Colonic CD8 and γδ T-cell infiltration with epithelial damage in children with autism
Abstract
Objectives We have reported colitis with ileal lymphoid nodular hyperplasia (LNH) in children with regressive autism. The aims of this study were to characterize this lesion and determine whether LNH is specific for autism.Methods Ileo-colonoscopy was performed in 21 consecutively evaluated children with autistic spectrum disorders and bowel symptoms. Blinded comparison was made with 8 children with histologically normal ileum and colon, 10 developmentally normal children with ileal LNH, 15 with Crohn's disease, and 14 with ulcerative colitis. Immunohistochemistry was performed for cell lineage and functional markers, and histochemistry was performed for glycosaminoglycans and basement membrane thickness.Results Histology demonstrated lymphocytic colitis in the autistic children, less severe than classical inflammatory bowel disease. However, basement membrane thickness and mucosal gamma delta cell density were significantly increased above those of all other groups including patients with inflammatory bowel disease. CD8(+) density and intraepithelial lymphocyte numbers were higher than those in the Crohn's disease, LNH, and normal control groups; and CD3 and plasma cell density and crypt proliferation were higher than those in normal and LNH control groups. Epithelial, but not lamina propria, glycosaminoglycans were disrupted. However, the epithelium was HLA-DR(-), suggesting a predominantly T(H)2 response.Interpretation Immunohistochemistry confirms a distinct lymphocytic colitis in autistic spectrum disorders in which the epithelium appears particularly affected. This is consistent with increasing evidence for gut epithelial dysfunction in autism.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Colonic lesions containing high numbers of infiltrating γδ and CD8+ T cells with associated epithelial damage are reported in children with autism.
“In addition, colonic lesions containing high numbers of infiltrating γδ and CD8+ T cells with associated epithelial damage is reported in children with autism [20].”
From Pilot study of probiotic/colostrum supplementation on gut function in children with autism and gastrointestinal symptoms (2019) · cites this paper as [20]
Cites
2 retracted
Wakefield, A., Murch, S., Anthony, A., Linnell, J., Casson, D., Malik, M., Berelowitz, M., Dhillon, A., Thomson, M., Harvey, P., et al. (1998) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(97)11096-0 · Cited by 3,006 · see citing works
Self-citationRetractedEnterocolitis in children with developmental disorders
Wakefield, A. J., Anthony, A., MURCH, S. H., Thomson, M. A., Montgomery, S., Davies, S. E., O’Leary, J. J., Berelowitz, M., & Walker-Smith, J. A. (2000) · The American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.03248.x · Cited by 244 · see citing works
RetractedHolmes, G. K. T., & Cooke, W. T. (1984) · Cited by 2,638 · see citing works
Autism and measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine: no epidemiological evidence for a causal association
Taylor, B., Miller, E., Farrington, C., Petropoulos, M.-C., Favot-Mayaud, I., Li, J., & Waight, P. A. (1999) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(99)01239-8 · Cited by 753 · see citing works
ALPHA-1-ANTITRYPSIN, AUTISM, AND CŒLIAC DISEASE
Walker-Smith, J. A., & Andrews, J. M. (1972) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(72)92258-1 · Cited by 557 · see citing works
Gastrointestinal abnormalities in children with autistic disorder
Horváth, K., Papadimitriou, J. C., Rabsztyn, A., Drachenberg, C. B., & Tildón, J. T. (1999) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(99)70052-1 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
Familial Clustering of Autoimmune Disorders and Evaluation of Medical Risk Factors in Autism
Comi, A., Zimmerman, A., Frye, V. H., Law, P., & Peeden, J. (1999) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/088307389901400608 · Cited by 427 · see citing works
Abnormal intestinal permeability in children with autism
D'Eufemia, P., Celli, M., Finocchiaro, R., Pacifico, L., Viozzi, L., Zaccagnini, M., Cardi, E., & Giardini, O. (1996) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1996.tb14220.x · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Field trial for autistic disorder in DSM-IV
(1994) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.151.9.1361 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Intolerance of Cow's Milk and Chronic Constipation in Children
Iacono, G., Cavataio, F., Montalto, G., Florena, A. M., Tumminello, M., Soresi, M., Notarbartolo, A., & Carroccio, A. (1998) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199810153391602 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Th1- and Th2-like cytokines in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in autism
Gupta, S., Aggarwal, S., Rashanravan, B., & Lee, T. (1998) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(98)00021-6 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Circulating autoantibodies to neuronal and glial filament proteins in autism
Singh, V. K., Warren, R., Averett, R., & Ghaziuddin, M. (1997) · Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/s0887-8994(97)00045-3 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Disruption of sulphated glycosaminoglycans in intestinal inflammation
MURCH, S. H., MacDonald, T. T., Walker-Smith, J. A., Lionetti, P., Levin, M., & Klein, N. J. (1993) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(93)90485-y · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Serological Association of Measles Virus and Human Herpesvirus-6 with Brain Autoantibodies in Autism
Singh, V. K., Lin, S. X., & Yang, V. C.-M. (1998) · Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology · doi:10.1006/clin.1998.4588 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
van Gent, T., Heijnen, C. J., & Treffers, P. D. A. (1997) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01518.x · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Indications for investigation of chronic gastrointestinal symptoms.
