Suicidality in Autistic Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review
Open accessAbstract
Abstract. Background: It is suggested that people with autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) may be at increased risk of suicide; however, research on this topic has been minimal and there are conflicting reports in existing studies. Aim: To bring together research investigating the prevalence, risk factors, and comorbid factors of suicidality in ASD. Method: A systematic search was performed of Medline, Psych Info, Embase, and the Web of Science following PRISMA guidelines. After exclusion criteria were applied, 70 full-text articles were screened. The final review contained 12 papers with a total sample size of 2,651. Results: Prevalence of suicide attempts varied between 7% and 47%, while suicidal ideation was reported in up to 72% of cases. Being male and having a history of self-harm and depression were cited as significant risk factors. Limitations: Papers were cross sectional and contained a number of limitations. Only one paper used the gold standard for diagnosis of ASD and one a standardized measure of suicidal behavior. Conclusion: Suicidal attempts and ideation are increased in ASD; however, the extent of the increase and the risk factors identified within this group remain under-investigated. There is a lack of research on protective factors. The correlation between ASD and suicidality needs further examination with longitudinal research.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Suicidal ideation and suicidal attempts have been reported at high rates in autistic individuals, with the prevalence of suicidal attempts ranging between 7 and 47%.
“In addition to self-harm, suicidal ideation and suicidal attempts have also been reported at high rates in autistic individuals (Hedley & Uljarević, 2018; Dell'Osso et al., 2019), with the prevalence of suicidal attempts ranging between 7 and 47% (Zahid & Upthegrove, 2017).”
From Feasibility, Acceptability and Preliminary Efficacy of Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Autistic Adults without Intellectual Disability: A Mixed Methods Study (2022) · cites this paper as Zahid & Upthegrove, 2017
There are elevated rates of suicidality in adults diagnosed with ASC.
“There are elevated rates of suicidality in adults diagnosed with autism spectrum conditions (ASC) [1–5].”
From Risk markers for suicidality in autistic adults (2018) · cites this paper as [1]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369 · see citing works
Statistical Aspects of the Analysis of Data From Retrospective Studies of Disease
(1959) · JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/22.4.719 · Cited by 14,689 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In a meta-analysis using the Mantel–Haenszel method (Mantel & Haenszel, 1959 for calculating the weighted pooled odds ratio with a fixed effects model, using the combined samples from these two papers, with a total sample of 923, ASD was a significant risk factor for suicide attempt: pooled OR =…”
MethodBaron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Skinner, R., Martin, J., & Clubley, E. (2001) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1005653411471 · Cited by 6,450 · see citing works
Hawton, K., & van Heeringen, K. (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60372-x · Cited by 1,671 · see citing works
Risk factors for suicide in individuals with depression: a systematic review
Hawton, K., Casañas i Comabella, C., Haw, C., & Saunders, K. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.01.004 · Cited by 1,469 · see citing works
A Hundred Cases of Suicide: Clinical Aspects
Barraclough, B. M., Bunch, J., Nelson, B., & Sainsbury, P. (1974) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.125.4.355 · Cited by 1,283 · see citing works
Journal of the National Cancer Institute
(1958) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/20.1.227 · Cited by 779 · see citing works
Muehlenkamp, J. J., & Gutierrez, P. M. (2004) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.34.1.12.27769 · Cited by 533 · see citing works
Cassidy, S., Bradley, P., Robinson, J., Allison, C., McHugh, M., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2014) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(14)70248-2 · Cited by 432 · cited 15× · see citing works
“Prevalence of Suicidal Ideation in ASD Four papers examined both suicide attempts and suicidal ideation (Cassidy et al., 2014; Mayes, Gorman, Hillwig-Garcia, & Syed, 2013; Mukaddes & Fateh, 2010; Raja, Azzoni, & Frustaci, 2011a). The rates of suicide attempts and suicidal ideation varied from 3.8% to 66%. Raja et al.…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDiagnostic procedures in autism spectrum disorders: a systematic literature review
Falkmer, T., Anderson, K., Falkmer, M., & Horlin, C. (2013) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-013-0375-0 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Psychiatric problems in individuals with autism, their parents and siblings
