The DOI matches its Crossref record; 30 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Relations Between Continuous Performance Test Performance Measures and ADHD Behaviors
Abstract
The Conners' Continuous Performance Test (CPT) is a neuropsychological task that has repeatedly been shown to differentiate ADHD from normal groups. Several variables may be derived from the Conners' CPT including errors of omission and commission, mean hit reaction time(RT), mean hit RT standard error, d', and beta. What each CPT parameter actually assesses has largely been based upon clinical assumptions and the face validity of each measure (e.g., omission errors measure inattention, commission errors measure impulsivity). This study attempts to examine relations between various CPT variables and phenotypic behaviors so as to better understand the various CPT variables. An epidemiological sample of 817 children was administered the Conners' CPT. Diagnostic interviews were conducted with parents to determine ADHD symptom profiles for all children. Children diagnosed with ADHD had more variable RTs, made more errors of commission and omission, and demonstrated poorer perceptual sensitivity than nondiagnosed children. Regarding specific symptoms, generalized estimating equations (GEE) and ANCOVAs were conducted to determine specific relationships between the 18 DSM-IV ADHD symptoms and 6 CPT parameters. CPT performance measures demonstrated significant relationships to ADHD symptoms but did not demonstrate symptom domain specificity according to a priori assumptions. Overall performance on the two signal detection measures, d' and beta, was highly related to all ADHD symptoms across symptom domains. Further, increased variability in RTs over time was related to most ADHD symptoms. Finally, it appears that at least 1 CPT variable, mean hit RT, is minimally related to ADHD symptoms as a whole, but does demonstrate some specificity in its link with symptoms of hyperactivity.
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“In a study examining whether RTV was specifically correlated with individual ADHD symptoms (e.g., short attention span), significant relations were observed between RTV and all 18 ADHD symptoms, suggesting no specificity between RTVand specific ADHD behaviors [55].”
From Reaction Time Variability in ADHD: A Review (2012) · cites this paper as [55]
In the citing paper
“sustained attention abilities predict objective and subjective reports of classroom behavior (Brocki, Tillman, & Bohlin, 2010; Epstein et al., 2003; Rapport et al., 1987), academic performance (Molina et al., 2009; Rapport et al., 1994), special education placement, and comorbid learning disabilities (Faraone et al., 1993).”
From Improving Outcomes for Youth with ADHD: A Conceptual Framework for Combined Neurocognitive and Skill-Based Treatment Approaches (2014) · cites this paper as Epstein et al., 2003
In the citing paper
“Epstein and colleagues (Epstein et al., 2003) reported variability in d’, lnβ, and RT to be strongly associated across multiple ADHD symptom domains.”
From The influences of environmental enrichment, cognitive enhancement, and physical exercise on brain development: Can we alter the developmental trajectory of ADHD? (2011) · cites this paper as Epstein et al., 2003
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The Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment (CAPA)
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The Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment (CAPA)
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Self-citationContinuous Performance Test Performance in a Normative Epidemiological Sample
Conners, C. K., Epstein, J. N., Angold, A. C., & Klaric, J. (2003) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1023/a:1025457300409 · Cited by 463
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The ecological validity of laboratory and analogue assessment methods of ADHD symptoms
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“In general, correlations between omission errors and measures of inattention or commission errors and measures of impulsivity have been low to moderate and have not always been domain specific ( Barkley, 1991 ).”
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Ribeiro, M. J., Violante, I. R., Bernardino, I., Edden, R. A. E., & Castelo-Branco, M. S. (2014) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2014.10.019 · Cited by 72
“Go/no-go tasks involve the ability to control impulsive behavior and the performance metrics correlate with symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity (Epstein et al., 2003).”
Sims, D. M., & Lonigan, C. J. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2012.738453 · Cited by 70
“used in research for differentiating between children with and without inattentive and hyperactive=impulsive behavior problems (Epstein et al., 2003; Youngwirth, Harvey, Gates, Hashim, & Friedman-Weieneth, 2006).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialFacial affect recognition in autism, ADHD and typical development
Berggren, S., Engström, A.-C., & Bölte, S. (2016) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2016.1171205 · Cited by 73
Predicting the early developmental course of symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
von Stauffenberg, C., & Campbell, S. B. G. (2007) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2007.06.011 · Cited by 68
The Relationships Among ADHD, Self-Esteem, and Test Anxiety in Young Adults
Dan, O., & Raz, S. (2012) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054712454571 · Cited by 72
“Attention [TOVA]) have been extensively used in the context of ADHD diagnosis (Barkley, 1998; Epstein et al., 2003; Losier, McGrath, & Klein, 1996; Nichols & Waschbusch, 2004; Riccio & Reynolds, 2001).”
