421313 · Cited by 1,064 · see citing works
Social fears and social phobia in the USA: results from the National Comorbidity survey replication
Ruscio, A. M., Brown, T. A., Chiu, W. T., Sareen, J., Stein, M. B., & Kessler, R. C. (2008) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291707001699 · Cited by 835 · see citing works
The Self‐Consciousness Scale: A Revised Version for Use with General Populations1
Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1985.tb02268.x · Cited by 697 · see citing works
Mayo-Wilson, E., Dias, S., Mavranezouli, I., Kew, K., Clark, D. M., Ades, A. E., & Pilling, S. (2014) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(14)70329-3 · Cited by 680 · see citing works
Clark, D. M., Ehlers, A., McManus, F., Hackmann, A., Fennell, M., Campbell, H., Flower, T., Davenport, C., & Louis, B. (2003) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.71.6.1058 · Cited by 561 · see citing works
Discrepancy between self- and observer ratings of performance in social phobics.
Rapee, R. M., & Lim, L. (1992) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.101.4.728 · Cited by 549 · see citing works
Discrepancy between self- and observer ratings of performance in social phobics.
Rapee, R. M., & Lim, L. (1992) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.101.4.728 · Cited by 549 · see citing works
Schematic processing and self-reference in clinical depression.
Derry, P. A., & Kuiper, N. A. (1981) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.90.4.286 · Cited by 513 · see citing works
Cognitive processes in social phobia
Stopa, L., & Clark, D. M. (1993) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(93)90024-o · Cited by 489 · see citing works
Cognitive-behavioral and pharmacological treatment for social phobia: A meta-analysis.
Gould, R. A., Buckminster, S., Pollack, M. H., Otto, M. W., & Yap, L. (1997) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.1997.tb00123.x · Cited by 427 · see citing works
Understanding cognitive behaviour therapy: A retrieval competition account
Brewin, C. R. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.02.005 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Representations of the self in social phobia: Vulnerability to social threat
Hope, D. A., Rapee, R. M., Heimberg, R. G., & Dombeck, M. J. (1990) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01176208 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
A Cognitive Behavioral Model of Social Anxiety Disorder
Heimberg, R. G., Brozovich, F. A., & Rapee, R. M. (2010) · Social Anxiety · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-375096-9.00015-8 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Cognitive-Behavioral and Pharmacological Treatments of Social Phobia: A Controlled Study
Gelernter, C. S. (1991) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1991.01810340070009 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Compartmentalization of positive and negative self-knowledge: Keeping bad apples out of the bunch.
Showers, C. J. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.62.6.1036 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Schematic processing and self-reference in clinical depression.
Derry, P. A., & Kuiper, N. A. (1981) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.90.4.286 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Post-event rumination and negative self-appraisal in social phobia before and after treatment.
Abbott, M. J., & Rapee, R. (2004) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.113.1.136 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Moscovitch, D. A. (2009) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2008.04.002 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
The revised stroop color-naming task in social phobics
Mattia, J. I., Heimberg, R. G., & Hope, D. A. (1993) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(93)90029-t · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Cognitive assessment of social anxiety: development and validation of a self-statement questionnaire
Glass, C. R., Merluzzi, T. V., Biever, J. L., & Larsen, K. H. (1982) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01185725 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Social phobia and depression: Prevalence and comorbidity
Ohayon, M. M., & Schatzberg, A. F. (2010) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.07.018 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Compartmentalization of positive and negative self-knowledge: Keeping bad apples out of the bunch.
Showers, C. J. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.62.6.1036 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Social anxiety : clinical, developmental, and social perspectives
Hofmann, S. G., & DiBartolo, P. M. (2014) · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Test of Self-Conscious Affect–3
Tangney, J. P., Dearing, R. L., Wagner, P., & Gramzow, R. H. (2000) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t06464-000 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Predictors of Response to Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy for Social Phobia
Chambless, D. L., Tran, G. Q., & Glass, C. R. (1997) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0887-6185(97)00008-x · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Hofmann, S. G., & DiBartolo, P. M. (2000) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(00)80027-1 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Testing the efficacy of theoretically derived improvements in the treatment of social phobia.