Lainhart, J. E. (1999) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540269974177 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Suicide ideation and attempts in children with autism
Mayes, S. D., Gorman, A. A., Garcia, J. H., & Syed, E. U. (2012) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2012.07.009 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
The evolution of depression and suicidality in first episode psychosis
Upthegrove, R., Birchwood, M. J., Ross, K., Brunett, K., McCollum, R., & Jones, L. A. (2009) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01506.x · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Self-citationShtayermman, O. (2007) · Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1080/01460860701525089 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
What Do We Know About Suicidality in Autism Spectrum Disorders? A Systematic Review
Segers, M., & Rawana, J. (2014) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1375 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Storch, E. A., Sulkowski, M. L., Nadeau, J., Lewin, A. B., Arnold, E. B., Mutch, P. J., Jones, A. M., & Murphy, T. K. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1795-x · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Clinical features of suicide attempts in adults with autism spectrum disorders
Kato, K., Mikami, K., Akama, F., Yamada, K., Maehara, M., Kimoto, K., Kimoto, K., Sato, R., Takahashi, Y., Fukushima, R., et al. (2013) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2012.09.006 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Life events and depression in children with pervasive developmental disorders
Ghaziuddin, M., Alessi, N. E., & Greden, J. F. (1995) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02178296 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Suicidal behaviour in adolescents and young adults with ASD: Findings from a systematic review
Hannon, G., & Taylor, E. P. (2013) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.10.003 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Takara, K., & Kondo, T. (2014) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12991-014-0033-z · Cited by 93 · see citing works
High rates of psychiatric co-morbidity in individuals with Asperger's disorder
Mukaddes, N. M., & Fateh, R. (2009) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622970902789130 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
AUTISM Spectrum Disorders and Suicidality
Raja, M., Azzoni, A., & Frustaci, A. (2011) · Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health · doi:10.2174/1745017901107010097 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Hardan, A. Y., & Sahl, R. A. (1999) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/s0891-4222(99)00010-4 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
History of Suicide Attempts in Adults With Asperger Syndrome
Paquette‐Smith, M., Weiss, J. A., & Lunsky, Y. (2014) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000263 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Frequency and clinical features of pervasive developmental disorder in adolescent suicide attempts
Mikami, K., Inomata, S., Hayakawa, N., Ohnishi, Y., Enseki, Y., Ohya, A., Haruki, Y., Kishi, Y., Shinohara, Y., Ichimura, A., et al. (2009) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2008.12.003 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Psychiatric service development and suicide
Hawton, K., & Saunders, K. E. (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61871-1 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Suicide and Asperger's Syndrome
Fitzgerald, M. (2007) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910.28.1.1 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
A Suicidal Adult in Crisis: An Unexpected Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Spencer, L., Lyketsos, C. G., Samstad, E., Dokey, A. T., Rostov, D., & Chisolm, M. S. (2011) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10091261 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Attempted Suicide of an Adolescent with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Mikami, K., Onishi, Y., & Matsumoto, H. (2014) · The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine · doi:10.2190/pm.47.3.g · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Lifetime Autism Spectrum Features in a Patient with a Psychotic Mixed Episode Who Attempted Suicide
Simoncini, M., Miniati, M., Vanelli, F., Callari, A., Vannucchi, G., Mauri, M., & Dell’Osso, L. (2014) · Case Reports in Psychiatry · doi:10.1155/2014/459524 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Asperger syndrome related suicidal behavior: two case studies
Kocourková, J., Dudová, I., & Koutek, J. (2013) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s49289 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Hardan, A., & Sahl, R. (1999). Suicidal behavior in children and adolescents with developmental disorders. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 20(4), 287-296.