Beattie, R. M., Walker-Smith, J. A., & MURCH, S. H. (1995) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.73.4.354 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Biologically active peptide-containing fractions in schizophrenia and childhood autism.
Reichelt, K. L., Hole, K., Hamberger, A., Sælid, G. A., Edminson, P. D., Bræstrup, C., Lingjærde, O., Ledaal, P., & Ørbeck, H. (1981) · PubMed · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Immunogenetic studies in autism and related disorders
Warren, R. P., Singh, V. K., Averett, R. E., Odell, J. D., Maciulis, A., Burger, R. A., Daniels, W. W., & Warren, W. L. (1996) · Molecular and Chemical Neuropathology · doi:10.1007/bf02815207 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Warren, R. P., Yonk, J., Burger, R. W., Odell, D., & Warren, W. L. (2008) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000119172 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Carroll, M. C. (1998) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng0598-3 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Sun, Z., Cade, J. R., Fregly, M. J., & Privette, R. M. (1999) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361399003001006 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
A Peptide Found in Schizophrenia and Autism Causes Behavioral Changes in Rats
Sun, Z., & Cade, J. R. (1999) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361399003001007 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Diseases of the Small Intestine in Childhood
(1976) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.51.3.247-a · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Cow's Milk and Chronic Constipation in Children
Daher, S., Solé, D., & de Morais, M. B. (1999) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199903183401114 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Urinary levels of neopterin and biopterin in Autism
Messahel, S., Pheasant, A. E., Pall, H., Ahmed-Choudhury, J., Sungum-Paliwal, R., & Vostanis, P. (1998) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(97)00976-2 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
O'Morain, C. A., Abelow, A., Chervu, L. R., Fleischner, G., & Das, K. M. (1986) · PubMed · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Non-infective colitis in infancy: evidence in favour of minor immunodeficiency in its pathogenesis
Ojuawo, A., Louis, D. S., Lindley, K. J., & Milla, P. J. (1997) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.76.4.345 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Diseases of the Small Intestine in Childhood.
Cleghorn, G. J., & Czinn, S. J. (2000) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1002/j.1536-4801.2000.tb07103.x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Autism, inflammatory bowel disease, and MMR vaccine
Horton, R. (1998) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)70324-x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Autism, inflammatory bowel disease, and MMR vaccine
MURCH, S. H., Thomson, M. A., & Walker-Smith, J. A. (1998) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)70323-8 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Abuzakouk, M., Kelleher, D., Feighery, C., & O’Farrelly, C. (1996) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gut.39.3.396 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Crohn's disease and abdominal tuberculosis
Walker-Smith, J. A. (1988) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-407-01320-9.50015-7 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 34 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Intestinal Microbiome in Early Life: Health and Disease
Arrieta, M.-C., Stiemsma, L. T., Amenyogbe, N., Brown, E. M., & Finlay, B. (2014) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2014.00427 · Cited by 1,024 · see citing works
Buie, T., Campbell, D. B., Fuchs, G. J., Furuta, G. T., Levy, J., VandeWater, J., Whitaker, A. H., Atkins, D., Bauman, M. L., Beaudet, A. L., et al. (2010) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2009-1878c · Cited by 872 · see citing works
The Role of Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Neuropsychiatric and Neurological Disorders
Socała, K., Doboszewska, U., Szopa, A., Serefko, A., Włodarczyk, M., Zielińska, A., Poleszak, E., Fichna, J., & Wlaź, P. (2021) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105840 · Cited by 857 · see citing works
Emerging Roles for the Gut Microbiome in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Vuong, H. E., & Hsiao, E. Y. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.08.024 · Cited by 595 · see citing works
The immune response in autism: a new frontier for autism research
Ashwood, P., Wills, S., & Van de Water, J. (2006) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.1205707 · Cited by 528 · see citing works
Williams, B. L., Hornig, M., Buie, T., Bauman, M. L., Cho Paik, M., Wick, I., Bennett, A., Jabado, O., Hirschberg, D. L., & Lipkin, W. I. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024585 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
Costello, E. J., Foley, D. L., & Angold, A. C. (2005) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000184929.41423.c0 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Taylor, B. (2002) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7334.393 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
VALICENTI-McDERMOTT, M., McVICAR, K., RAPIN, I., WERSHIL, B. K., COHEN, H., & SHINNAR, S. (2006) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/00004703-200604002-00011 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
No effect of MMR withdrawal on the incidence of autism: a total population study