Rapee, R. M., Gaston, J. E., & Abbott, M. J. (2009) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014800 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Mörtberg, E., Clark, D. M., Sundin, Ö., & Åberg Wistedt, A. (2007) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00839.x · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Harvey, A. G., Clark, D. M., Ehlers, A., & Rapee, R. M. (2000) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00148-5 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Self esteem, dependency, self-efficacy and self-criticism in social anxiety disorder
Iancu, I., Bodner, E., & Ben-Zion, I. Z. (2015) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.11.018 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Kashdan, T. B., & Roberts, J. E. (2004) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/b:cotr.0000016934.20981.68 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Self-criticism and social phobia in the US national comorbidity survey
Cox, B. J., Fleet, C., & Stein, M. B. (2004) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2003.12.012 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Early Maladaptive Schemas and Social Phobia
Pinto‐Gouveia, J., Castilho, P., Galhardo, A. B., & Cunha, M. I. V. A. (2006) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-006-9027-8 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Interpretation and judgmental biases in social phobia
Voncken, M. J., Bögels, S. M., & de Vries, K. (2003) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(03)00143-8 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Self-focused attention in the treatment of social phobia
Woody, S. R., Chambless, D. L., & Glass, C. R. (1997) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(96)00084-8 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Bögels, S. M. (2005) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.08.010 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Social Anxiety Disorder
Weeks, J. W. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118653920 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
The effects of video feedback on the self-evaluation of performance in socially anxious subjects
Rapee, R. M., & Hayman, K. (1996) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(96)00003-4 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Self-focused attention before and after treatment of social phobia
Hofmann, S. G. (2000) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00105-9 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Self-consciousness, self-focused attention, blushing propensity and fear of blushing
Bögels, S. M., Alberts, M., & de Jong, P. J. (1996) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(96)00100-6 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Wong, Q., & Moulds, M. L. (2009) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.06.014 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Arkin, R. M., Lake, E. A., & Baumgardner, A. H. (1986) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-0525-3_15 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Hope, D. A., Burns, J. A., Hayes, S. A., Herbert, J. D., & Warner, M. D. (2007) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-007-9147-9 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Does behavioral treatment of social phobia lead to cognitive changes?
Newman, M. G., Hofmann, S. G., Trabert, W., Roth, W. T., & Taylor, C. B. (1994) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(05)80160-1 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
The Social Thoughts and Beliefs Scale: A New Inventory for Assessing Cognitions in Social Phobia.
Turner, S. M., Johnson, M., Beidel, D. C., Heiser, N. A., & Lydiard, R. B. (2003) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.15.3.384 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Hedman, E., Ström, P., Stünkel, A., & Mörtberg, E. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061713 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Niles, A. N., Burklund, L. J., Arch, J. J., Lieberman, M. D., Saxbe, D., & Craske, M. G. (2014) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2014.04.006 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Lundh, L., & Öst, L. (2001) · Scandinavian Journal of Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/028457101300140428 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Calvete, E., Orue, I., & Hankin, B. L. (2014) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-014-9438-x · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-focused cognition in social anxiety: a review of the theoretical and empirical literature
Norton, A. R., & Abbott, M. J. (2016) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1017/bec.2016.2 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Computer-assisted cognitive behavioral group therapy for social phobia
Gruber, K., Moran, P. J., Roth, W. T., & Taylor, C. B. (2001) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(01)80050-2 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Boden, M. T., John, O. P., Goldin, P. R., Werner, K. H., Heimberg, R. G., & Gross, J. J. (2012) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.02.007 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Social comparison processes in social phobia
Antony, M. M., Rowa, K., Liss, A., Swallow, S. R., & Swinson, R. P. (2005) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(05)80055-3 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Mulkens, S., Bögels, S. M., de Jong, P. J., & Louwers, J. (2001) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0887-6185(01)00073-1 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Changes in self-perception during treatment of social phobia
Hofmann, S. G., Moscovitch, D. A., Kim, H.-J., & Taylor, A. N. (2004) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.72.4.588 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Constructing a self: The role of self-structure and self-certainty in social anxiety
Stopa, L. L., Brown, M. A., Luke, M. A., & Hirsch, C. R. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.05.028 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Is self-criticism unique for depression? A comparison with social phobia
Cox, B. J., Rector, N. A., Bagby, R. M., Swinson, R. P., LEVITT, A. J., & Joffe, R. T. (2000) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(99)00043-9 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Moscovitch, D. A., Orr, E., Rowa, K., Reimer, S. G., & Antony, M. M. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.10.007 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
The efficacy of imagery rescripting compared to cognitive restructuring for social anxiety disorder
Norton, A. R., & Abbott, M. J. (2016) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.03.009 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Wilson, J. K., & Rapee, R. M. (2004) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.03.003 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Tulbure, B. T., Szentagotai, A., David, O., Ștefan, S., Månsson, K. N. T., David, D., & Andersson, G. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0123997 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Images of the Self and Self-Esteem: Do Positive Self-Images Improve Self-Esteem in Social Anxiety?
