The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Intestinal Lymphocyte Populations in Children with Regressive Autism: Evidence for Extensive Mucosal Immunopathology
Abstract
Inflammatory intestinal pathology has been reported in children with regressive autism (affected children). Detailed analysis of intestinal biopsies in these children indicates a novel lymphocytic enterocolitis with autoimmune features; however, links with cognitive function remain unclear. To characterize further, the nature and extent of this disease we examined the mucosal infiltrate using flow cytometry. Duodenal, ileal, and colonic biopsies were obtained from 52 affected children, 25 histologically normal, and 54 histologically inflamed, developmentally normal controls. Epithelial and lamina propria lymphocyte populations were isolated and examined by multicolor flow cytometry. Adjacent biopsies were assessed by semiquantitative histopathology. At all sites, CD3(+) and CD3(+)CD8(+) IEL as well as CD3(+) LPL were significantly increased in affected children compared with developmentally normal noninflamed control groups (p<0.01) reaching levels similar to inflamed controls. In addition, two populations--CD3(+)CD4(+) IEL and LP CD19(+) B cells--were significantly increased in affected children compared with both noninflamed and inflamed control groups including IBD, at all sites examined (p<0.01). Histologically there was a prominent mucosal eosinophil infiltrate in affected children that was significantly lower in those on a gluten- and casein-free diet, although lymphocyte populations were not influenced by diet. The data provide further evidence of a pan-enteric mucosal immunopathology in children with regressive autism that is apparently distinct from other inflammatory bowel diseases.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
These immune imbalances represent a unique gastrointestinal immunopathology characterized by ileal nodular lymphoid hyperplasia and immune cell infiltration throughout the GI tract.
“These immune imbalances represent a unique gastrointestinal immunopathology that is characterized by ileal nodular lymphoid hyperplasia and immune cell infiltration throughout the GI tract [18].”
From Pilot study of probiotic/colostrum supplementation on gut function in children with autism and gastrointestinal symptoms (2019) · cites this paper as [18]
Citations
Cites
2 retracted
Wakefield, A., Murch, S., Anthony, A., Linnell, J., Casson, D., Malik, M., Berelowitz, M., Dhillon, A., Thomson, M., Harvey, P., et al. (1998) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(97)11096-0 · Cited by 3,006
Self-citationRetractedEnterocolitis in children with developmental disorders
Wakefield, A. J., Anthony, A., MURCH, S. H., Thomson, M. A., Montgomery, S., Davies, S. E., O’Leary, J. J., Berelowitz, M., & Walker-Smith, J. A. (2000) · The American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.03248.x · Cited by 244
Self-citationRetractedDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,842
Autism and measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine: no epidemiological evidence for a causal association
Taylor, B., Miller, E., Farrington, C., Petropoulos, M.-C., Favot-Mayaud, I., Li, J., & Waight, P. A. (1999) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(99)01239-8 · Cited by 753
Short-Term Benefit From Oral Vancomycin Treatment of Regressive-Onset Autism
Sandler, R. H., Finegold, S. M., Bolte, E. R., Buchanan, C. P., Maxwell, A. P., Väisänen, M.-L., Nelson, M. N., & Wexler, H. M. (2000) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/088307380001500701 · Cited by 614
Psychological Markers in the Detection of Autism in Infancy in a Large Population
Baron‐Cohen, S., Cox, A., Baird, G., Swettenham, J., Nightingale, N., Morgan, K., Drew, A., & Charman, T. (1996) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.168.2.158 · Cited by 605
Prevalence of Autism in a United States Population: The Brick Township, New Jersey, Investigation
Bertrand, J., Mars, A. E., Boyle, C. A., Bove, F., Yeargin‐Allsopp, M., & Decouflé, P. (2001) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.108.5.1155 · Cited by 577
Gastrointestinal abnormalities in children with autistic disorder
Horváth, K., Papadimitriou, J. C., Rabsztyn, A., Drachenberg, C. B., & Tildón, J. T. (1999) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(99)70052-1 · Cited by 489
Abnormal intestinal permeability in children with autism
D'Eufemia, P., Celli, M., Finocchiaro, R., Pacifico, L., Viozzi, L., Zaccagnini, M., Cardi, E., & Giardini, O. (1996) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1996.tb14220.x · Cited by 416
Familial Clustering of Autoimmune Disorders and Evaluation of Medical Risk Factors in Autism
Comi, A. M., Zimmerman, A. W., Frye, V. H., Law, P. A., & Peeden, J. (1999) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/088307389901400608 · Cited by 390
Kaye, J. A., Melero-Montes, M. D. M., & Jick, H. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.322.7284.460 · Cited by 388
Taylor, B. (2002) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7334.393 · Cited by 345
Time trends in autism and in MMR immunization coverage in California
