Defaults, Framing and Privacy: Why Opting In-Opting Out1

The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations

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RATIONAL CHOICE AND THE FRAMING OF DECISIONS

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The Power of Suggestion: Inertia in 401(k) Participation and Savings Behavior

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A recommendation approach for user privacy preferences in the fitness domain

Sanchez, O. R., Torre, I., He, Y., & Knijnenburg, B. P. (2019) · User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction · doi:10.1007/s11257-019-09246-3 · Cited by 43

An empirical investigation into merge conflicts and their effect on software quality

Brindescu, C., Ahmed, I., Jensen, C., & Sarma, A. (2019) · Empirical Software Engineering · doi:10.1007/s10664-019-09735-4 · Cited by 39

Increasing Sharing Tendency Without Reducing Satisfaction: Finding the Best Privacy-Settings User Interface for Social Networks

Knijnenburg, B. P., & Kobsa, A. (2014) · Cited by 39

Optimal Defaults in the Prevention of Pediatric Obesity: From Platform to Practice

Schwartz, M. B. (2013) · Journal of Food & Nutritional Disorders · doi:10.4172/2324-9323.1000124 · Cited by 36

Default Effects and Follow-On Behavior: Evidence from an Electricity Pricing Program

Fowlie, M., Wolfram, C., Spurlock, C. A., Todd, A., Baylis, P., & Cappers, P. A. (2017) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w23553 · Cited by 36

Orders Of Healthier Children’s Items Remain High More Than Two Years After Menu Changes At A Regional Restaurant Chain

Anzman-Frasca, S., Mueller, M. P., Lynskey, V. M., Harelick, L., & Economos, C. D. (2015) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2015.0651 · Cited by 35

A focus on partisanship: How it impacts voting behaviors and political attitudes

Krishna, A., & Sokolova, T. (2017) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2017.07.005 · Cited by 35

Of promoting networking and protecting privacy: Effects of defaults and regulatory focus on social media users’ preference settings

Cho, H., Roh, S., & Park, B. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.07.001 · Cited by 36

The Default Effect in End-of-Life Medical Treatment Preferences

Kressel, L. M., & Chapman, G. B. (2007) · Medical Decision Making · doi:10.1177/0272989x07300608 · Cited by 35

The effect of defaults in an electronic health record on laboratory test ordering practices for pediatric patients.

Probst, C. A., Shaffer, V. A., & Chan, Y.-Y. R. (2013) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0032925 · Cited by 34

Effects of a randomized intervention promoting healthy children's meals on children's ordering and dietary intake in a quick-service restaurant

Anzman‐Frasca, S., Braun, A. C., Ehrenberg, S., Epstein, L. H., Gampp, A., Leone, L. A., Singh, A. P., & Tauriello, S. (2018) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.01.022 · Cited by 33

Nudges and signposts: The effect of smart defaults and pictographic risk information on retirement saving investment choices

Camilleri, A. R., Cam, M., & Hoffmann, R. F. (2019) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.2122 · Cited by 37

Opt-out choice framing attenuates gender differences in the decision to compete in the laboratory and in the field

He, J. C., Kang, S. K., & Lacetera, N. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2108337118 · Cited by 34

Defaults and Donations: Evidence from a Field ExperimentPreprint

Altmann, S., Armin, F., Heidhues, P., & Jayaraman, R. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2550691 · Cited by 33

To Withdraw Or Not To Withdraw? Evaluation of the Mandatory Right of Withdrawal in Consumer Distance Selling Contracts Taking Into Account Its Behavioural Effects on Consumers

Luzak, J. (2013) · Journal of Consumer Policy · doi:10.1007/s10603-013-9249-6 · Cited by 32

Right Here, Right Now: Situated Interventions to Change Consumer Habits

Best, M., & Papies, E. K. (2017) · Journal of the Association for Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/695443 · Cited by 34

The Economics of Artificial Intelligence: A SurveyPreprint

Abrardi, L., Cambini, C., & Rondi, L. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3425922 · Cited by 32

The Downside of Defaults

Brown, J. R., Farrell, A. M., & Weisbenner, S. J. (2011) · Cited by 31

What if you ask and they say yes? Consumers' willingness to disclose personal data is stronger than you think

Mazurek, G., & Małagocka, K. (2019) · Business Horizons · doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2019.07.008 · Cited by 33

Consent Management Platforms Under the GDPR: Processors and/or Controllers?