Honda, H., Shimizu, Y., & Rutter, M. L. (2005) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01425.x · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Autism spectrum disorders: Concurrent clinical disorders
Ming, X., Brimacombe, M., Chaaban, J., Zimmerman-Bier, B., & Wagner, G. C. (2008) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/0883073807307102 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Innate immune dysfunction and neuroinflammation in autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
Hughes, H. K., Moreno, R. J., & Ashwood, P. (2022) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2022.12.001 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Evidence of Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Neuronal Insult in Autism
Kern, J. K., & Jones, A. M. (2006) · Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B · doi:10.1080/10937400600882079 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
MMR vaccination and pervasive developmental disorders: a case-control study
Smeeth, L., Cook, C., Fombonne, E., Heavey, L., Rodrigues, L. C., Smith, P. G., & Hall, A. J. (2004) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)17020-7 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Autism and gastrointestinal symptoms
Horvath, K., & Perman, J. A. (2002) · Current Gastroenterology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11894-002-0071-6 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Sanctuary, M. R., Kain, J. N., Chen, S. Y., Kalanetra, K., Lemay, D. G., Rose, D. R., Yang, H. T., Tancredi, D. J., German, J. B., Slupsky, C. M., et al. (2019) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0210064 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Immune Dysfunction and Autoimmunity as Pathological Mechanisms in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Hughes, H. K., Ko, E. M., Rose, D. R., & Ashwood, P. (2018) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2018.00405 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Rose, D. R., Yang, H., Serena, G., Sturgeon, C., Ma, B., Careaga, M., Hughes, H. K., Angkustsiri, K., Rose, M., Hertz-Picciotto, I., et al. (2018) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2018.03.025 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Jyonouchi, H., Sun, S., & Itokazu, N. (2002) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000065416 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Autistic disorder and gastrointestinal disease
Horvath, K., & Perman, J. A. (2002) · Current Opinion in Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/00008480-200210000-00004 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
The “psychomicrobiotic”: targeting microbiota in major psychiatric disorders: a systematic review
Fond, G., Boukouaci, W., Chevalier, G., Regnault, A., Eberl, G., Hamdani, N., Dickerson, F., Macgregor, A., Boyer, L., Dargel, A., et al. (2015) · Pathologie Biologie · doi:10.1016/j.patbio.2014.10.003 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
ASHWOOD, P., ANTHONY, A., TORRENTE, F., & WAKEFIELD, A. J. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1007/s10875-004-6241-6 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Ashwood, P., & Wakefield, A. J. (2006) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.12.007 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Jyonouchi, H., Geng, L., Ruby, A., & Zimmerman-Bier, B. (2005) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000084164 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
de Theije, C. G. M., Wu, J., da Silva, S. L., Kamphuis, P. J. G. H., Garssen, J., Korte, S. M., & Kraneveld, A. D. (2011) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.07.013 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Torrente, F., Ashwood, P., Day, R. M., Machado, N., Furlano, R. I., Anthony, A., Davies, S. E., Wakefield, A. J., Thomson, M. A., Walker-Smith, J. A., et al. (2002) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001077 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Self-citationAshwood, P., Anthony, A., Pellicer, A. A., Torrente, F., Walker-Smith, J. A., & Wakefield, A. J. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1023/b:joci.0000010427.05143.bb · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Intestinal Pathophysiology in Autism
White, J. F. (2003) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1177/153537020322800601 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Immune dysfunction and neuroinflammation in autism spectrum disorder
Bjørklund, G., Saad, K., Chirumbolo, S., Kern, J. K., Geier, D. A., Geier, M. R., & Urbina, M. A. (2016) · Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis · doi:10.21307/ane-2017-025 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
The Potential Role of Probiotics in the Management of Childhood Autism Spectrum Disorders
Critchfield, J. W., van Hemert, S., Ash, M. E., Mulder, L. H. C., & Ashwood, P. (2011) · Gastroenterology Research and Practice · doi:10.1155/2011/161358 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Gastrointestinal Factors in Autistic Disorder: A Critical Review
Erickson, C. A., Stigler, K. A., Corkins, M. R., Posey, D. J., Fitzgerald, J. F., & McDougle, C. J. (2005) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-005-0019-4 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Novel and Emerging Treatments for Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review
Rossignol, D. A. (2009) · Annals of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/104012370902100404 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Can probiotics benefit children with autism spectrum disorders?