MethodAccommodative response and cortical activity during sustained attention
Poltavski, D., Biberdorf, D. H., & Petros, T. V. (2012) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2012.04.017 · Cited by 63
“Power values for each frequency component were then grouped into 3 frequency bands: theta chological task of sustained attention that has repeatedly been shown to differentiate ADHD from normal groups (Epstein et al., 2003).”
Johnson, K. A., Barry, E., Bellgrove, M. A., Cox, M., Kelly, S. P., Dáibhis, A., Daly, M., Keavey, M., Watchorn, A., Fitzgerald, M., et al. (2008) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.01.002 · Cited by 62
Walderhaug, E., Herman, A. I., Magnússon, A., Morgan, M. J., & Landrø, N. I. (2010) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2010.02.048 · Cited by 62
“Low β is also associated with ADHD symptoms [14], adolescents with conduct and substance problems, Eysenck Impulsiveness Scale and the impulsivity factor in the Antisocial Process Screening Device [41].”
BackgroundBiederman, J., Fried, R. S., Monuteaux, M. C., Reimer, B., Coughlin, J. F., Surman, C. B. H., Aleardi, M., Dougherty, M., Schoenfeld, S., Spencer, T. J., et al. (2007) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1744-859x-6-4 · Cited by 62
Event-related wave activity in the EEG provides new marker of ADHD
Alexander, D. M., Hermens, D. F., Keage, H. A. D., Clark, C. R., Williams, L. M., Kohn, M. R., Clarke, S. D., Lamb, C., & Gordon, E. (2007) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2007.09.119 · Cited by 62
“54) (Epstein et al., 2003).”
BackgroundBrotman, M. A., Rooney, M. H., Skup, M., Pine, D. S., & Leibenluft, E. (2009) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e3181a27527 · Cited by 59
“It may index efficiency of neural signaling and reflect a failure to adopt a consistent response strategy.(37,38) Fast-frequency ISV-RT, as identified by fast Fourier transformation,(18) may reflect sustained attention deficits resulting from moment-tomoment variation in top-down control, whereas predominately slow-fr…”
BackgroundThe effect of family processes on school achievement as moderated by socioeconomic context
Oxford, M. L., & Lee, J. O. (2011) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2011.06.001 · Cited by 57
Behavioral correlates of reaction time variability in children with and without ADHD.
Antonini, T. N., Narad, M. E., Langberg, J. M., & Epstein, J. N. (2013) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/a0032071 · Cited by 56
“However, a study examining relations between RT variability and individual ADHD symptoms found that RT variability was related to specific symptoms in both ADHD symptom domains (Epstein et al., 2003).”
BackgroundSelf-citationForns, J., Torrent, M., Garcia-Esteban, R., Cáceres, A., Gomila, M. P., Martínez, D., Morales, E., Júlvez, J., Grimalt, J., & Sunyer, J. (2012) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2012.04.007 · Cited by 46
Evidence-based Assessment of Cognitive Functioning in Pediatric Psychology
Campbell, J. M., Brown, R. T., Cavanagh, S. E., Vess, S. F., & Segall, M. J. (2008) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsm138 · Cited by 64
“Thus, the decision as to which of these instruments to use largely depends on the questions pertaining to visual or verbal memory that have been posed by the investigator or the clinician.”
BackgroundSustained attention and behavioral characteristics associated with ADHD in adults
Avisar, A., & Shalev, L. (2011) · Applied Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09084282.2010.547777 · Cited by 59
“Note, however, that the relationship between the CCPT and ADHD behaviors that were found in this study is consistent with studies using different CPT versions (Barkley, 1991; Epstein et al., 2003; Hopwood & Morey, 2008; Huang-Pollock et al., 2006).”
MethodResultInfluentialAttention Deficits in Children With Combined Autism and ADHD: A CPT Study
Lundervold, A. J., Stickert, M., Hysing, M., Sørensen, L., Gillberg, C., & Posserud, M.-B. (2016) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054712453168 · Cited by 55
“The exact behavioral correlates of the various components of the CCPT-II remain unclear (Edwards et al., 2007; Epstein et al., 2003), and the results in the present study must therefore be interpreted with caution.”