- Raja, M., Azzoni, A., & Frustaci, A. (2011b). AUTISM spectrum disorders and suicidality. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health Vol 7 Mar 2011, ArtID 97-105, 7. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1745017901107010097 · DOI
- ABC, Autism Behaviour Checklist; ADIS-IV-C/P, Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for Children for DSM-IV; ADOS, The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule; AQ, Autism Spectrum Quotient questionnaire; AQ-J, Autism Spectrum Quotient-Japanese Version questionnaire; BPRS, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; CASD, The Checklist for Autism Spectrum Disorder; CBLC, The Child Behaviour Checklist; CGI, Clinical global impression; CIS-PV, Columbia Impairment Scale-Parent Version; DSM-III-R, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Third Edition-Revised; DSM-IV-TR, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fourth Edition, text revision; GAF, Global assessment of functioning; JART, Japanese Version Adult Reading Test; KADI, Krug Asperger's Disorder Index, K-SADS, Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children--Present and Lifetime; MASC-P, Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children-Parent; MDS-UPDRS, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale; MINI, Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview ; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; PARS, The Paediatric Anxiety Rating Scale; PBS, Paediatric Behaviour Scale; PHQ-A, Patient Health Questionnaire for Adolescents; SANS, Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms; SAPS, Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms; SIQ, Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire; SQID-II, The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders; WAIS-R, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised;
- WISC-R, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised; WISC-III, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition; WISC-IV, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children- Fourth Edition 2.3 Typical N=186, (43.5% Males) Mean age 8.7, SD, 1.7
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Risk markers for suicidality in autistic adults
Cassidy, S., Bradley, L., Shaw, R., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2018) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-018-0226-4 · Cited by 621 · see citing works
Hossain, M. M., Khan, N., Sultana, A., Ma, P., McKyer, E. L. J., Ahmed, H. U., & Purohit, N. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112922 · Cited by 504 · see citing works
Cassidy, S., Gould, K., Townsend, E., Pelton, M., Robertson, A., & Rodgers, J. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04323-3 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Lai, M.-C., Anagnostou, E., Wiznitzer, M., Allison, C., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2020) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(20)30034-x · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Risk and protective factors underlying depression and suicidal ideation in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Hedley, D., Uljarević, M., Foley, K.-R., Richdale, A., & Trollor, J. (2018) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22759 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Prevalence of physical and mental health conditions in Medicare-enrolled, autistic older adults
Hand, B. N., Angell, A. M., Harris, L., & Carpenter, L. A. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361319890793 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
A 20‐year study of suicide death in a statewide autism population
Kirby, A. V., Bakian, A. V., Zhang, Y., Bilder, D. A., Keeshin, B. R., & Coon, H. (2019) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2076 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Assessment of Suicidal Behaviors Among Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder in Denmark
Kõlves, K., Fitzgerald, C., Nordentoft, M., Wood, S. J., & Erlangsen, A. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.33565 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Systematic Review of Suicide in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Current Trends and Implications
Hedley, D., & Uljarević, M. (2018) · Current Developmental Disorders Reports · doi:10.1007/s40474-018-0133-6 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Suicidality in autistic youth: A systematic review and meta-analysis
O'Halloran, L., Coey, P., & Wilson, C. (2022) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102144 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Newell, V., Phillips, L., Jones, C., Townsend, E., Richards, C., & Cassidy, S. (2023) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-023-00544-7 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Mutluer, T., Genç, H. A., Morey, A. Ö., Eser, H. Y., Ertinmaz, B., CAN, M., & Münir, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.856208 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Strauss, P., Cook, A. G., Watson, V., Winter, S., Whitehouse, A., Albrecht, N. J., Toussaint, D. W., & Lin, A. P. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.03.005 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Cassidy, S. A., Bradley, L., Bowen, E., Wigham, S., & Rodgers, J. (2018) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2018.05.002 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“Adults diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Conditions (ASC, hereafter autistic adults) are at high risk of experiencing suicidality compared to other clinical groups (Hedley and Uljarević, 2018; Zahid and Upthegrove, 2017; Cassidy et al, 2014; Segers and Rawana, 2014; Hannon and Taylor, 2013).”
