Mindfulness: A Proposed Common Factor
Abstract
Mindfulness is proposed as a core psychotherapy process. It is defined as a state of psychological freedom that occurs when attention remains quiet and limber, without attachment to any particular point of view. It can be shown that this process is collaborativefy employed by psychotherapist and patient within all psychotherapy orientations, and also by the integrative psychotherapist when making optimal choices among orientations. This article addresses (1) the defining attributes of mindfulness, (2) relevant conceptual approaches that lend theoretical support for a mindfulness factor, (3) two attentional forms of mindfulness that seem to have particular correspondence with either psychodynamic or cognitive-behavioral therapy, (4) clinical applications, and (5) the role of mindfulness for the integrative decision-making process.
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Teaching Mindfulness for the Self-Care and Well-Being of Counselors-in-Training
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“…being fully present in the moment, suspended from judgment or correction, starting with a simple awareness of one’s body and thoughts (Kabat-Zinn, 2003) without attachment to a particular point of view that can result in freedom from automatic, habitual views of the self and others (Martin, 1997).”
BackgroundLeitch, J., Anderson, K., Gambhir, S., Millar, K., Robb, N. D., McHugh, S., & Kenny, G. N. C. (2004) · Anaesthesia · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2004.03761.x · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Omidi, A., Mohammadkhani, P., Mohammadi, A., & Zargar, F. (2013) · Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal · doi:10.5812/ircmj.8018 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Many theories in psychopathology and psychotherapy have discussed the importance of observant, awareness and attention in the optimization of well-being (16, 17).”
BackgroundThe dynamics of mindfulness in managing emotions and stress
Hede, A. J. (2009) · Journal of Management Development · doi:10.1108/02621711011009090 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Andersen, D. T. (2005) · Journal of Humanistic Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022167805280264 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Finally,psychologists have suggested that the qualities of attention characteristic of a mindful awareness constitute a common factor in successful psychotherapy (Martin, 1997).”
BackgroundPereira, J.-A., Barkham, M., Kellett, S., & Saxon, D. (2017) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-016-0747-0 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“…personal qualities that enable one to thrive in the face of adversity’’ (Connor and Davidson 2003; p. 76), while mindfulness refers to ‘‘a state of psychological freedom that occurs when attention remains quiet and limber, without attachment to any particular point of view’’ (Martin 1997; p. 291).”
BackgroundThe Influence of Therapist Mindfulness Practice on Psychotherapeutic Work: A Mixed-Methods Study
Keane, A. (2013) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-013-0223-9 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Refinement of attention and awareness has been suggested as a central process in mediating the therapeutic benefits of both meditation practices and psychotherapy (Mace, 2008; Martin, 1997; Walsh, & Shapiro, 2006).”
BackgroundWorkplace Mindfulness: Multidimensional Model, Scale Development and Validation
Zheng, X., Ni, D., Liu, X., & Liang, L. H. (2022) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-022-09814-2 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Brown and Ryan (2003) further propose that, despite their intertwined nature, distinctions exist between attention and awareness—the insights gained by sustained awareness can only be translated into specific actions by paying focused attention to our behaviors or the tasks at hand (Martin, 1997).”
BackgroundCardiovascular effects of xenon and nitrous oxide in patients during fentanyl‐midazolam anaesthesia*
Goto, T., Hanne, P., Ishiguro, Y., Ichinose, F., Niimi, Y., & Morita, S. (2004) · Anaesthesia · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2004.03900.x · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Buddhism & western psychology: Fundamentals of integration.
Mikulas, W. L. (2007) · Journal of Consciousness Studies · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-Compassion and Achievement Goals: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach
Ahmet Cumhur, A. K. I. N. (2008) · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Examining the Predictive Role of Self-compassion on Sense of Community in Turkish Adolescents
Akın, Ü., & Ahmet Cumhur, A. K. I. N. (2014) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-014-0724-5 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“This is a state of balanced awareness that one’s thoughts and feelings are observed without avoiding or trying to change them, without exaggeration and prejudice (Gunaratana 1993; Martin 1997; Neff 2003a; Nisker 1998; Rosenberg 1999).”
BackgroundVega, B. R., Llorente, J. M., Bayón, C., Cebolla, S., Mira, J., Valverde, C., & Fernández-Liria, A. (2013) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2013.838651 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“, 2007), because it has been proposed as a common factor in psychotherapy (Martin, 1997).”