Santos, C. T., Nouwens, M., Toth, M. A., Bielova, N., & Roca, V. (2021) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-76663-4_3 · Cited by 30

The evolution of behaviourally informed policy-making in the EU

Baggio, M., Emanuele, C., Marandola, G., & van Bavel, R. (2021) · Journal of European Public Policy · doi:10.1080/13501763.2021.1912145 · Cited by 30

Choice Architecture, Framing, and Cascaded Privacy ChoicesPreprint

Adjerid, I., Acquisti, A., & Loewenstein, G. F. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2765111 · Cited by 30

Well-Endowed Rating Systems: How Modified Defaults Can Lead to More Sustainable Performance

Shealy, T., & Klotz, L. E. (2015) · Journal of Construction Engineering and Management · doi:10.1061/(asce)co.1943-7862.0001009 · Cited by 29

Preference Dynamics in Sequential Consumer Choice with Defaults

Donkers, B., Dellaert, B. G. C., Waisman, R., & Häubl, G. (2020) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1177/0022243720956642 · Cited by 28

Default and naive diversification heuristics in annuity choice

Bateman, H., Eckert, C., Iskhakov, F., Louviere, J. J., Satchell, S., & Thorp, S. (2016) · Australian Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0312896215617225 · Cited by 29

Medical Decision Making

Stiggelbout, A. M., de Vries, M., & Scherer, L. D. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118468333.ch27 · Cited by 29

Do Electronic Health Record Systems Increase Medicare Reimbursements? The Moderating Effect of the Recovery Audit Program

Ganju, K. K., Atasoy, H., & Pavlou, P. A. (2021) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2021.4002 · Cited by 26

Counteracting the Negative Effect of Form Auto-completion on the Privacy Calculus

Knijnenburg, B. P., Kobsa, A., & Jin, H. (2013) · Cited by 29

Sustainability nudges in the context of customer co-design for consumer electronics

Hankammer, S., Kleer, R., & Piller, F. (2020) · Journal of Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11573-020-01020-x · Cited by 1

Children's Meals in Restaurants: Families Need More Help To Make Healthy Choices

Wootan, M. G. (2012) · Childhood Obesity · doi:10.1089/chi.2011.0111 · Cited by 26

The effect of default options on choice—Evidence from online product configurators

Herrmann, A. P., Goldstein, D. G., Stadler, R., Landwehr, J. R., Heitmann, M., Hofstetter, R., & Hüber, F. (2011) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2011.06.005 · Cited by 26

To Opt-In or Opt-Out? It Depends on the QuestionPreprint

Bellman, S., Johnson, E. J., & Lohse, G. L. (2001) · SSRN Electronic Journal · Cited by 26

Default options and insurance demand

Robinson, P. J., Botzen, W. J. W., Kunreuther, H. C., & Chaudhry, S. J. (2021) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2020.12.017 · Cited by 27

Nudges as norms: Evidence from the NYC taxi cab industry

Hoover, H. (2022) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2022.102535 · Cited by 25

Are default contributions sticky? An experimental analysis of defaults in public goods provision

Cappelletti, D., Mittone, L., & Ploner, M. (2014) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2014.01.002 · Cited by 24

Choice defaults and social consensus effects on online information sharing: The moderating role of regulatory focus

Crăciun, G. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.06.019 · Cited by 26

Got a dollar? Locomotion orientation decreases the effect of defaults on charitable giving

Crow, K., Mathmann, F., & Greer, D. A. (2019) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2018.12.015 · Cited by 24

Emissions Trading for Households? A Behavioral Law and Economics Perspective

Woerdman, E., & Bolderdijk, J. W. (2010) · European Journal of Law and Economics · doi:10.1007/s10657-015-9516-x · Cited by 27

Sharing is daring: An experiment on consent, chilling effects and a salient privacy nudge

Hermstrüwer, Y., & Dickert, S. (2017) · International Review of Law and Economics · doi:10.1016/j.irle.2017.06.001 · Cited by 25

Beyond Deception: Potential Unfair Consumer Injury from Various Types of Covert Marketing

Skiba, J., Petty, R. D., & Carlson, L. (2019) · Journal of Consumer Affairs · doi:10.1111/joca.12284 · Cited by 23

Making the Best of the Second-Best: Welfare Consequences of Time-Varying Electricity Prices

Blonz, J. A. (2022) · Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists · doi:10.1086/720566 · Cited by 23