MethodResultThaler, V., Urton, K., Heine, A., Hawelka, S., Engl, V., & Jacobs, A. M. (2009) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.04.006 · Cited by 55
Lin, H., Hsieh, H.-C., Lee, P., Hong, F., Chang, W., & Liu, K. (2014) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054714542004 · Cited by 54
“…Continuous Performance Task (CPT) in differentiating children with ADHD from normal controls (Berger, Slobodin, Aboud, Melamed, & Cassuto, 2013; Epstein et al., 2003; Halperin, Trampush, Miller, Marks, & Newcorn, 2008; Johnson et al., 2007; Miranda et al., 2012), little is known about the…”
BackgroundBrocki, K. C., Tillman, C. M., & Bohlin, G. (2010) · European Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17405620801937764 · Cited by 53
“This is partly in line with the study by Epstein et al. (2003), which showed that only commission errors and RT variability significantly distinguished between children fulfilling diagnostic levels of ADHD and controls.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialAreces, D., Dockrell, J. E., García, T., Castro, P. G., & Rodríguez, C. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0201039 · Cited by 53
Stins, J. F., Tollenaar, M. S., Slaats-Willemse, D. I. E., Buitelaar, J. K., Swaab, H., Verhulst, F. C., Polderman, T. J. C., & Boomsma, D. I. (2005) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297040490916938 · Cited by 57
“These results are in line with a recent study by Epstein et al. (2003), who administered a CPT to a group of children with ADHD and a group of normal controls.”
ResultBehavioral Assessment of Core ADHD Symptoms Using the QbTest
Reh, V., Schmidt, M., Lam, L., Schimmelmann, B. G., Hebebrand, J., Rief, W., & Christiansen, H. (2015) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054712472981 · Cited by 51
“The continuous performance test (CPT) is the most commonly used neuropsychological test for ADHD evaluation in both research and clinical settings (Ballard, 1996; Corkum & Siegel, 1993; Epstein et al., 2003; McGee, Clark, & Symons, 2000; Nichols & Waschbusch, 2004; Riccio, Waldrop, Reynolds, & Lowe, 2001).”
MethodMulti-method assessment of ADHD characteristics in preschool children: Relations between measures
Sims, D. M., & Lonigan, C. J. (2011) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2011.08.004 · Cited by 51
“However, consistent with other research (Egeland et al., 2009; Epstein et al., 2003; McGee et al., 2000), commission errors and omission errors did not distinctively relate to ratings of hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattention, respectively.”
BackgroundResultGarcía, I. M., Pardo, G. D., & Roldán-Blasco, C. (2015) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2015.2 · Cited by 51
Stevenson, M. P., & McNaughton, N. (2013) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.10.003 · Cited by 51
Wang, L., Huang, Y., Hsiao, C.-C., Chiang, Y.-L., Wu, C., Shang, Z.-Y., & Chen, C. (2010) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/15622975.2010.512090 · Cited by 52
Attentional blink in adolescents with varying levels of impulsivity
Li, C.-S. R., Chen, S., Lin, W., & Yang, Y. (2004) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2004.06.003 · Cited by 50
“…and Siegel, 1993; Dougherty et al., 1999b; Inoue et al., 1998; Klorman et al., 1988; Parasnis et al., 2003), although the specificity of this finding has been questioned in others (Barkley, 1992; Epstein et al., 2003; Thompson and Nichols, 1992; see also Riccio and Reynolds, 2001 for a review).”
BackgroundCognitive problems among breast cancer survivors: loneliness enhances risk
Jaremka, L. M., Peng, J., Bornstein, R. A., Alfano, C. M., Andridge, R., Povoski, S. P., Lipari, A. M., Agnese, D. M., Farrar, W. B., Yee, L. D., et al. (2014) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.3544 · Cited by 50
“More commissions and faster RTs are linked to impulsivity [27,28].”
Reliability and validity of the online continuous performance test among young adults
Raz, S., Bar-Haim, Y., Sadeh, A., & Dan, O. (2014) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191112443409 · Cited by 49
“Conners’s CPT-II was selected as a validation tool for the OCPT because it is considered a gold standard CPT measure, producing valid and reliable assessments of attention function (e.g., Conners et al., 2003; Egeland & Kovalik-Gran, 2010; Epstein et al., 2003; Hill, Pella, Singh, Jones, & Gouvier, 2009; McGee et al.,…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialKim, S., Ryu, J.-H., Choi, Y., Kang, Y., Li, H., & Kim, K. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.2977688 · Cited by 49
“This outcome indicates that our game is more effective in improving attention than in reducing impulsivity, based on the fact that the omission errors measure inattention, and the commission errors measure impulsivity [34], [48].”
BackgroundHeller, M. D., Roots, K., Srivastava, S., Schumann, J., Srivastava, J., & Hale, T. S. (2013) · Games for Health Journal · doi:10.1089/g4h.2013.0058 · Cited by 53
“24 Effect size and accuracy of measurement vary by variable measured based on CPT testing (for example, commissions, omissions, reaction time, standard deviation of reaction time, etc.).”