Hulme, N., Hirsch, C. R., & Stopa, L. L. (2012) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2012.664557 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Bögels, S. M., & Lamers, C. T. J. (2002) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00096-1 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Wilson, J. K., & Rapee, R. M. (2004) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.02.006 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Images of the self in social anxiety: effects on the retrieval of autobiographical memories
Stopa, L., & Jenkins, A. (2007) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.08.006 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-concept certainty in social phobia
Wilson, J. K., & Rapee, R. M. (2005) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.01.006 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Hedman, E., Mörtberg, E., Hesser, H., Clark, D. M., Lekander, M., Andersson, E., & Ljótsson, B. (2013) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2013.07.006 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-representation in social anxiety disorder: Linguistic analysis of autobiographical narratives
Anderson, B. R., Goldin, P. R., Kurita, K., & Gross, J. J. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.07.001 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Cognitive Restructuring in the Treatment of Social Phobia: Efficacy and Mode of Action
Taylor, S., Woody, S., Koch, W. J., Mclean, P., Paterson, R. J., & Anderson, K. W. (1997) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/01454455970214006 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Seeing Is Believing: Using Video Feedback in Cognitive Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder
Warnock‐Parkes, E., Wild, J., Stott, R. B., Grey, N., Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2016) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2016.03.007 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Salaberria, K., & Echeburua, E. (1998) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/01454455980223003 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Dozois, D. J. A., & Frewen, P. (2005) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2005.09.008 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Bögels, S. M., Wijts, P., Oort, F. J., & Sallaerts, S. J. M. (2014) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22246 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
"Self-concept clarity: Measurement, personality correlates, and cultural boundaries": Correction.
Campbell, J. D., Trapnell, P. D., Heine, S. J., Katz, I. M., Lavallee, L. F., & Lehman, D. R. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.6.1114 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-efficacy and social behavior
Rodebaugh, T. L. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.11.014 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Hoffart, A., Borge, F.-M., Sexton, H., & Clark, D. M. (2009) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2007.12.003 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
The effect of self-imagery on symptoms and processes in social anxiety: A systematic review
Ng, A. S., Abbott, M. J., & Hunt, C. J. (2014) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2014.09.003 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Internet-Delivered Cognitive Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Development Pilot Series
Stott, R., Wild, J., Grey, N., Liness, S., Warnock-Parkes, E., Commins, S., Readings, J., Bremner, G., Woodward, E., Ehlers, A., et al. (2013) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465813000404 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Gaudiano, B. A., & Herbert, J. D. (2003) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1026355004548 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-criticism in generalized social phobia and response to cognitive-behavioral treatment
Cox, B. J., Walker, J. R., Enns, M. W., & Karpinski, D. C. (2002) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(02)80012-0 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
The effect of attentional focus on social anxiety
Zou, J. B., Hudson, J. L., & Rapee, R. M. (2007) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.03.014 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
McConnell, A. R., Shoda, T. M., & Skulborstad, H. M. (2012) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2012.30.4.380 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The Negative Self-Portrayal Scale: Development, Validation, and Application to Social Anxiety
Moscovitch, D. A., & Huyder, V. (2010) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2010.04.007 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Goldin, P. R., Jazaieri, H., Ziv, M., Kraemer, H., Heimberg, R. G., & Gross, J. J. (2013) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702613476867 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Negative self-imagery blocks inferences
Hirsch, C. R., Mathews, A., Clark, D. M., Williams, R., & Morrison, J. (2003) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(03)00057-3 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Why is the Self Important in Understanding and Treating Social Phobia?
Stopa, L. L. (2009) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070902980737 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Kopala‐Sibley, D. C., Zuroff, D. C., Russell, J. J., & Moskowitz, D. S. (2013) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12032 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
The moderated effects of video feedback for social anxiety disorder
Rodebaugh, T. L., Heimberg, R. G., Schultz, L. T., & Blackmore, M. (2010) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.04.007 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Mörtberg, E., Hoffart, A., Boecking, B., & Clark, D. M. (2013) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465813000738 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Wong, Q. J. J., Gregory, B., Gaston, J. E., Rapee, R. M., Wilson, J. K., & Abbott, M. J. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.09.020 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationMental representation of observable attributes in people with social phobia
Rapee, R. M., & Abbott, M. J. (2005) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2005.01.001 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
An Experimental Manipulation of Social Comparison in Social Anxiety
Mitchell, M. A., & Schmidt, N. B. (2014) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2014.914078 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The relationship between the maladaptive self-beliefs characteristic of social anxiety and avoidance
Wong, Q. J. J., & Moulds, M. L. (2010) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.11.004 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Donald, J., Abbott, M. J., & Smith, E. (2014) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465812001051 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-structure and self-change: Applications to psychological treatment
Showers, C. J., Limke, A., & Zeigler‐Hill, V. (2004) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(04)80010-8 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Voncken, M. J., & Bögels, S. M. (2006) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/jcop.20.1.59 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
González-Díez, Z., Calvete, E., Riskind, J. H., & Orue, I. (2015) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.12.014 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Koerner, N., Antony, M. M., Young, L., & McCabe, R. E. (2012) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-012-9472-5 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Ritter, V., Leichsenring, F., Strauss, B. M., & Stangier, U. (2013) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2013.802824 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Taylor, C. T., & Alden, L. E. (2008) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2008.1.2.125 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Brief psychotherapy: the role of common and specific factors
Garfield, S. L. (1997) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0879(199712)4:4 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-focused attention and safety behaviors across group therapies for social anxiety disorder.