BackgroundHolden, R., Mueller, J., McGowan, J. F., Sanyal, J., Kikoler, M., Simonoff, E. A., Velupillai, S. U., & Downs, J. M. (2020) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2292 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Measurement Properties of the Suicidal Behaviour Questionnaire-Revised in Autistic Adults
Cassidy, S., Bradley, L., Cogger-Ward, H., Shaw, R., Bowen, E., Glod, M., Baron‐Cohen, S., & Rodgers, J. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04431-5 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Hedley, D., Uljarević, M., Bury, S. M., & Dissanayake, C. (2019) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2064 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Hand, B. N., Benevides, T. W., & Carretta, H. J. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04345-x · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Bemmouna, D., Coutelle, R., Weibel, S., & Weiner, L. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05317-w · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Costa, A. P., Loor, C., & Steffgen, G. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04433-3 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Autism and psychosis: Clinical implications for depression and suicide
Upthegrove, R., Abu-Akel, A., Chisholm, K., Lin, A., Zahid, S., Pelton, M., Apperly, I., Hansen, P. C., & Wood, S. J. (2018) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.08.028 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationOakley, B. F. M., Loth, E., & Murphy, D. (2021) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2021.1872506 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Suicidal behavior across a broad range of psychiatric disorders
Xu, Y. E., Barron, D. A., Sudol, K., Zisook, S., & Oquendo, M. A. (2023) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01935-7 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Rydzewska, E., Hughes-McCormack, L. A., Gillberg, C., Henderson, A., Macintyre, C. C. A., Rintoul, J., & Cooper, S. (2019) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2019.01.004 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Arwert, T. G., & Sizoo, B. B. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04372-z · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Prevalence and Risk-Markers of Self-Harm in Autistic Children and Adults
Licence, L., Oliver, C., Moss, J., & Richards, C. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04260-1 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Mournet, A. M., Wilkinson, E. H., Bal, V. H., & Kleiman, E. M. (2022) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102235 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Huntjens, A., van den Bosch, L. M. C., Sizoo, B. B., Kerkhof, A. J. F. M., Smit, F., & van der Gaag, M. (2024) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291724000825 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Hedley, D., Uljarević, M., Cai, R. Y., Bury, S. M., Stokes, M. A., & Evans, D. W. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0245562 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The Prevalence of Suicidal Behavior in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Huntjens, A., Landlust, A. M., Wissenburg, S. A., & van der Gaag, M. (2023) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000922 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Psychiatric Comorbidities in Children With ASD: Autism Centre Experience
Ivanović, I. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.673169 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Pelton, M., Crawford, H., Bul, K., Robertson, A., Adams, J., Beurs, D. P. D., Rodgers, J., Baron‐Cohen, S., & Cassidy, S. (2023) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12954 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Sampson, K. N., Upthegrove, R., Abu-Akel, A. M., Haque, S. M., Wood, S. J., & Reniers, R. L. E. P. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720000124 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationFerenc, K., Płatos, M., Byrka, K., & Król, M. E. (2022) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613221135818 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Yau, N., Anderson, S., & Smith, I. (2023) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2022.102101 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Bunt, D., van Kessel, R., Hoekstra, R. A., Czabanowska, K., Brayne, C., Baron‐Cohen, S., & Román-Urrestarazu, A. (2020) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2315 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Popow, C., Ohmann, S., & Plener, P. L. (2021) · Neuropsychiatrie · doi:10.1007/s40211-021-00395-9 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Barcelos, A. M., Kargas, N., Packham, C., & Mills, D. S. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-02504-8 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Gender differences between adolescents with autism in emergency psychiatry
So, P., Wierdsma, A. I., van Boeijen, C. A., Vermeiren, R. R. J. M., & Mulder, N. C. L. (2021) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613211019855 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Occurrence and predictors of lifetime suicidality and suicidal ideation in autistic adults
van Bentum, J. S., Sijbrandij, M., Huibers, M. J. H., & Begeer, S. (2024) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613231225901 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Emmanuel, C. J., Knafl, K. A., Hodges, E. A., Docherty, S. L., O’Shea, T. M., & Junior, H. P. D. O. S. (2022) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.22217 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