Default-Switching: The Hidden Cost of DefaultsPreprint

Jachimowicz, J. M., Duncan, S., & Weber, E. U. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2727301 · Cited by 21

Change and status quo in decisions with defaults: The effect of incidental emotions depends on the type of default

Shevchenko, Y., von Helversen, B., & Scheibehenne, B. (2014) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500005817 · Cited by 22

Default Options: Opportunities to Improve Quality and Value in Oncology

Ojerholm, E., Halpern, S. D., & Bekelman, J. E. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2015.64.8741 · Cited by 21

“I will pay you more, as long as you are transparent!”: An investigation of the pick-your-price participative pricing mechanism

Domenico, G. D., Premazzi, K., & Cugini, A. (2022) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.04.037 · Cited by 25

Personal traits and individual choices: Taking action in economic and non-economic decisions

van Rooij, M., & Teppa, F. (2014) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2013.12.019 · Cited by 20

Experiments on personal information disclosure: Past and future avenues

Gómez‐Barroso, J. L. (2018) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2018.03.017 · Cited by 21

Overlooking Context: How do Defaults and Framing Reduce Deliberation in Smart Home Privacy Decision-Making?

Bahirat, P., Willemsen, M. C., He, Y., Sun, Q., & Knijnenburg, B. P. (2021) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3411764.3445672 · Cited by 20

Exacerbating Mindless Compliance: The Danger of Justifications during Privacy Decision Making in the Context of Facebook Applications

Anaraky, R. G., Knijnenburg, B. P., & Risius, M. (2020) · AIS Transactions on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.17705/1thci.00129 · Cited by 19

Starting the Conversation Around the Ethical Use of Artificial Intelligence in Applied Behavior Analysis

Jennings, A. M., & Cox, D. J. (2023) · Behavior Analysis in Practice · doi:10.1007/s40617-023-00868-z · Cited by 19

Applying strategies from libertarian paternalism to decision making for prostate specific antigen (PSA) screening

Wheeler, D. C., Szymanski, K. M., Black, A., & Nelson, D. E. (2011) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/1471-2407-11-148 · Cited by 19

Changing the default setting for information privacy protection: What and whose personal information can be better protected?

Baek, Y. M., Bae, Y., Jeong, I., Kim, E., & Rhee, J. W. (2014) · The Social Science Journal · doi:10.1016/j.soscij.2014.07.002 · Cited by 19

The Potential for User-Tailored Privacy on Facebook

Namara, M., Sloan, H., Jaiswal, P., & Knijnenburg, B. P. (2018) · IEEE Symposium on Privacy-Aware Computing (PAC) · doi:10.1109/pac.2018.00010 · Cited by 19

Privacy and Consumer Empowerment in Online Advertising

Choi, W. J., & Jerath, K. (2022) · Foundations and Trends® in Marketing · doi:10.1561/1700000053 · Cited by 19

Default Stickiness among Low-Income Individuals

Beshears, J. L., Choi, J. J., Laibson, D., & Madrian, B. C. (2012) · Cited by 19

Is review visibility fostering helpful votes? The role of review rank and review characteristics in the adoption of information

Alzate, M., Arce‐Urriza, M., & Cebollada, J. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2023.108088 · Cited by 20

Untitled work

(2014) · Alexandria (UniSG) (University of St.Gallen) · Cited by 18

Simplifying Privacy Decisions: Towards Interactive and Adaptive Solutions.

Knijnenburg, B. P. (2013) · Cited by 17

Analyzing and Optimizing Access Control Choice Architectures in Online Social Networks

Hirschprung, R. S., Toch, E., Chassidim, H. S., Mendel, T., & Maimon, O. (2017) · ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology · doi:10.1145/3046676 · Cited by 16

Good Practices for Financial Consumer Protection, 2017 Edition

World Bank Group (2017) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/28996 · Cited by 19

The Bright Side of the GDPR: Welfare-Improving Privacy Management

Choe, C., Matsushima, N., & Shekhar, S. (2024) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2024.06653 · Cited by 17

“Can I have it non-personalised?” An Empirical Investigation of Consumer Willingness to Share Data for Personalized Services and Ads

Leszczyńska, M., & Baltag, D. (2024) · Journal of Consumer Policy · doi:10.1007/s10603-024-09568-9 · Cited by 16