BackgroundThe Intuitive Process: The Case of Psychotherapy.
Welling, H. (2005) · Journal of Psychotherapy Integration · doi:10.1037/1053-0479.15.1.19 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“A final remark about the importance of intuition for psychotherapy integration is similar to the one made by Martin (1997). Apart from its common factor status, intuition may play an important role in integrative 42 Welling”
ResultEmotional Memory, Mindfulness and Compassion
Gilbert, P., & Tirch, D. D. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-09593-6_7 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Hence mindfulness is a mode of experiencing and is suggested to be a fundamental psychological state involved in the alleviation of suffering (Corrigan, 2004; Martin, 1997; Fulton & Seigel, 2005).”
BackgroundNitrous oxide-oxygen or oral midazolam for pediatric outpatient sedation
Hulland, S. A., Freilich, M. M., & Sándor, G. K. B. (2002) · Oral Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology Oral Radiology and Endodontology · doi:10.1067/moe.2002.124763 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Enhancing self-compassion using a gestalt two-chair intervention
Kirkpatrick, K. L. (2005) · Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library) · Cited by 39 · see citing works
More meditation, less habituation? The effect of mindfulness practice on the acoustic startle reflex
Antonova, E., Chadwick, P., & Kumari, V. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0123512 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Mindfulness requires a mode of sustained attention that is open, receptive [1], and directed towards present moment experience [2].”
BackgroundCorbally, L., Wilkinson, M., & Fothergill, M. A. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology · doi:10.1123/jcsp.2019-0034 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Transference-Countertransference: Where the (Political) Action Is.
Shahar, G. (2004) · Journal of Psychotherapy Integration · doi:10.1037/1053-0479.14.4.371 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Os efeitos da meditação à luz da investigação científica em Psicologia: revisão de literatura
Menezes, C. B., & Dell’Aglio, D. D. (2009) · Psicologia Ciência e Profissão · doi:10.1590/s1414-98932009000200006 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Em razão dessa relação entre meditação e aspectos psicológicos positivos, muitos autores a concebem como uma técnica útil para tratamentos psicoterápicos (Hayward & Varela, 2001; Martin, 1997; Naranjo, 2005).”
BackgroundMindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention: History, Mechanisms of Action, and Effects
Penberthy, J. K., Konig, A., Gioia, C. J., Rodríguez, V. M., Starr, J. A., Meese, W. B., Worthington-Stoneman, D., Kersting, K., & Natanya, E. (2013) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-013-0239-1 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“…with a means for exploring unpleasant thoughts, feelings, or behaviors, many of which may have previously been unnoticed or perceived as too overwhelming for them, mindfulness can help counselors from virtually any theoretical orientation facilitate change processes in their clients (Martin 1997).”
Rapgay, L., Bystritsky, A., Dafter, R. E., & Spearman, M. (2011) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-009-0095-z · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Wells (2002) and Martin (1997) go further and suggest that awareness acquired through mindfulness helps patients detach from the habitual way of responding to negative and threatening stimuli.”
BackgroundYu, B. C. L., Mak, W. W. S., & Chio, F. H. N. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01334-5 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Narratives, Mindfulness, and the Implicit Audience
Brody, L. R., & Park, S. H. (2004) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bph065 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Reproductive outcomes among dental personnel: a review of selected exposures.
Olfert, S. M. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self- and relational observation.
Horowitz, M. J. (2002) · Journal of Psychotherapy Integration · doi:10.1037/1053-0479.12.2.115 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Cavanagh, M. J., & Spence, G. B. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118326459.ch7 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Importance of Morality in Mindfulness Practice
Krägeloh, C. U. (2016) · Counseling and Values · doi:10.1002/cvj.12028 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
- Authors
- Martin, J. R.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Martin, Jeffery R.
- Venue
- Journal of Psychotherapy Integration publication discontinued
- Published
- 1997-12
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 291-312
- ISSN
- 1053-0479 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2010058268
- Cited by
- 348
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 3.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Psychotherapy Integration (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- mindfulness, common factors, therapeutic process, attention, psychological freedom, integrative psychotherapy, psychodynamic psychotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, treatment decision-making, clinical application
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