O’Hearn, K. M., & Lynn, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2022.957375 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Hooijer, A. A. T., & Sizoo, B. B. (2019) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2221 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Hyland, P., Karatzias, T., Ford, J. D., Fox, R. J., & Spinazzola, J. (2022) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-022-00925-1 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
A public health approach to reducing health inequalities among adults with autism
Sharpe, R. A., Curry, W. B., Brown, R., & Shankar, R. (2019) · British Journal of General Practice · doi:10.3399/bjgp19x706133 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
A case study of suicidality presenting as a restricted interest in autism Spectrum disorder
Weiner, L., Flin, A., Causin, J.-B., Weibel, S., & Bertschy, G. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2122-7 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Jachyra, P., Lai, M., Zaheer, J., Fernandes, N., Dale, M., Sawyer, A., & Lunsky, Y. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05102-9 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Autism and self‐harm: A population‐based and discordant sibling study of young individuals
Stark, I., Rai, D., Lundberg, M., Culpin, I., Nordström, S. I., Ohlis, A., & Magnusson, C. (2022) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.13479 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-reported social impairments predict depressive disorder in adults with autism spectrum disorder
Day, T. C., McNaughton, K. A., Naples, A. J., & McPartland, J. C. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361319857375 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Advancing Mental Health Supports for Autistic Postsecondary Students: A Call for Research
Gunin, G. B., Gravino, A., & Bal, V. H. (2021) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2020.0044 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Examining the Relationship Between Autism Traits and Sleep Duration as Predictors of Suicidality
Hochard, K. D., Pendrous, R., Mari, T., & Flynn, S. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04405-7 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Hill, R. M., & Katusic, M. (2020) · Children s Health Care · doi:10.1080/02739615.2020.1741360 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Bal, V. H., LEVENTHAL, B. L., Carter, G., Kim, H., Koh, Y., Ha, M., Kwon, H., Hong, P. S., & Kim, Y. S. (2021) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2020.1868367 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Ashworth, E., Provazza, S., McCarthy, M., & Saini, P. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.892939 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Rasmussen, P. D. (2022) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039488.2022.2112973 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Hossain, M. M., Khan, N., Sultana, A., Ma, P., McKyer, E. L. J., Ahmed, H. U., & Purohit, N. (2020) · doi:10.31124/advance.11497014 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
‘I Felt Like I was Floating in Space’: Autistic Adults’ Experiences of Low Mood and Depression
Jordan, A. L., Marczak, M., & Knibbs, J. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04638-6 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Cleary, M. L., West, S., McLean, L., Hunt, G. E., Hungerford, C. L., & Kornhaber, R. A. (2022) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2022.2132329 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Mikami, K., Inomata, S., Onishi, Y., Orihashi, Y., Yamamoto, K., & Matsumoto, H. (2019) · Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.2174/2210676609666190617144453 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Ferenc, K., Byrka, K., & Król, M. E. (2021) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2021.101826 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Links, P. S., Aslam, H. M., & O’Donnell, M. (2024) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-024-01571-8 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Brief Report: Genetic Links Between Autism and Suicidal Behavior—A Preliminary Investigation
DiBlasi, E., Kirby, A. V., Gaj, E., Docherty, A. R., Keeshin, B. R., Bakian, A. V., & Coon, H. H. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04419-1 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Huntjens, A., van den Bosch, L. (., Sizoo, B. B., Kerkhof, A. J. F. M., Smit, F., & van der Gaag, M. (2024) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613241302875 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Chang, J.-C., Lai, M., Chang, S., & Gau, S. S. (2024) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613231223626 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Carpita, B., Nardi, B., Bonelli, C., Pascariello, L., Massimetti, G., Cremone, I. M., Pini, S., Palego, L., Betti, L., Giannaccini, G., et al. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12071529 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Delayed prefrontal hemodynamic response associated with suicide risk in autism spectrum disorder
Ota, T., Iida, J., Okazaki, K., Ishida, R., Takahashi, M., Okamura, K., Yamamuro, K., Kishimoto, N., Kimoto, S., Yasuda, Y., et al. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112971 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Costache, M. E., Gioia, F., Vanello, N., Greco, A., Capobianco, A., Weibel, S., & Weiner, L. (2025) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-025-00288-1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Suicidal Ideation Profiles of Sibling Dyads of Individuals with Autism