Navarro, F., Liu, Y., & Rhoads, J. M. (2016) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v22.i46.10093 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Lack of Association between Measles Virus Vaccine and Autism with Enteropathy: A Case-Control Study
Hornig, M., Briese, T., Buie, T. M., Bauman, M. L., Lauwers, G. Y., Siemetzki, U., Hummel, K., Rota, P. A., Bellini, W. J., O’Leary, J. J., et al. (2008) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003140 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Whiteley, P., & Shattock, P. (2002) · Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets · doi:10.1517/14728222.6.2.175 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Immune Abnormalities in Autism Spectrum Disorder—Could They Hold Promise for Causative Treatment?
Gładysz, D., Krzywdzińska, A., & Hozyasz, K. K. (2018) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-017-0822-x · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Constipation With Acquired Megarectum in Children With Autism
Afzal, N. A., MURCH, S. H., Thirrupathy, K., Berger, L. A., Fagbemi, A. A., & Heuschkel, R. B. (2003) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.112.4.939 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Jyonouchi, H., Geng, L., Cushing‐Ruby, A., Reddy, C., & Zimmerman-Bier, B. (2005) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2005.01.027 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
A Review of Autism and the Immune Response
Ashwood, P., & de Water, J. V. (2004) · Journal of Immunology Research · doi:10.1080/10446670410001722096 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Can the Pathophysiology of Autism be Explained by the Nature of the Discovered Urine Peptides?
Reichelt, K. L., & Knivsberg, A. M. (2003) · Nutritional Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/1028415021000042839 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Purkinje cell vulnerability and autism: a possible etiological connection
Kern, J. K. (2003) · Brain and Development · doi:10.1016/s0387-7604(03)00056-1 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Lipkin, W. I. (2010) · Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews · doi:10.1128/mmbr.00007-10 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Rossignol, D. A., Rossignol, L. W., James, S. J., Melnyk, S., & Mumper, E. A. (2007) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/1471-2431-7-36 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Kokkonen, J., & Karttunen, T. J. (2002) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/00005176-200201000-00010 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
The concept of entero‐colonic encephalopathy, autism and opioid receptor ligands
Wakefield, A. J., Puleston, J. M., Montgomery, S., Anthony, A., O’Leary, J. J., & MURCH, S. H. (2002) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2036.2002.01206.x · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Sanctuary, M. R., Kain, J. N., Angkustsiri, K., & German, J. B. (2018) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2018.00040 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Schneider, C. K., Melmed, R. D., Barstow, L. E., Enriquez, F. J., Ranger‐Moore, J., & Ostrem, J. A. (2006) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0141-y · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Children with an Autism Spectrum Disorder and Language Regression
Valicenti-McDermott, M., McVicar, K. A., Cohen, H. J., Wershil, B. K., & Shinnar, S. (2008) · Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2008.07.019 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Sichel, J. P. (2013) · Journal of Probiotics & Health · doi:10.4172/2329-8901.1000102 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Acetaminophen (paracetamol) use, measles-mumps-rubella vaccination, and autistic disorder
Schultz, S. T., Klonoff-Cohen, H. S., Wingard, D. L., Akshoomoff, N. A., Macera, C. A., & Ji, M. (2008) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361307089518 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Food allergy and autism spectrum disorders: Is there a link?
Jyonouchi, H. (2009) · Current Allergy and Asthma Reports · doi:10.1007/s11882-009-0029-y · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Torrente, F., Anthony, A., Heuschkel, R. B., Thomson, M., Ashwood, P., & MURCH, S. H. (2004) · The American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.04142.x · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Colonic Lymphoid Nodular Hyperplasia in Children: Relationship to Food Hypersensitivity
Iacono, G., Ravelli, A. M., Prima, L. D., Scalici, C., Bolognini, S., Chiappa, S., Pirrone, G., Licastri, G., & Carroccio, A. (2007) · Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2006.12.010 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
The gut microbiota in neuropsychiatric disorders
Grochowska, M., Wojnar, M., & Radkowski, M. (2018) · Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis · doi:10.21307/ane-2018-008 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Gershon, M. D., & Ratcliffe, E. M. (2004) · Seminars in Pediatric Surgery · doi:10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2004.10.019 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Suelzer, E. M., Deal, J., Hanus, K. L., Ruggeri, B., Sieracki, R., & Witkowski, E. (2019) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.15552 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Gastrointestinal alterations in autism spectrum disorder: What do we know?