The 5-HTTLPR polymorphism, impulsivity and suicide behavior in euthymic bipolar patients
Malloy-Diniz, L. F., Neves, F. S., de Moraes, P. H. P., De Marco, L. A., Romano-Silva, M. A., Krebs, M.-O., & Corrêa, H. (2011) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.03.051 · Cited by 48
“Two different tests were used, the Continuous Performance Test (CPT-II) (Epstein et al., 2003) that provides measures of sustained attention and impulsiveness, and a computerized Brazilian version of the Iowa Gambling Test (IGT) (Bechara et al.”
MethodLin, H., Lee, P., Chang, W., & Hong, F. (2014) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.2014.009365 · Cited by 49
“Many studies (Epstein et al., 2003; Johnson, Robertson, et al., 2007; Seidel & Joschko, 1990), as well as a meta-analytic review of CPT research (Losier, McGrath, & Klein, 1996), confirm poorer CPT performance in children with ADHD than in children without disabilities.”
Conners’ Continuous Performance Test Third Edition
Conners, C. K., Sitarenios, G., & Ayearst, L. E. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57111-9_1535 · Cited by 49
Self-citationGu, S.-L. H., Gau, S. S., Tzang, S.-W., & Hsu, W. (2013) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2013.07.025 · Cited by 51
Relation Between Outcomes on a Continuous Performance Test and ADHD Symptoms Over Time
Vaughn, A. J., Epstein, J. N., Rausch, J. R., Altaye, M., Langberg, J. M., Newcorn, J. H., Hinshaw, S. P., Hechtman, L. T., Arnold, L. E., Swanson, J. M., et al. (2011) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9501-y · Cited by 50
“Namely, reaction time variability was correlated with all three ADHD symptom domains consistent with previous research (e.g., Epstein et al., 2003).”
ResultSelf-citationMiller, A. C., Fuchs, D., Fuchs, L. S., Compton, D. L., Kearns, D. M., Zhang, W., Yen, L., Patton, S., & Kirchner, D. P. (2014) · Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness · doi:10.1080/19345747.2014.906691 · Cited by 57
“Cognitive assessments and ratings of attention represent unique constructs known to make independent contributions to reading comprehension (Epstein et al., 2003; McGee, Clark, & Symons, 2000; Steele, Karmiloff-Smith, Cornish, & Scerif, 2012).”
BackgroundMarkunas, C. A., Quinn, K. S., Collins, A. L., Garrett, M. E., Lachiewicz, A. M., Sommer, J. L., Morrissey-Kane, E., Kollins, S. H., Anastopoulos, A. D., & Ashley‐Koch, A. E. (2010) · Psychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1097/ypg.0b013e3283351209 · Cited by 45
“We, and others, have shown that some of these CPT-type measures are correlated with AD/HD symptoms or affection status (Epstein et al., 2003; Kollins et al., 2008) and are heritable (Groot et al.”
ResultWatkins, H., & Meyer, T. D. (2013) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.12090 · Cited by 50
“To assess behavioral impulsivity, a variety of paradigms were used including the Go No/Go Task (18), Time Estimation Task (production) (18), IMT and Delayed Memory Task (DMT) (based on Continuous Performance Task) (48), Two-Choice Impulsivity Paradigm (TCIP) (49), Single-Key Impulsivity Paradigm (SKIP) (49), Continuou…”
MethodMiranda, M. C., Barbosa, T., Muszkat, M., Rodrigues, C. C., Sinnes, E. G., Coelho, L. F., Rizzutti, S., Palma, S. M. M., & Bueno, O. F. A. (2012) · Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria · doi:10.1590/s0004-282x2012000200004 · Cited by 46
Examining predictors of reaction times in children with ADHD and normal controls
EPSTEIN, J. N., HWANG, M. E., ANTONINI, T., LANGBERG, J. M., ALTAYE, M., & ARNOLD, L. E. (2010) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617709991111 · Cited by 45
Self-citationAssociation Between Auditory and Visual Continuous Performance Tests in Students With ADHD
Schmidt, S. L., Simões, E. N., & Carvalho, A. L. N. (2016) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054716679263 · Cited by 46
Vuong, A. M., Yolton, K. A., Poston, K. L., Xie, C., Webster, G. M., Sjödin, A., Braun, J. M., Dietrich, K. N., Lanphear, B. P., & Chen, A. (2017) · Neurotoxicology and Teratology · doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2017.09.001 · Cited by 44
“CPT-II indices of commission and omission errors, HRT, as well as perceptual sensitivity have been shown to differentiate ADHD children from non-ADHD children (Epstein et al., 2003; Losier et al., 1996).”