The Impact of Default Options on Tourist Intention Post Tourism Chatbot Failure: The Role of Service Recovery and Emoticon

Wang, L., Xiao, J., Luo, Z., Guo, Y., & Xu, X. (2024) · Tourism Management Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2024.101299 · Cited by 19

Option Framing and Product Feature Recommendations: Product Configuration and Choice

Herrmann, A. P., Hildebrand, C., Sprott, D. E., & Spangenberg, E. R. (2013) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.20666 · Cited by 16

Prepopulating Audit Workpapers with Prior Year Assessments: Default Option Effects on Risk Rating Accuracy

BONNER, S. E., Majors, T. M., & Ritter, S. L. (2018) · Journal of Accounting Research · doi:10.1111/1475-679x.12218 · Cited by 16

Reasoning about privacy in mobile application install decisions: Risk perception and framing

Tay, S. W., Teh, P. S., & Payne, S. J. (2020) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2020.102517 · Cited by 15

Privacy nudges as policy interventions: comparing US and German media users’ evaluation of information privacy nudges

Dogruel, L. (2017) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2017.1403642 · Cited by 16

Smart Defaults: From Hidden Persuaders to Adaptive HelpersPreprint

Smith, N. C., Goldstein, D. G., & Johnson, E. J. (2008) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1116650 · Cited by 15

Consumer privacy decision-making in digital era: an integrative review and taxonomy

Sun, Z., Pan, G., Yang, R., Zang, G., & Zhou, J. (2024) · Aslib Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1108/ajim-12-2023-0526 · Cited by 14

The Impact of Attribute Importance in the Effects of Option Framing on Choice: Budget Range and Justification as Moderators of Loss Aversion

PARK, S., & Kim, M.-Y. (2012) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.20559 · Cited by 14

Default effects in app selection: German adolescents’ tendency to adhere to privacy or social relatedness features in smartphone apps

Joeckel, S., & Dogruel, L. (2019) · Mobile Media & Communication · doi:10.1177/2050157918819616 · Cited by 14

Frontiers: The Intended and Unintended Consequences of Privacy Regulation for Consumer Marketing

Dubé, J., Lynch, J. G., Bergemann, D., Demirer, M., Avi Goldfarb, B., Johnson, G. A., Lambrecht, A., Lin, T., Tuchman, A. E., & Tucker, C. E. (2025) · Marketing Science · doi:10.1287/mksc.2024.0901 · Cited by 31

Leave No Data Behind – Empirical Insights into Data Erasure from Online Services

Rupp, E., Syrmoudis, E., & Großklags, J. (2022) · Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies · doi:10.56553/popets-2022-0080 · Cited by 14

The backfire effect of default amounts on donation behavior in online donation platform

Fan, Y., JIANG, J., & Wenquan, C. U. I. (2019) · Acta Psychologica Sinica · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1041.2019.00415 · Cited by 13

Nudging climate action: exploring the impact of active default choices on renewable energy program participation

Peterson, T. C., & Tollefson, K. (2023) · Energy Efficiency · doi:10.1007/s12053-023-10164-y · Cited by 12

The Race for Data: Utilizing Informative or Persuasive Cues to Gain Opt-In?

D’Assergio, C., Manchanda, P., Montaguti, E., & Valentini, S. (2024) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1177/00222429241288456 · Cited by 15

Revisiting APCO

Buck, C., Dinev, T., & Anaraky, R. G. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-82786-1_3 · Cited by 13

Overt or covert? Effect of different digital nudging on consumers’ customization choices

Lu, S., Chen, G., & Wang, K. (2020) · Nankai Business Review International · doi:10.1108/nbri-12-2019-0073 · Cited by 12

Information Disclosure Profiles for Segmentation and Recommendation

Knijnenburg, B. P. (2014) · Cited by 12

Rediscovering Risk

Johnson, E. J. (2004) · Journal of Public Policy & Marketing · doi:10.1509/jppm.23.1.2.30402 · Cited by 12

Why Do Defaults Affect Behavior? Experimental Evidence from Afghanistan

Blumenstock, J. E., Callen, M. J., & Ghani, T. (2017) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w23590 · Cited by 17

The Intended and Unintended Consequences of Privacy Regulation for Consumer MarketingPreprint

Dubé, J., Lynch, J. G., Bergemann, D., Demirer, M., Avi Goldfarb, B., Johnson, G. A., Lambrecht, A., Lin, T., Tuchman, A. E., & Tucker, C. E. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4847653 · Cited by 12