Bjørklund, G., Pivina, L. M., Dadar, M., Meguid, N. A., Semenova, Y. M., Anwar, M., & Chirumbolo, S. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.06.033 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Lymphoid nodular hyperplasia and cow's milk hypersensitivity in children with chronic constipation
Turunen, S., Karttunen, T. J., & Kokkonen, J. (2004) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.06.067 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Evidence of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Autism and Implications for Treatment
Rossignol, D. A., & Bradstreet, J. (2008) · American journal of biochemistry & biotechnology/American journal of biochemistry and biotechnology · doi:10.3844/ajbbsp.2008.208.217 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Autism, an extreme challenge to integrative medicine. Part: 1: The knowledge base.
Kidd, P. M. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Krcek, T. E. (2012) · Journal of Progressive Human Services · doi:10.1080/10428232.2013.740406 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Efficacy of Porcine Secretin in Children with Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorder
Kern, J. K., Miller, V. S., Evans, P., & Trivedi, M. H. (2002) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1015441428154 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Wakefield, A. J., Ashwood, P., Limb, K., & Anthony, A. (2005) · European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1097/00042737-200508000-00009 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy might improve certain pathophysiological findings in autism
Rossignol, D. A. (2006) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2006.09.064 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease
Montgomery, S., & Ekbom, A. (2002) · Current Opinion in Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/00001574-200207000-00004 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Histopathological alterations in irritable bowel syndrome
Kirsch, R., & Riddell, R. H. (2006) · Modern Pathology · doi:10.1038/modpathol.3800704 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Can autism be triggered by acetaminophen activation of the endocannabinoid system?
Schultz, S. T. (2010) · Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis · doi:10.55782/ane-2010-1793 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Robertson, M. A., Sigalet, D. L., Holst, J. J., Meddings, J. B., Wood, J., & Sharkey, K. A. (2008) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0482-1 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Smith, R., Farnworth, H., Wright, B., & Allgar, V. L. (2009) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361309106418 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Intestinal cytokines in children with pervasive developmental disorders
DeFelice, M. L., Ruchelli, E. D., Markowitz, J. E., Strogatz, M., Reddy, K. P., Kadivar, K., Mulberg, A. E., & Brown, K. A. (2003) · The American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2003.07593.x · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Jepson, B. M., Granpeesheh, D., Tarbox, J., Olive, M. L., Stott, C., Braud, S. A., Yoo, J. H., Wakefield, A. J., & Allen, M. S. (2010) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-010-1075-y · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Modeling autism: a systems biology approach
Randolph-Gips, M. M., & Srinivasan, P. N. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Bioinformatics · doi:10.1186/2043-9113-2-17 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Hyperbaric oxygen treatment in autism spectrum disorders
Rossignol, D. A., Bradstreet, J. J., Dyke, K. V., Schneider, C., Freedenfeld, S. H., O’Hara, N., Cave, S. F., Buckley, J. A., Mumper, E. A., & Frye, R. E. (2012) · Medical Gas Research · doi:10.1186/2045-9912-2-16 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
A systematic review of gut‐immune‐brain mechanisms in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Azhari, A., Azizan, F., & Esposito, G. (2018) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21803 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Autistic Spectrum Disorders as Functional Disconnection Syndrome
Melillo, R. J., & Leisman, G. (2009) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro.2009.20.2.111 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Kajizuka, M., Miyachi, T., Matsuzaki, H., Iwata, K., Shinmura, C., Suzuki, K., Suda, S., Tsuchiya, K. J., Matsumoto, K., Iwata, Y., et al. (2009) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.10.017 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Fernell, E., Fagerberg, U. L., & Hellström, P. M. (2007) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00298.x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Handen, B. L., Melmed, R. D., Hansen, R. L., Aman, M. G., Burnham, D. L., BRUSS, J. B., & McDougle, C. J. (2009) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-008-0687-y · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Filipek, P. A. (2005) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470939345.ch20 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Inflammatory Biomarkers are Correlated with Some Forms of Regressive Autism Spectrum Disorder