BackgroundAnimal models to guide clinical drug development in ADHD: lost in translation?
Wickens, J. R., Hyland, B. I., & Tripp, G. (2011) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01412.x · Cited by 45
“Errors of commission on the CPT have been assumed to measure impulsivity because they are responses that occur when no response is required (Epstein et al., 2003).”
BackgroundBubnik, M. G., Hawk, L. W., Pelham, W. E., Waxmonsky, J. G., & Rosch, K. S. (2014) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-014-9891-8 · Cited by 48
“Results from the standard CPT completed on the baseline day of Study 1 replicated previous investigations reporting a lower target detection (“hit”) rate and higher false alarm rate among children with ADHD compared to typically developing controls (Epstein et al., 2003; Nigg et al., 2005; Willcutt et al., 2005).”
InfluentialCohen, A. L., & Shapiro, S. K. (2007) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054706292162 · Cited by 47
“CCPT research suggests that children and adults with and without ADHD do not differ in reaction time (Epstein et al., 1998; Epstein et al., 2003; Murphy et al., 2001; RoyByrne et al., 1997; Solanto et al., 2004; Walker et al., 2000).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCOMT genotype affects brain white matter pathways in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Hong, S.-B., Zalesky, A., Park, S., Yang, Y.-H., Park, M.-H., Kim, B., Song, I. C., Sohn, C., Shin, M., Kim, B.-N., et al. (2014) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22634 · Cited by 44
“In this study, we used two major variables: omission errors (a measure of inattention) and response time variability (a measure of consistency of attention) [Epstein et al., 2003].”
MethodBehavioral measures of state impulsivity and their psychometric properties: A systematic review
Nguyen, R. H., Brooks, M., Bruno, R., & Peacock, A. (2018) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.06.040 · Cited by 52
Schachar, R., Ickowicz, A., Crosbie, J., Donnelly, G. A. E., Reiz, J. L., Miceli, P. C., Harsanyi, Z., & Darke, A. C. (2008) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2007.0039 · Cited by 43
“False positives in the CPT are typically considered a measure of impulse control and omission errors, which reflect sustained attention, are deemed to be less reliable (Epstein et al. 2003).”
A longitudinal investigation of children internationally adopted at school age
Helder, E. J., Mulder, E., & Gunnoe, M. L. (2014) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2014.967669 · Cited by 55
“Given past research suggesting that the d’ (Detectability) score correlates strongly with parent ratings of attention (Epstein et al., 2003), the T-score for Detectability from the Conner’s Continuous Performance Test-II (CCPT-II; Conners, 2006) was used to operationalize sustained attention.”
Hoffman, M. F., Tiddens, E., & Quittner, A. L. (2018) · Hearing Research · doi:10.1016/j.heares.2018.01.002 · Cited by 45
ADHD History of the Concept: the Case of the Continuous Performance Test
Albrecht, B., Uebel, H., Wiedmann, K., & Rothenberger, A. (2015) · Current Developmental Disorders Reports · doi:10.1007/s40474-014-0035-1 · Cited by 50
Neurobehavioral function and low-level metal exposure in adolescents
Kiciński, M., Vrijens, J., Vermier, G., Hond, E. D., Schoeters, G. E. R., Nelen, V., Bruckers, L. M., Sioen, I., Baeyens, W., Larebeke, N. V., et al. (2014) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2014.09.002 · Cited by 43
Task-Related Vigilance During Word Recognition in Noise for Older Adults with Hearing Loss
Kuchinsky, S. E., Vaden, K. I., Ahlstrom, J. B., Cute, S. L., Humes, L. E., Dubno, J. R., & Eckert, M. A. (2015) · Experimental Aging Research · doi:10.1080/0361073x.2016.1108712 · Cited by 44
“In particular, previous research has demonstrated that RTs in response to changing interstimulus intervals (ISIs) on the CPT are more variable with increasing distractibility and with attention deficit disorders (Advokat, Martino, Hill, & Gouvier, 2007; Epstein et al., 2003).”
MethodPreliminary report of familial clustering of EEG measures in ADHD
Loo, S. K., & Smalley, S. (2008) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30575 · Cited by 44
“This task yields several measures that have been found to differ significantly between children with ADHD and controls [Epstein et al., 2003].”
