Defaults, Framing and Privacy: Why Opting In-Opting Out1

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Digital Privacy: GDPR and Its Lessons for Australia

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Flip sides of the same coin? A simple efficiency score versus energy bill savings information to drive consumers to choose more energy-efficient products

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A nudge towards better lumbar puncture practice

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A Cross-Country Analysis of GDPR Cookie Banners and Flexible Methods For Scraping Them

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AI-Assisted Shopping on Voice Assistants: The Efficiency–Autonomy Consumer Decision Trade-Off

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Conceal or reveal: (non)disclosure choices in online information sharing

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User-Tailored Privacy

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Harnessing the Power of Defaults Now and Forever? The Effects of Mood and Personality

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Default options and training participation

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Towards Opt-Out Permission Policies to Maximize the Use of Automated Driving

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Nudges y decisiones inconscientes: sesgo de statu quo y políticas públicas en Colombia

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The ability to invest in human capital

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Framing and communication: The role of frames in theory and in practice

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Decision-Making Approaches and the Propensity to Default: Evidence and ImplicationsPreprint

Brown, J. R., Farrell, A. M., & Weisbenner, S. J. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2559871 · Cited by 7

Designing Alternative Form-Autocompletion Tools to Enhance Privacy Decision-making and Prevent Unintended Disclosure

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I'll have what she's having: (Social) Perceptions of default options and implications for marketing and decision making

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Susceptibility to default training options across the population

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The impact of product variety on customers’ default acceptance and company perception. Experimental studies for the insurance industry

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Citizen's attitudes about privacy while accessing government and private websites: results of an online study

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Tearing the Veil of Privacy Law: An Experiment on Chilling Effects and the Right to Be ForgottenPreprint

Hermstrüwer, Y., & Dickert, S. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2311201 · Cited by 6

Revealed Preference Analysis with Framing Effects

Goldin, J. S., & Reck, D. (2018) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w25139 · Cited by 6

Are Current CCPA Compliant Banners Conveying User’s Desired Opt-Out Decisions? An Empirical Study of Cookie Consent Banners

Mazumdar, T., Timko, D., & Rahman, M. L. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-7563-1_9 · Cited by 5

Usability, Efficacy, and Acceptability of the U.S. Cyber Trust Mark

Caven, P. J., Gurjar, A., Zhang, Z., Ma, X., & Camp, L. J. (2025) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3713463 · Cited by 5

Simplifying Data Disclosure Configurations in a Cloud Computing Environment

Hirschprung, R. S., Toch, E., & Maimon, O. (2015) · ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology · doi:10.1145/2700472 · Cited by 5

Deciphering the appropriateness of defaults: the need for domain-specific evidence

Quill, C. M., & Halpern, S. D. (2012) · Journal of Medical Ethics · doi:10.1136/medethics-2012-100724 · Cited by 5

Hinted Star Coordinates for Mixed Data

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Choose Quickly! The Influence of Cognitive Resource Availability on the Preference between the Intuitive and Externally Recommended Options

Kim, J., Kim, J., & Marshall, R. (2020) · Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ) · doi:10.1016/j.ausmj.2020.06.009 · Cited by 5

Dynamic Consent: Physical Switches and Feedback to Adjust Consent to IoT Data Collection

Pöhls, H. C., & Rakotondravony, N. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-50344-4_23 · Cited by 5

“Ask App Not to Track”: The Effect of Opt-In Tracking Authorization on Mobile Privacy

DeGiulio, A., Lee, H., & Birrell, E. (2021) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-93747-8_11 · Cited by 5

Defaults and advice in self-customization procedures of insurance

Grösch, M., & Steul‐Fischer, M. (2017) · Zeitschrift für die gesamte Versicherungswissenschaft · doi:10.1007/s12297-017-0390-1 · Cited by 5

Bayesian Evaluation of User App Choices in the Presence of Risk Communication on Android Devices

Momenzadeh, B., Gopavaram, S. R., Das, S., & Camp, L. J. (2020) · IFIP advances in information and communication technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-57404-8_16 · Cited by 5

以小拨大：默认选项和反应模式效应助推中国器官捐献登记 *

HUANG, Y.-N., Song, X., Shao, Y., Li, S., & Liang, Z. (2018) · Acta Psychologica Sinica · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1041.2018.00868 · Cited by 7

Run for Cover Now or Later? The impact of premiums, threats and deadlines on supplementary private health insurance in AustraliaPreprint

Ellis, R. P., & Savage, E. (2008) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 5