Prosperi, M., Guiducci, L., Peroni, D., Narducci, C., Gaggini, M., Calderoni, S., Tancredi, R., Morales, M. A., Gastaldelli, A., Muratori, F., et al. (2019) · Brain Science · doi:10.3390/brainsci9120366 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Torres, A. R., Westover, J. B., Gibbons, C., Johnson, R. C., & Ward, D. C. (2012) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2012.07.014 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Autism Spectrum Disorders: From Immunity to Behavior
Careaga, M., & Ashwood, P. (2012) · Methods in Molecular Biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-62703-071-7_12 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Enterocolitis, autism and measles virus
Wakefield, A. J. (2002) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001178 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Madsen, K. M., & Vestergaard, M. (2004) · Drug Safety · doi:10.2165/00002018-200427120-00001 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The Microbiota‐Gut‐Brain Connection: A New Horizon in Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Faysal, M. F., Zehravi, M., Sutradhar, B., Amin, M. A., Shanmugarajan, T. S., Arjun, U. V. N. V., Ethiraj, S., Durairaj, A., Dayalan, G., Ahamad, S. K., et al. (2025) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.70593 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Maes, M. H. J., Anderson, G., Medina, S. R. B., Seo, M., & Ojala, J. O. (2019) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/1381612825666191102165459 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Hill, J. M., Cuasay, K., & Abebe, D. T. (2007) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.04.004 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Kokkonen, J., Tikkanen, S., Karttunen, T. J., & Savilahti, E. (2002) · Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · doi:10.1034/j.1399-3038.2002.00090.x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Verlaet, A. A. J., Ceulemans, B., Verhelst, H., West, D. V., Bruyne, T. D., Pieters, L. A. C., Savelkoul, H. F. J., & Hermans, N. (2017) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-017-1879-6 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Martin, C. M., Uhlmann, V., Killalea, A. G., Sheils, O. M., & O’Leary, J. J. (2002) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001179 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Development of the enteric nervous system
Bates, M. D. (2002) · Clinics in Perinatology · doi:10.1016/s0095-5108(03)00066-6 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Impaired Sulfate Metabolism and Epigenetics: Is There a Link in Autism?
Hartzell, S., & Seneff, S. (2012) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e14101953 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Isse, K., Harada, K., Sato, Y., & Nakanuma, Y. (2006) · Pathology International · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1827.2006.01913.x · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Decreased Expression of CD95 (FAS/APO-1) on CD4+ T-lymphocytes from Participants with Autism
Engström, H. A., Ohlson, S., Stubbs, E. G., Maciulis, A., Caldwell, V. D., Odell, J. D., & Torres, A. R. (2003) · Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities · doi:10.1023/a:1022827417414 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Diet, immunity, and autistic spectrum disorders
MURCH, S. H. (2005) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2005.02.026 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Gastrointestinal disease in children with autism spectrum disorders: Etiology or consequence?
Krigsman, A., & Walker, S. J. (2021) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v11.i9.605 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Nebel-Schwalm, M. S., & Matson, J. L. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012373606-2.50006-1 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Torrente, F., Barabino, A. V., Bellini, T., & MURCH, S. H. (2014) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/mpg.0000000000000432 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Russo, A. J., Neville, L., & Wroge, C. M. (2009) · Biomarker Insights · doi:10.4137/bmi.s1115 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Autism Spectrum Disorders: An Overview
Goldson, E. (2004) · Advances in Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0065-3101(23)00036-1 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
- Authors
- Furlano, R. I., Anthony, A., Day, R., Brown, A., McGarvey, L., Thomson, M. A., Davies, S. E., Berelowitz, M., Forbes, A., Wakefield, A. J., Walker-Smith, J. A., & Murch, S. H.
- Affiliations
- The Royal Free Hospital (GB)
- Venue
- The Journal of Pediatrics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-03
- Volume
- 138
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 366-372
- ISSN
- 0022-3476 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1988377546
- Cited by
- 195
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 8.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Pediatrics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Microscopic Colitis
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, lymphocytic colitis, CD8+ T cells, γδ T cells, intraepithelial lymphocytes, epithelial damage, basement membrane thickness, glycosaminoglycans, HLA-DR, T helper 2 response, inflammatory bowel disease, children
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Autistic Disorder, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Intestinal Mucosa, Lymphatic Diseases, Male, T-Lymphocytes, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Case-Control Studies, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