Desnoyers, A. J., Kocovski, N. L., Fleming, J. E., & Antony, M. M. (2017) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2016.1239083 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Moscovitch, D. A., Rowa, K., Paulitzki, J. R., Antony, M. M., & McCabe, R. E. (2015) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-014-9645-5 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self‐focused attention and social anxiety
Jakymin, A. K., & Harris, L. M. (2011) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1742-9536.2011.00027.x · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Grös, D. F., & Sarver, N. W. (2014) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.01.004 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The self-concept: theory and research
Bhar, S. S., & Kyrios, M. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139941297.003 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Borgeat, F., Stankovic, M., Khazaal, Y., Rouget, B. W., Baumann, M.-C., Riquier, F., O’Connor, K. P., Jermann, F., ZULLINO, D. F., & Bondolfi, G. (2009) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181aacc08 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Gregory, B., Peters, L., & Rapee, R. M. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139941297.011 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationComorbidity: Social Anxiety Disorder and Psychiatric Comorbidity are not Shy to Co‐Occur
Szafranski, D. D., Talkovsky, A. M., Farris, S. G., & Norton, P. J. (2014) · doi:10.1002/9781118653920.ch10 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Stopa, L. L. (2009) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2008.11.001 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Effects of Videotaped Feedback in Group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder
Laposa, J. M., & Rector, N. (2014) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2014.7.4.360 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Allen, K., & Page, A. C. (2005) · Behaviour change · doi:10.1375/bech.22.1.1.66784 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Steffens, N. K., LaRue, C. J., Haslam, C., Walter, Z. C., Cruwys, T., Munt, K. A., Haslam, S. A., Jetten, J., & Tarrant, M. (2021) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2019.1669481 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Pilot randomized trial of self-guided virtual reality exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder
Zainal, N. H., Chan, W. W., Saxena, A. P., Taylor, C. B., & Newman, M. G. (2021) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2021.103984 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Treatment of social approach processes in adults with social anxiety disorder
Alden, L. E., Buhr, K., Robichaud, M., Trew, J. L., & Plasencia, M. L. (2018) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000306 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Seuling, P. D., Czernin, N. S., & Schiele, M. A. (2024) · Neuroscience Applied · doi:10.1016/j.nsa.2024.104074 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Luoma, J., & Lear, M. K. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.733893 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Rozen, N., & Aderka, I. M. (2020) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101874 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Baljé, A. E., Greeven, A., Deen, M., van Giezen, A. E., Arntz, A., & Spinhoven, P. (2025) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.70148 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“A review of changes in self-related constructs during CBT for SAD, including three studies on SE, suggested that changes in these constructs may be a basis for individuals' reduction in SAD as a result of CBT (Gregory and Peters 2017).”
Social Anxiety and Study Engagement in Adolescents: The Role of Self Cognition Model
Zhou, A., Yanbing, H., Guan, X., Chen, X., Lu, X., & Pan, T. (2019) · 2019 International Joint Conference on Information, Media and Engineering (IJCIME) · doi:10.1109/ijcime49369.2019.00049 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Gregory, B., & Peters, L.
- Affiliations
- Macquarie University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Gregory, Bree
- ORCID
- Peters, Lorna
- Venue
- Clinical Psychology Review
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-03
- Volume
- 52
- Pages
- 1-18
- ISSN
- 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2556747058
- Cited by
- 68
- References
- 133
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 8
- FWCI
- 0.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies
- Keywords
- social anxiety disorder, cognitive behavioral therapy, self, self-belief, self-image, self-focus, self-esteem, self-schemas, self-assessment, treatment modification
- MeSH terms
- Phobia, Social, Humans, Self-Assessment, Self Concept, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