BackgroundTime-on-Task in Children with ADHD: An ex-Gaussian Analysis
Tarantino, V., Cutini, S., Mogentale, C., & Bisiacchi, P. S. (2013) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617713000623 · Cited by 49
“, 2011), and it has been suggested that high IIV should not be considered as simply a reflection of error variance, but as one of the core features of ADHD, and one which can be regarded as a reliable clinical index because it correlates with ADHD diagnosis (Castellanos et al., 2005; Epstein et al., 2003; Leth-Steense…”
ResultEdebol, H., Helldin, L., & Norlander, T. (2012) · Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health · doi:10.2174/1745017901208010134 · Cited by 40
What does handedness reveal about ADHD? An analysis based on CPT performance
Simões, E. N., Carvalho, A. L. N., & Schmidt, S. L. (2017) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2017.04.009 · Cited by 40
Hayward, A., Tomlinson, A., & Neill, J. C. (2015) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.11.010 · Cited by 39
Psychosocial stress increases craving for alcohol in social drinkers: Effects of risk-taking
Clay, J. M., Adams, C., Archer, P., English, M. W., Hyde, A., Stafford, L. D., & Parker, M. O. (2018) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.12.021 · Cited by 42
“Implicit measures of impulsivity and risk-taking involved two computer tasks, the Conners Continuous Performance Test (CPT; impulsivity (Conners et al., 2003; Epstein et al., 2003)) and the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART; risk-taking (Lejuez et al.”
BackgroundMethodSegregating sustained attention from response inhibition in ADHD: An fMRI study
Hwang, S., Meffert, H., Parsley, I. C., Tyler, P. M., Erway, A. K., Botkin, M. L., Pope, K., & Blair, J. (2019) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101677 · Cited by 43
“Measures of sustained attention include the oddball and continuous performance tasks (CPT) where participants respond to rare target stimuli.”
InfluentialNagashima, M., Monden, Y., Dan, I., Dan, H., Tsuzuki, D., Mizutani, T., Kyutoku, Y., Gunji, Y., Momoi, M. Y., Watanabe, E., et al. (2014) · Neurophotonics · doi:10.1117/1.nph.1.1.015001 · Cited by 40
Turkish version of impact on family scale: a study of reliability and validity
Bek, N., Şimşek, İ. E., Erel, S., Yakut, Y., & Uygur, F. (2009) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/1477-7525-7-4 · Cited by 48
Chien, Y., Gau, S. S., Chiu, Y., Tsai, W., Shang, C., & Wu, Y. (2014) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2014.04.006 · Cited by 47
Júlvez, J., Debes, F., Weihe, P., Choi, A. L., & Grandjean, P. (2010) · Neurotoxicology and Teratology · doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2010.08.001 · Cited by 39
“Pressing the button at other times suggests problems of inhibition and is expressed as a commission error outcome without a HRT [10,13].”
BackgroundMethodPathophysiology of NSS in ADHD
Pasini, A., & D’Agati, E. (2009) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622970902789148 · Cited by 39
“They found that subjects with ADHD were slower than NC on repetitive motor tasks (Dickstein et al. 2005), consistent with some previous studies reporting that children with ADHD had impaired repetitive motor responses (Rubia et al. 1999b; Epstein et al. 2003).”
ResultThe Effects of Mindfulness Practice on Attentional Functions Among Primary School Children
Tarrasch, R. (2018) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-018-1073-9 · Cited by 52
“We found no improvement in errors of omission, which reflect inattention (Allan and Lonigan 2015; Epstein et al. 2003).”
BackgroundMcGowan, N. M., Uzoni, A., Faltraco, F., Thome, J., & Coogan, A. N. (2020) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12974 · Cited by 41
“Faster reaction times are generally associated with more impulsive response styles and increased errors of commission, whereas greater variability is associated with more omission errors reflecting inattention (Epstein et al., 2003).”
BackgroundStroux, D., Shushakova, A., Geburek, A. J., Ohrmann, P., Rist, F., & Pedersen, A. (2015) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2015.05.021 · Cited by 39
“Other studies that investigated the performance parameters in the CPT did not find a substantial relationship with ADHD symptomatology (Edwards et al., 2007; Epstein et al., 2003).”
ResultEthier, A.-A., Muckle, G., Jacobson, S. W., Ayotte, P., Jacobson, J. L., & Saint‐Amour, D. (2015) · Neurotoxicology and Teratology · doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2015.07.005 · Cited by 37
“Omissions reflect inattention where as false alarms reflect hyperactivity–impulsivity (Barkley, 1991; Epstein et al., 2003).”