The joint effect of framing and defaults on choice behavior

Giuliani, F., Cannito, L., Gigliotti, G., Rosa, A., Pietroni, D., & Palumbo, R. (2022) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-022-01726-3 · Cited by 11

Surveillance and privacy as coevolving disruptions: reflections on “notice and choice”

Whitford, A. B., & Yates, J. L. (2022) · Policy Design and Practice · doi:10.1080/25741292.2022.2086667 · Cited by 11

Comics as a Medium for Privacy Notices

Knijnenburg, B. P., & Cherry, D. (2016) · Symposium On Usable Privacy and Security · Cited by 10

Die Macht des Defaults — Wirkung von Empfehlungen und Vorgaben auf das individuelle Entscheidungsverhalten

Polak, B., Herrmann, A. P., Heitmann, M., & Einhorn, M. (2008) · Journal of Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11573-008-0111-2 · Cited by 11

Characterizing consumer concerns about identification technology

Trocchia, P. J., & Ainscough, T. L. (2006) · International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management · doi:10.1108/09590550610675930 · Cited by 11

Revealed Preference Analysis with Framing EffectsPreprint

Goldin, J. S., & Reck, D. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2417709 · Cited by 11

State-of-the-Art of the Economics of Cyber-Security and PrivacyPreprint

Jentzsch, N. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2671291 · Cited by 11

THE ROLE OF DEFAULTS IN PREVENTING INNOVATION REJECTION

Kuester, S., Heß, S. C., & Herrmann, A. P. (2015) · International Journal of Innovation Management · doi:10.1142/s1363919615500231 · Cited by 10

Dissecting Optional Micro-Decisions in Online Transactions: Perceptions, Deceptions, and Errors

Hogan, M., Barry, C. J., & Lang, M. (2022) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/3531005 · Cited by 9

Social negative option marketing

Bergen, C. W. V., & Miles, M. P. (2015) · Journal of Social Marketing · doi:10.1108/jsocm-06-2014-0036 · Cited by 9

Detecting Privacy Preferences from Online Social Footprints: A Literature Review

Khazaei, T. (2016) · iConference · doi:10.9776/16293 · Cited by 9

Privacy in Social Information Access

Knijnenburg, B. P. (2018) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-90092-6_2 · Cited by 9

From changing cognitions to changing the context: a dual-route model of behaviour changePreprint

Vlaev, I., & Dolan, P. (2009) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · doi:10.25561/4197 · Cited by 9

Closing the Gates? Evidence from a Natural Experiment on Physicians' Sickness CertificationPreprint

Markussen, S. (2009) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 9

Leaning In or Not Leaning Out? Opt-Out Choice Framing Attenuates Gender Differences in the Decision to Compete

He, J. C., Kang, S. K., & Lacetera, N. (2019) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w26484 · Cited by 9

Framing the Default Option Right

Meunier, L., Bashirzadeh, Y., & Ohadi, S. (2024) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.2395 · Cited by 9

Choice Architecture, Privacy Valuations, and Selection Bias in Consumer Data

Lin, T., & Strulov-Shlain, A. (2025) · Marketing Science · doi:10.1287/mksc.2023.0373 · Cited by 8

Investigating Privacy Decision-Making Processes Among Nigerian Men and Women

Yisa, V. L., Anaraky, R. G., Knijnenburg, B. P., & Orji, R. (2023) · Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies · doi:10.56553/popets-2023-0018 · Cited by 8

To Opt-In or Opt-Out? It Depends on the QuestionPreprint

Bellman, S., Johnson, E. J., & Lohse, G. L. (2001) · SSRN Electronic Journal · Cited by 26

To Opt-In Or To Opt-Out? It Depends On The Question

Article, N. W., Commerce, L. I. E., Johnson, E. J., & Lohse, G. L. (2001)

The Opt-in and Opt-out Debate: Is it really necessary?

Lai, Y.-L., & Hui, K.-L. (2006)

Internet opt-in opt-out: Investigating the of frames, and privacy concerns

Lai, Y. L., & Hui, K.-L. (2006) · Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) · doi:10.1145/1125170

Internet opt-in and opt-out

Lai, Y.-L., & Hui, K.-L. (2006) · ACM SIGCPR Conference on Computer Personnel Research (SIGCPR) · doi:10.1145/1125170.1125230 · Cited by 59