Status Quo Bias and Voluntary Contributions: Can Lab Experiments Parallel Real World Outcomes for Generic Advertising?Preprint

Messer, K. D., Kaiser, H. M., & Schulze, W. D. (2004) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · doi:10.22004/ag.econ.122094 · Cited by 5

Challenges in Ensuring Financial Competencies: Essays on How to Measure Financial Knowledge, Target Beneficiaries and Deliver Educational ProgrammesPreprint

Linciano, N., Soccorso, P., Cagno, D. T. D., Panaccione, L., Nicolini, G., Ploner, M., Lucarelli, C., Brighetti, G., Cervellati, E. M., Rinaldi, E., et al. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3067333 · Cited by 6

A Research Agenda for Studying Young and Older Adults' Privacy DecisionsPreprint

Anaraky, R. G., & Knijnenburg, B. P. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3873573 · Cited by 6

Advancing the service-specific and solution-centric model of creativity: The roles of salesperson intuition, emotional intelligence, and cognitive laziness

Locander, D. A., Babin, B. J., & Galvan, J. M. (2025) · Industrial Marketing Management · doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2025.06.004 · Cited by 6

Are you fooled by interactivity? The effects of interactivity on privacy disclosure

Bao, J. A., Jung, Y., & Sundar, S. S. (2025) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2025.2545312 · Cited by 4

An Exploratory Analysis of Interface Features Influencing Mobile Location Data Disclosure

Ingber, A. S., & Cummings, J. J. (2022) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2022.2104428 · Cited by 4

It Doesn’t Hurt to Ask: Assessing Default Effects in a Brazilian Gas Station

Mittelman, M., Macieira, F., & Ávila, M. G. (2014) · International Business Research · doi:10.5539/ibr.v7n6p61 · Cited by 4

Defaults versus framing: Revisiting Default Effect and Framing Effect with replications and extensions of Johnson and Goldstein (2003) and Johnson, Bellman, and Lohse (2002)

Chandrashekar, S. P., Adelina, N., Zeng, S., Chiu, Y. Y. E., Leung, G. Y. S., Henne, P., Cheng, B., & Feldman, G. (2023) · Meta-Psychology · doi:10.15626/mp.2022.3108 · Cited by 5

Why Companies Change Privacy Policies: A Principal-Agent Perspective

Chipidza, W., Leidner, D., & Burleson, D. (2016) · 2016 49th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.1109/hicss.2016.601 · Cited by 4

How physicians can reduce sick leave - evidence from a natural experiment

Markussen, S. (2009) · Cited by 4

Less is more: How the number of insurance options influences customers’ default acceptance

Grösch, M., & Steul‐Fischer, M. (2018) · Zeitschrift für die gesamte Versicherungswissenschaft · doi:10.1007/s12297-018-0415-4 · Cited by 4

It's the Psychology, Stupid!! Understanding Human Cognition Biases to Inform Sustainable BehaviorPreprint

Engler, J., Abson, D. J., & von Wehrden, H. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3086532 · Cited by 4

Decision-Making Approaches and the Propensity to Default: Evidence and Implications

Brown, J. R., Farrell, A., & Weisbenner, S. J. (2015) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w20949 · Cited by 4

Testing the Effect of Defaults on the Thermostat Settings of OECD Employees

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Assessment of Restaurant Beverage Offerings on Children’s Menus in New Orleans and Baton Rouge, Louisiana

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Can Avatars Amplify the Effectiveness of Request-Based and Default-Change Messages Aimed at Triggering Pro-environmental Tourist Behavior?

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Framing the Default

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Faculty & Research Working Paper Smart Defaults: From Hidden Persuaders to Adaptive Helpers

Smith, N. C., Goldstein, D. G., & Johnson, E. J. (2008) · Cited by 3

Framing Smart Nation: A moderated mediation analysis of frame-focus effects

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Bayesian evaluation of privacy-preserving risk communication for user android app preferences

Momenzadeh, B., Gopavaram, S. R., Das, S., & Camp, L. J. (2021) · Information and Computer Security · doi:10.1108/ics-11-2020-0182 · Cited by 3

Privacy and Informational Self-determination Through Informed Consent: The Way Forward

Gharib, M. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-95484-0_11 · Cited by 7

Bridging individual-level and system-level approaches to advance psychology-based diversity initiatives

He, J. C., Keller, B. B., & Kang, S. K. (2025) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-025-00493-3 · Cited by 3