BackgroundLundahl, A., Kidwell, K. M., Dyk, T. R. V., & Nelson, T. D. (2015) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2014.939183 · Cited by 41
“If youth are “hypoactive” following sleep restriction as suggested by Fallone and colleagues (2005), and thus, experience slowed cognitive tempo and response patterns, performance on tasks requiring them to “wait awhile” before responding may improve as they would be less likely to respond overall (as reflected by the…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialFloros, O., Axelsson, J., Almeida, R., Tigerström, L., Lekander, M., Sundelin, T., & Petrović, P. (2020) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.09.019 · Cited by 42
Rucklidge, J. J. (2006) · International Journal of Disability Development and Education · doi:10.1080/10349120600577402 · Cited by 41
“Controls, particularly the signal detection measures ( Epstein et al., 2003 ), it has not been ADHD, Gender Differences and Neuropsychological Functioning 11”
BackgroundPardini, D., White, H. R., Xiong, S., Bechtold, J., Chung, T., Loeber, R., & Hipwell, A. (2015) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-015-0012-0 · Cited by 36
“Studies have shown that both parent and teacher ratings of attention problems tend to show small and somewhat inconsistent correlations with performance-based indices of attention and executive functioning (Epstein et al. 2003; Toplak et al. 2013), suggesting they are measuring different aspects of the same underlying…”
BackgroundNagashima, M., Monden, Y., Dan, I., Dan, H., Mizutani, T., Tsuzuki, D., Kyutoku, Y., Gunji, Y., Hirano, D., Taniguchi, T., et al. (2014) · Neurophotonics · doi:10.1117/1.nph.1.2.025007 · Cited by 36
Neurophysiological markers of ADHD symptoms in typically-developing children
Hilger, K., Sassenhagen, J., Kühnhausen, J., Reuter, M., Schwarz, U., Gawrilow, C., & Fiebach, C. J. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-80562-0 · Cited by 39
Burton, B. K., Vangkilde, S., Petersen, A., Skovgaard, L. T., Jepsen, J. R. M., Hemager, N., Christiani, C. J., Spang, K. S., Ellersgaard, D., Greve, A. N., et al. (2018) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2018.04.012 · Cited by 33
Colla, M., Ende, G., Alm, B., Deuschle, M., Heuser, I., & Kronenberg, G. (2007) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.06.006 · Cited by 35
“Remarkably, a recently published study that investigated relations between various CPT variables and ADHD behaviors found that one variable, namely reaction time for hits, was related to ADHD symptoms as a whole (Epstein et al., 2003).”
BackgroundTechnological Applications for Individuals with Learning Disabilities and ADHD
Lewandowski, L. J., Wood, W. L. M., & Miller, L. A. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802075-3.00003-6 · Cited by 40
Reliability Concerns in the Repeated Computerized Assessment of Attention in Children
Zabel, T. A., von Thomsen, C., Cole, C. A. S., Martin, R. B., & Mahone, E. M. (2009) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854040902855358 · Cited by 35
“…exists for the use of the original CPT, as well as the CPT-II, in the patient screening process and in detecting performance-based differences between clinical/treatment groups and comparison/ control groups (e.g., Boro, Vahip, & Akdeniz, 2006; Epstein et al., 2003, 2006; Gruber et al., 2007).”
Children Sustained Attention Task (CSAT): Normative, reliability, and validity data
Servera, M., & Cardo, E. (2006) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 34
A comprehensive review of attention tests: can we assess what we exactly do not understand?
Nasiri, E., Khalilzad, M., Hakimzadeh, Z., Isari, A., Faryabi-Yousefabad, S., Sadigh‐Eteghad, S., & Naseri, A. (2023) · The Egyptian Journal of Neurology Psychiatry and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1186/s41983-023-00628-4 · Cited by 46
Ebert, K. D. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0180598 · Cited by 34
Johnson, K. A., White, M., Wong, P. S., & Murrihy, C. (2019) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2019.1639654 · Cited by 33
“…evidence of an association between the number of commission errors made on Go/No-Go tasks and hyperactivity and impulsivity symptoms (Barkley, 1991; Epstein et al., 2003; McGee et al., 2000; Pliszka, Borcherding, Spratley, Leon, & Irick, 1997; Solanto et al., 2001; Wåhlstedt, 2009; Wåhlstedt et…”
BackgroundResultDrewel, E. H., Bell, D. J., & Austin, J. (2009) · Child Neuropsychology: A Journal of Normal and Abnormal Development in Childhood and Adolescence · doi:10.1080/09297040802537646 · Cited by 31
“Regarding validity, the CPT adequately discriminates between children with and without attention problems (Conners, 1995; Epstein et al., 2003).”