Dales, L. (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.285.9.1183 · Cited by 340
A Randomised, Controlled Study of Dietary Intervention in Autistic Syndromes
Knivsberg, A. M., Reichelt, K. L., Høien, T., & Nødland, M. (2002) · Nutritional Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/10284150290028945 · Cited by 315
Early identification of autism by the CHecklist for Autism in Toddlers (CHAT)
Baron‐Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S. J., Cox, A., Baird, G., Charman, T., Swettenham, J., Drew, A., & Doehring, P. (2000) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1177/014107680009301007 · Cited by 289
Th1- and Th2-like cytokines in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in autism
Gupta, S., Aggarwal, S., Rashanravan, B., & Lee, T. (1998) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(98)00021-6 · Cited by 250
Fombonne, E. J., Simmons, H., Ford, T. J., Meltzer, H., & Goodman, R. (2001) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200107000-00017 · Cited by 223
Bolte, E. R. (1998) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/s0306-9877(98)90107-4 · Cited by 213
Torrente, F., Ashwood, P., Day, R. M., Machado, N., Furlano, R. I., Anthony, A., Davies, S. E., Wakefield, A. J., Thomson, M. A., Walker-Smith, J. A., et al. (2002) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001077 · Cited by 201
Self-citationColonic CD8 and γδ T-cell infiltration with epithelial damage in children with autism
Furlano, R. I., Anthony, A., Day, R., Brown, A., McGarvey, L., Thomson, M. A., Davies, S. E., Berelowitz, M., Forbes, A., Wakefield, A. J., et al. (2001) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1067/mpd.2001.111323 · Cited by 195
Potential viral pathogenic mechanism for new variant inflammatory bowel disease
Uhlmann, V., Martin, C. M., Sheils, O., Pilkington, L., Silva, I., Killalea, A., MURCH, S. H., Walker‐Smith, J., Thomson, M. A., Wakefield, A. J., et al. (2002) · Molecular Pathology · doi:10.1136/mp.55.2.84 · Cited by 177
Self-citationSerological Association of Measles Virus and Human Herpesvirus-6 with Brain Autoantibodies in Autism
Singh, V. K., Lin, S. X., & Yang, V. C.-M. (1998) · Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology · doi:10.1006/clin.1998.4588 · Cited by 157
Whiteley, P., Rodgers, J., Savery, D., & Shattock, P. (1999) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361399003001005 · Cited by 140
van Gent, T., Heijnen, C. J., & Treffers, P. D. A. (1997) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01518.x · Cited by 129
Inhibitory effect of oestradiol on activation of rat hepatic stellate cells in vivo and in vitro
Shimizu, I., Mizobuchi, Y., Yasuda, M., Shiba, M., Ma, Y.-R., HORIE, T., Liu, F., & Ito, S. (1999) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gut.44.1.127 · Cited by 120
Autistic Syndromes and Diet: a follow‐up study
Knivsberg, A., Reichelt, K. L., N⊘dland, M., & H�ien, T. (1995) · Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/0031383950390304 · Cited by 104
The concept of entero‐colonic encephalopathy, autism and opioid receptor ligands
Wakefield, A. J., Puleston, J. M., Montgomery, S., Anthony, A., O’Leary, J. J., & MURCH, S. H. (2002) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2036.2002.01206.x · Cited by 101
Self-citationImmunogenetic studies in autism and related disorders
Warren, R. P., Singh, V. K., Averett, R. E., Odell, J. D., Maciulis, A., Burger, R. A., Daniels, W. W., & Warren, W. L. (1996) · Molecular and Chemical Neuropathology · doi:10.1007/bf02815207 · Cited by 95
Collagenase and Dispase enzymes disrupt lymphocyte surface molecules
Abuzakouk, M., Feighery, C., & O'Farrelly, C. (1996) · Journal of Immunological Methods · doi:10.1016/0022-1759(96)00038-5 · Cited by 90
Correlation between serum immunoglobulin A concentrations and allergic manifestations in infants
Ludviksson, B. R., Eiríksson, T. H., Árdal, B., et al. (1992) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(05)82535-1 · Cited by 82
Cow's Milk and Chronic Constipation in Children
Daher, S., Solé, D., & de Morais, M. B. (1999) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199903183401114 · Cited by 59
The Enteropathy of Celiac Disease
Lionetti, P. (2002) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/00005176-200205001-00005 · Cited by 10
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Waring RH, Ngong JM, Klovrza L, Green S, Sharp H: Biochemical parameters in autistic children. Dev Brain Dysfunct 10:40–43, 1997
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Ashwood, P., Krakowiak, P., Hertz-Picciotto, I., Hansen, R., Pessah, I., & Van de Water, J. (2011) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2010.08.003 · Cited by 940
Self-citationBuie, T., Campbell, D. B., Fuchs, G. J., Furuta, G. T., Levy, J., VandeWater, J., Whitaker, A. H., Atkins, D., Bauman, M. L., Beaudet, A. L., et al. (2010) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2009-1878c · Cited by 872
The Role of Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Neuropsychiatric and Neurological Disorders
Socała, K., Doboszewska, U., Szopa, A., Serefko, A., Włodarczyk, M., Zielińska, A., Poleszak, E., Fichna, J., & Wlaź, P. (2021) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105840 · Cited by 857