Retailer-Customers Relationships in the Online Setting

Castaldo, S., & Grosso, M. (2014) · Advances in marketing, customer relationship management, and e-services book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-6074-8.ch022 · Cited by 3

Trust in Online Customer-Firm Interaction

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Privacy Salience: Taxonomies and Research Opportunities

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Scenario Context v/s Framing and Defaults in Managing Privacy in Household IoT

Bahirat, P., Sun, Q., & Knijnenburg, B. P. (2018) · ACM International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI) · doi:10.1145/3180308.3180372 · Cited by 3

Dynamic Currency Conversion Payment Options Specifically Harm Less Financially Literate Customers

Gerritsen, D. F., Lancee, B. S., & Rigtering, C. (2023) · Journal of Public Policy & Marketing · doi:10.1177/07439156231157721 · Cited by 3

Are Courses Chosen to Reduce Skill Deficiencies, An Experimental ApproachPreprint

Borghans, L., & Golsteyn, B. (2005) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · doi:10.26481/umaror.2007001 · Cited by 3

Behavioural Economics Applied

Antonides, G. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444395150.ch20 · Cited by 3

Experimental Privacy Studies - An Initial Review of the LiteraturePreprint

Kern, J., Fabian, B., & Ermakova, T. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3171929 · Cited by 3

Default Options and Insurance Demand

Robinson, P. J., Botzen, W. J. W., Kunreuther, H., & Chaudhry, S. J. (2020) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w27381 · Cited by 3

The Circularity of Consent in the DMA: A Close Look into the Prejudiced Substance of Articles 5(2) and 6(10)Preprint

Martínez, A. R. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4643462 · Cited by 3

When design deceives: consumer reactions to dark patterns in quick commerce

Agrawal, S., & Narayanan, S. (2026) · Journal of Indian Business Research · doi:10.1108/jibr-05-2025-0188 · Cited by 4

How default choice architecture impacts downstream behavior: A taxonomy, theoretical framework, and research agenda

Waisman, R., Derksen, T., & Häubl, G. (2025) · Consumer Psychology Review · doi:10.1002/arcp.70007 · Cited by 2

The Power of Defaults in Consumer Choice: A Systematic Review and Research Agenda

Manganari, E. E., & Paul, J. (2025) · Journal of Consumer Behaviour · doi:10.1002/cb.70083 · Cited by 1

Save More Today: Improving Retirement Savings Rates with Carrots, Advice, and Nudges

Blanchett, D. M. (2017) · The Journal of Retirement · doi:10.3905/jor.2017.5.1.069 · Cited by 2

Toward an Integrated Understanding of Online Trust

Ye, C. (2013) · Cited by 2

Opportunity Neglect: An Aversion to Low-Probability Gains

Prinsloo, E., Barasz, K., John, L. K., & Norton, M. I. (2022) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09567976221091801 · Cited by 3

Sexy social media photos disproportionately penalize female candidates' professional outcomes: Evidence of a sexual double standard

Ni, M., & Zayas, V. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104504 · Cited by 2

Defaults als Navigationshilfen in Produktkonfiguratoren – ein Beispiel aus der Automobilindustrie

Stadler, R., Kopitzki, D., Herrmann, A. P., Beck, L., & Hofstetter, R. (2012) · Marketing Review St Gallen · doi:10.1365/s11621-012-0123-8 · Cited by 2

The effect of default option on customer decision behavior in product customization

Wang, J., Cheng, L., & Han, W. (2013) · International Conference on Service Systems and Service Management · doi:10.1109/icsssm.2013.6602627 · Cited by 2

'Hidden Persuaders': Defaults and Consumer Welfare

Smith, N. C., & Goldstein, D. G. (2007) · London Business School Research Online (London Business School) · Cited by 2

Exploring the Choice for Default Systems

Goethals, F. (2016) · International Journal of Technology and Human Interaction · doi:10.4018/ijthi.2017010102 · Cited by 2

NudgeRio: um caso de aplicação de Ciência Comportamental às Políticas Públicas

de Andrade, O. M. (2020) · Cadernos do Desenvolvimento Fluminense · doi:10.12957/cdf.2019.52711 · Cited by 2

Privacy and Behavioral Economics

Acquisti, A., Brandimarte, L., & Loewenstein, G. F. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-82786-1_4 · Cited by 3

Optionally green: The effect of hybrid product default policy on consumer response to hybrid products

Usrey, B., Saridakis, C., & Theotokis, A. (2024) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.22052 · Cited by 2