BackgroundReal-Time Occupational Stress and Fatigue Measurement in Medical Imaging Practice
Krupinski, E. A., & Reiner, B. I. (2011) · Journal of Imaging Informatics in Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10278-011-9439-1 · Cited by 33
Miranda, M. C., Sinnes, E. G., Pompéia, S., & Bueno, O. F. A. (2007) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054707299412 · Cited by 33
“Since then CPTs have become popular research and diagnosis tools in studies of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; Corkum & Siegel, 1993; Epstein et al., 2003; Losier, McGrath, & Klein, 1996; McGee, Clark & Symons 2000; Riccio & Reynolds, 2001).”
BackgroundFunctional Impairment Variability in Children With ADHD Due to Emotional Impulsivity
Walerius, D. M., Reyes, R. A., Rosen, P. J., & Factor, P. I. (2014) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054714561859 · Cited by 35
“The findings of this study indicate that the variability demonstrated by individuals with ADHD goes beyond academic performance (DuPaul & Stoner, 2002, 2003) and neurological findings (Epstein et al., 2003; Kofler et al., 2013), and extends to emotionality, behavior, and general functioning.”
BackgroundResultNeurocognitive functioning in community youth with suicidal ideation: gender and pubertal effects
Barzilay, R., Calkins, M. E., Moore, T. M., Boyd, R. C., Jones, J. D., Benton, T. D., Oquendo, M. A., Gur, R. C., & Gur, R. E. (2019) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2019.55 · Cited by 33
“23”
Cognitive Deficits in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Long-Term Follow-Up.
Douglas, V. I. (2005) · Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne · doi:10.1037/h0085821 · Cited by 39
Validity of Visual and Auditory Attention Tests for Detecting ADHD
Wang, L., Lee, S.-Y., Tsai, C., Lee, M., Chou, M., Kuo, H., & Chou, W. (2019) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054719887433 · Cited by 32
“Moreover, increased variability in hit response time was associated with most ADHD symptoms (Epstein et al., 2003).”
BackgroundBreitling-Ziegler, C., Zaehle, T., Wellnhofer, C., Dannhauer, M., Tegelbeckers, J., Baumann, V., Flechtner, H., & Krauel, K. (2021) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.01.014 · Cited by 33
Methylphenidate, cognition, and epilepsy
Adams, J., Jocson, V. A., Inoyama, K., Bartlett, V., Sandhu, S., Oso, J., Barry, J. J., Loring, D. W., & Meador, K. J. (2016) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000003564 · Cited by 31
“HRTSD and d’ were chosen among the CPT variables available because reviews have suggested that they are sensitive to attentional issues in individuals with ADHD across all clinical symptom domains.(26,27) The other 2 primary outcome measures (SDMT total score and MCG total score) were chosen because of their demonstra…”
MethodChien, Y., Chou, M., Chiu, Y., Chou, W., Wu, Y., Tsai, W., & Gau, S. S. (2017) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-017-0153-9 · Cited by 32
“, detectability and response style) corresponded to the accuracy problems and risky response style reported in ADHD [55, 81, 82].”
BackgroundAllan, D. M., Allan, N. P., Lerner, M. D., Farrington, A. L., & Lonigan, C. J. (2015) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2015.02.001 · Cited by 35
Miguel, C. S., Martins, P., Moleda, N., Klein, M., Chaim-Avancini, T., Gobbo, M. A., Alves, T. M., Silva, M. A., & Louzã, M. (2016) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.12.040 · Cited by 29
A kinematic analysis of the association between impulsivity and manual aiming control
Lage, G. M., Malloy‐Diniz, L. F., Neves, F. S., de Moraes, P. H. P., & Corrêa, H. (2012) · Human Movement Science · doi:10.1016/j.humov.2011.08.008 · Cited by 30
Adults With Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Assessment and Treatment Strategies
Wadsworth, J. S., & Harper, D. C. (2007) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2007.tb00450.x · Cited by 32
Curtis, B. J., Williams, P., & Anderson, J. S. (2018) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsy115 · Cited by 31
Metadata
- Authors
- Epstein, J. N., Erkanli, A., Conners, C. K., Klaric, J., Costello, J. E., & Angold, A.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Epstein, Jeffery N.
- ORCID
- Epstein, Jeffery N.
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology
- Published
- 2003-10
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 543-554
- ISSN
- 0091-0627 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2835
- OpenAlex
- W1539412734
- Cited by
- 520
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 5.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Conners' Continuous Performance Test, inattention, impulsivity, hyperactivity, reaction time variability, omission errors, commission errors, perceptual sensitivity, children
- MeSH terms
- Algorithms, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Humans, Neuropsychological Tests, Reaction Time, Severity of Illness Index, Reproducibility of Results, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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