Preliminary Psychometric Evaluation of a New Self-Efficacy Scale and Its Relationship to Treatment Outcome in Social Anxiety Disorder
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The main and basic processes of psychological flexibility in ACT include acceptance, defusion, self as context, connection to present, values, and action commitment, and these processes together strengthen psychological flexibility.
“The main and basic processes of psychological flexibility in ACT include acceptance, defusion, self as context, connection to present, values, and action commitment. These processes are related to each other and together affect the strengthening of psychological flexibility.[3]”
From The effectiveness of acceptance and commitment group therapy on social anxiety in female dormitory residents in Isfahan university of medical sciences (2019) · cites this paper as [3]
ACT is a type of behavioral therapy that uses mindfulness, acceptance, and cognitive defusion to increase psychological flexibility.
“Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is a type of behavioral therapy which uses mindfulness, acceptance, and cognitive defusion to increase psychological flexibility.”
From The effectiveness of acceptance and commitment group therapy on social anxiety in female dormitory residents in Isfahan university of medical sciences (2019) · cites this paper as [3]
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Gaudiano, B. A., & Herbert, J. D. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.02.007 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
“Effect sizes between groups were computed on the BPRS using Cohen’s dstatistic.3 Finally, regression analyses were conducted to examine covariates of change in distress associated with psychotic symptoms, similar to procedures used by Gaudiano and Herbert (2003).”
MethodHerbert, J. D., Gaudiano, B. A., Rheingold, A. A., Myers, V. H., Dalrymple, K., & Nolan, E. M. (2005) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(05)80061-9 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
“For those patients who already had relatively strong skills, the SST may have facilitated an increase in their self-efficacy with respect to social situations, thereby improving their ability to cope with anxiety and consequently decreased social avoidance ( Gaudiano & Herbert, 2003 ).”
BackgroundInfluentialEmotion beliefs in social anxiety disorder: Associations with stress, anxiety, and well‐being
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“…were to happen) (see Smits, Julian, Rosenfield, & Powers, 2012, for a review), as well as the role of perceived social self-efficacy (e.g. the belief that you are capable of avoiding negative evaluation in social situations (Gaudiano & Herbert, 2003; Hofmann, 2000, 2007; Leary & Atherton, 1986).”
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“The SESS is a 9-item self-report measure that was originally developed to assess self-efficacy in social situations for adults (Gaudiano & Herbert, 2003; Gaudiano & Herbert, 2007) and that has since been adapted for adolescents and shown good internal consistency (.82), as well as construct and…”
MethodAhmed, M., & Westra, H. A. (2009) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-008-9182-1 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“2002), generalized anxiety disorder (Dozois and Westra 2005), social anxiety (Gaudiano and Herbert 2003), panic disorder (Borden et al.”
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“Indeed, interventions have demonstrated some success in changing cognitive patterns such as self-efficacy (e.g., Gaudiano & Herbert, 2003).”
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“…self-efficacy were shown to be more likely to act on their intentions and enact change plans (Ochsner, Scholz, & Hornung, 2013), and greater changes in self-efficacy regarding social situations have been related to better outcomes for socially anxious individuals (Gaudiano & Herbert, 2003).”
BackgroundSocial anxiety and related social impairment are linked to self-efficacy and dysfunctional coping
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“In Herbert et al. (2005), the participants were recruited exclusively in the community by means of announcements, newspapers articles, posters in bookshops, and cafés.”
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“Change on the SASC-R FNE subscale was included as an independent variable because fear of negative evaluation has been found to be a significant predictor of treatment outcome in SAD in past studies (Gaudiano and Herbert, 2003; Mattick and Peters, 1988; Mattick, Peters and Clarke, 1989).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialDevelopment and validation of a measure of cognitive and behavioural social self-efficacy
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“The Self-efficacy for Social Situations (SESS) [27] was applied to assess self-efficacy in social situations.”
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“This was in accordance with research on cognitive behavioural therapy, showing that decreases in self-focused attention predict social anxiety reductions (see [9], for a review) and increases in self-efficacy are associated with treatment outcome of cognitive behavioural therapy [12, 13].”
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“For the measurement of the variable of social self-efficacy (X13 node), the social situation scale questionnaire (SESS; Gaudiano and Herbert 2003) was used.”
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“All items were taken from the Self-Efficacy for Social Situation Scale (SESS) 34 The workshop content was adapted from the distress tolerance and emotion regulation modules of the DBT skills manual.”
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“To examine this, the present study examined models of behavior in conjunction with current models of SAD, which highlight behavioral action—the active engagement of a behavior despite fear or anxiety—as an important mechanism of change that provides the chance to change the negative associations with the feared stimul…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialAzriel, O., Arad, G., Pine, D. S., Lazarov, A., & Bar‐Haim, Y. (2023) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2023.102800 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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“The items are adapted from the Self-Efficacy for Social Situation Scale (Gaudiano and Herbert 2003) and modified to be about code review anxiety coping and management skills (e.g.: “Is it possible for you to cope with and manage stress and anxiety well, despite any weaknesses you might have in…”
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“…to SP, perceived self-efficacy may be related to the individual’s confidence in his or her ability to behave in a manner that conveys a favourable impression to other people (Gaudiano & Herbert, 2003); that is, self-efficacy corresponds to beliefs in social skills in the situation (Hofmann, 2007).”
BackgroundLevy, H. C., & Radomsky, A. S. (2015) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-015-9678-4 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Other published measures in this area tend to assess self-efficacy as it relates to unique and idiosyncratic domains of specific anxiety disorders (e.g., confidence to perform well in social situations as assessed by the Self-Efficacy for Social Situations Scale, Gaudiano and Herbert 2003).”
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“Moreover, previous research has investigated changes in self-efficacy throughout therapy and from preto post-intervention (Brown et al., 2014; Gaudiano & Herbert, 2003).”
MethodSocial anxiety, attention control, and performance deficits
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“However, we can suggest that the findings of this study are in line with the results of studies conducted by Moree (2010), Gaudiano and Herbert (2003), Rapee and Heimberg (1997), Clark and Wells (1995), and Masoudnia (2008).”
BackgroundResultPsychometric evidence of statistical self-efficacy instrument based on postgraduate
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“The justification for delivering the psychometric evidence is due to problems in replicating the scales based on past studies (Gaudiano and Herbert, 2003; Smith and Betz, 2000).”
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“Similarly, investigation of the significant relationship between self-efficacy and social anxiety has shown important implications for treatment outcomes and has spurred the creation of a self-efficacy scale specific to social anxiety (Gaudiano & Herbert, 2003).”
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- Authors
- Gaudiano, B. A., & Herbert, J. D.
- Affiliations
- Drexel University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gaudiano, Brandon A.
- ORCID
- Gaudiano, Brandon A.
- Venue
- Cognitive Therapy and Research
- Published
- 2003-10
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 537-555
- ISSN
- 0147-5916 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2819
- OpenAlex
- W2100031475
- Cited by
- 54
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 8
- FWCI
- 1.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Cognitive Therapy and Research (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- self-efficacy, social anxiety disorder, psychometric properties, reliability and validity, treatment outcomes, social anxiety symptoms
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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