Kerja Tak Terbayar di Media Sosial: Alienasi dan Eksploitasi Pekerja yang Tersamarkan dalam Kapitalisme Digital

Novianto, A., & Wulansari, A. D. (2019) · Jurnal Studi Pemuda · doi:10.22146/studipemudaugm.39744 · Cited by 2

The effects of selection defaults on the ordering practices of clinicians using an Electronic Medical Record

Probst, A. C. (2011) · Holmes Museum Of Anthropology (Wichita State University) · Cited by 2

Suspicious Minds (can be a good thing when saving for retirement)Preprint

Deetlefs, J., Bateman, H., Dobrescu, L. I., Newell, B. R., Ortmann, A., & Thorp, S. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2575482 · Cited by 2

An Empirical Examination of the Effects of Permission, Interactivity, Vividness and Personalisation on Consumer Attitudes toward E-mail Marketing

Maneesoonthorn, C. (2006) · UC Research Repository (University of Canterbury) · doi:10.26021/5287 · Cited by 2

When Setting a Default Payment Harms Credit Card HoldersPreprint

Sakaguchi, H., Stewart, N., & Gathergood, J. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3221299 · Cited by 2

Public knowledge of digital cookies : Exploring the design of cookie consent forms

Gröndahl, L. (2020) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) · Cited by 2

Electronic Word of Mouth (eWOM) and Marketing Implications

Alzate, M. (2021) · doi:10.48035/tesis/2454/41237 · Cited by 2

Corporate Social Responsibility's Influence on Misinformation in Online PlatformsPreprint

Jeong, M., Kim, D., Park, H., Zo, H. J., & Ciganek, A. P. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4096599 · Cited by 2

The Race for Data: Utilizing Informative or Persuasive Cues to Gain Opt-in?Preprint

D’Assergio, C., Manchanda, P., Montaguti, E., & Valentini, S. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4250389 · Cited by 2

The Bright Side of the GDPR: Welfare-Improving Privacy ManagementPreprint

Choe, C., Matsushima, N., & Shekhar, S. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4537982 · Cited by 2

How default effects and decision timing affect annuity uptake and health consciousness

Unger, F., Steul‐Fischer, M., & Gatzert, N. (2022) · The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance Issues and Practice · doi:10.1057/s41288-022-00280-8 · Cited by 2

Bridging the Sustainability Gap

Lahjiri, M., & Benhida, Z. (2024) · Advances in finance, accounting, and economics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-8954-6.ch011 · Cited by 1

Evaluating the effectiveness of behavioural nudges in reducing energy consumption in student accommodation: a quasi-experimental approach

Chen, Y., & Lotti, L. (2025) · UCL Open Environment · doi:10.14324/111.444/ucloe.3412 · Cited by 2

Customization and the Customer Journey

Kim, S. Y., Hamilton, R. W., Kim, T. T., & Lewis, M. V. (2025) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1177/00222429251379772 · Cited by 1

Large Language Models and Creative Content Design: a case study of email marketing at Wine Access

Dubé, J.-P., & Xu, A. (2026) · Quantitative Marketing and Economics · doi:10.1007/s11129-025-09303-9 · Cited by 1

The Digital Privacy Paradox and Choice Architecture: Evidence from an Experiment in Fintech

Athey, S. C., Catalini, C., Moehring, A. V., & Tucker, C. E. (2025) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.25300/misq/2025/19206 · Cited by 1

Review System Design and Sales: How Interface Visibility Moderates the Effect of Platform-Generated Default Reviews

Lu, Y., Zou, P., Huo, D., Chen, Y., & Li, W. J. (2026) · Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research · doi:10.3390/jtaer21030089 · Cited by 1

To Opt-In or Opt-Out? It Depends on the QuestionPreprint

Bellman, S., Johnson, E. J., & Lohse, G. L. (2001) · SSRN Electronic Journal · Cited by 26

To Opt-In Or To Opt-Out? It Depends On The Question

Article, N. W., Commerce, L. I. E., Johnson, E. J., & Lohse, G. L. (2001)

The Opt-in and Opt-out Debate: Is it really necessary?

Lai, Y.-L., & Hui, K.-L. (2006)

Internet opt-in opt-out: Investigating the of frames, and privacy concerns

Lai, Y. L., & Hui, K.-L. (2006) · Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) · doi:10.1145/1125170

Internet opt-in and opt-out

Lai, Y.-L., & Hui, K.-L. (2006) · ACM SIGCPR Conference on Computer Personnel Research (SIGCPR) · doi:10.1145/1125170.1125230 · Cited by 59