The immune response in autism: a new frontier for autism research
Ashwood, P., Wills, S., & Van de Water, J. (2006) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.1205707 · Cited by 528
Self-citationWilliams, B. L., Hornig, M., Buie, T., Bauman, M. L., Cho Paik, M., Wick, I., Bennett, A., Jabado, O., Hirschberg, D. L., & Lipkin, W. I. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024585 · Cited by 492
Autism Spectrum Disorders and the Gut Microbiota
Fattorusso, A., Di Genova, L., Dell’Isola, G., Mencaroni, E., & Esposito, S. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11030521 · Cited by 484
VALICENTI-McDERMOTT, M., McVICAR, K., RAPIN, I., WERSHIL, B. K., COHEN, H., & SHINNAR, S. (2006) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/00004703-200604002-00011 · Cited by 302
Enstrom, A. M., Lit, L., Onore, C. E., Gregg, J. P., Hansen, R. L., Pessah, I. N., Hertz-Picciotto, I., Van de Water, J. A., Sharp, F. R., & Ashwood, P. (2009) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2008.08.001 · Cited by 257
Self-citationWhiteley, P., Haracopos, D., Knivsberg, A.-M., Reichelt, K. L., Parlar, S., Jacobsen, J., Seim, A., Pedersen, L., Schondel, M., & Shattock, P. (2010) · Nutritional Neuroscience · doi:10.1179/147683010x12611460763922 · Cited by 266
Wang, L. W., Tancredi, D. J., & Thomas, D. W. (2011) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0b013e31821bd06a · Cited by 258
Sanctuary, M. R., Kain, J. N., Chen, S. Y., Kalanetra, K., Lemay, D. G., Rose, D. R., Yang, H. T., Tancredi, D. J., German, J. B., Slupsky, C. M., et al. (2019) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0210064 · Cited by 255
Self-citationRose, D. R., Yang, H., Serena, G., Sturgeon, C., Ma, B., Careaga, M., Hughes, H. K., Angkustsiri, K., Rose, M., Hertz-Picciotto, I., et al. (2018) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2018.03.025 · Cited by 227
Self-citationThe “psychomicrobiotic”: targeting microbiota in major psychiatric disorders: a systematic review
Fond, G., Boukouaci, W., Chevalier, G., Regnault, A., Eberl, G., Hamdani, N., Dickerson, F., Macgregor, A., Boyer, L., Dargel, A., et al. (2015) · Pathologie Biologie · doi:10.1016/j.patbio.2014.10.003 · Cited by 219
ASHWOOD, P., ANTHONY, A., TORRENTE, F., & WAKEFIELD, A. J. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1007/s10875-004-6241-6 · Cited by 212
Self-citationAshwood, P., & Wakefield, A. J. (2006) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.12.007 · Cited by 202
Self-citationJyonouchi, H., Geng, L., Ruby, A., & Zimmerman-Bier, B. (2005) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000084164 · Cited by 201
Reduced levels of immunoglobulin in children with autism correlates with behavioral symptoms
Heuer, L., Ashwood, P., Schauer, J., Goines, P., Krakowiak, P., Hertz‐Picciotto, I., Hansen, R., Croen, L. A., Pessah, I. N., & Van de Water, J. (2008) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.42 · Cited by 190
Self-citationImmune Dysregulation in Autism Spectrum Disorder: What Do We Know about It?
Robinson-Agramonte, M. D. L. A., Noris García, E., Fraga Guerra, J., Vega Hurtado, Y., Antonucci, N., Semprún-Hernández, N., Schultz, S., & Siniscalco, D. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23063033 · Cited by 176
Association of Food Allergy and Other Allergic Conditions with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children
Xu, G., Snetselaar, L. G., Jing, J., Liu, B., Strathearn, L., & Bao, W. (2018) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.0279 · Cited by 159
Can probiotics benefit children with autism spectrum disorders?
Navarro, F., Liu, Y., & Rhoads, J. M. (2016) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v22.i46.10093 · Cited by 154
Frye, R. E., & Rossignol, D. A. (2016) · Clinical Medicine Insights Pediatrics · doi:10.4137/cmped.s38337 · Cited by 96
Heuer, L. S., Rose, M., Ashwood, P., & Van de Water, J. (2012) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.07.001 · Cited by 28
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Ashwood, P., Anthony, A., Pellicer, A. A., Torrente, F., Walker-Smith, J. A., & Wakefield, A. J.
- Affiliations
- The Royal Free Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Ashwood, Paul
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Immunology
- Published
- 2003-11
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 504-517
- ISSN
- 0271-9142 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2592
- OpenAlex
- W2036955930
- Cited by
- 197
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2025: 5 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 4.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Celiac Disease Research and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Keywords
- regressive autism, intestinal lymphocytes, intraepithelial lymphocytes, lamina propria lymphocytes, CD19+ B cells, inflammatory bowel disease, duodenal biopsy
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Autistic Disorder, Biopsy, Child, Flow Cytometry, Humans, Intestinal Mucosa, Intestine, Small, Lymphocytes, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Lymphocyte Subsets
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