Shtayermman, O. (2022) · Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s41252-021-00235-5 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Vai, B., Calesella, F., Lenti, C., Fortaner-Uyà, L., Caselani, E., Fiore, P., Breit, S., Poletti, S., Colombo, C., Zanardi, R., et al. (2023) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2023.111627 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Healthcare Issues in Children with Developmental Disabilities (Autism)
Eta, E. V. A. (2022) · Pediatrics and Neonatal Nursing - Open Journal · doi:10.17140/pnnoj-8-134 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Commentary: Suicide risk is high, but often overlooked, in autistic spectrum disorder populations
Curtis, L. T. (2022) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13627 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Lai, M., Anagnostou, E. A., Wiznitzer, M., Allison, C. L., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (2018) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/8z5rv · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Suicide Prevention Interventions and Supports for the Autistic Community: A Scoping Review
Russell, A., Rainbow, E., Cremen, C., & Melia, R. (2025) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-025-00535-9 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Психические расстройства и суицидальное поведение: результаты анализа медицинской документации
Носова, Е. С., Жуков, И. В., & Радулов, С. П. (2021) · Сибирский вестник психиатрии и наркологии · doi:10.26617/1810-3111-2021-2(111)-54-63 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Comportamiento suicida en el trastorno del espectro autista
Baños-Chaparro, J. (2021) · Revista Española de Discapacidad · doi:10.5569/2340-5104.09.01.16 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Mack, J. A. (2019) · Scholarship & Creative Works - Digital UNC a service of University Libraries (University of Northern Colorado) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
French, B., Newell, V., Nalbant, G., Wright, H., Daley, D., & Cassidy, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1702822 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Motamed, M., Alaghband‐Rad, J., Jamaloo, S., Hooshyari, Z., Heidari, A., & Tavakolian, N. (2024) · International Journal of Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1080/20473869.2024.2431608 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Comorbidades Psiquiátricas no Transtorno do Espectro Autista: Um Artigo de Revisão
Ronzani, L. D., Lin, J. H. X., Netto, B. B., da Costa, M. D. A., de Rezende, V. L., & Gonçalves, C. L. (2021) · Boletim do Curso de Medicina da UFSC · doi:10.32963/bcmufsc.v7i3.4827 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Eyüboğlu, M., Şahbudak, B., & Eyüboğlu, D. (2023) · ALPHA PSYCHIATRY · doi:10.5152/alphapsychiatry.2023.231242 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Managing self-regulatory behaviour in young autistic children in the Western Cape, South Africa
Veerasamy, S. (2024) · South African Journal of Childhood Education · doi:10.4102/sajce.v14i1.1352 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Greydanus, D. E., Patel, D. R., & Rowland, D. C. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820472-6.00085-2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Persechino, S. T., Morin, D., & Bardon, C. (2024) · Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1111/jar.13318 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Cristescu, L., Papoudi, D., & Douglas, G. (2025) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-025-00508-y · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Vries, A. S.-D., van Ee, E., Verschuur, R., & Mevissen, L. (2025) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2025.2555792 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Dighton, S., & McAloon, J. (2026) · Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s41252-026-00476-2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Three confounded high-risk groups for suicide in adolescents and young adults
Gupta, M., Gupta, N., & Ramar, D. (2021) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852921001073 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Internalizing Disorders and Female Autism
Davico, C., Secci, I., & Vitiello, B. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-62072-0_6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The role of online groups for autistic people in users’ autism information journeys
Duffin, S., Bath, P. A., & Sbaffi, L. (2025) · Journal of Documentation · doi:10.1108/jd-01-2025-0022 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Transition-Age Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Gwynette, M. F., Marrus, N. M., & Vasa, R. A. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-62113-1_11 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
AUTISTIC SEVERITY AND PSYCHIATRIC COMORBIDITY AMONG CHILDREN WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER
Zoromba, M. A., El‐Gazar, H. E., Loutfy, A., El-Sheikh, O. Y., & El‐Monshed, A. H. (2022) · Port Said Scientific Journal of Nursing · doi:10.21608/pssjn.2022.84862.1125 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Kerkhof, A. J. F. M., de Jongh, A., & Oppenheim, H. J. (2025) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.34133/jemdr.0008 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Grieve, C. M., Roest, A. M., White, S. W., Ganzevoort, C. O. W., Smit, R. W. H., Bekius, J., van Balkom, I. D. C., & Greaves‐Lord, K. (2026) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-026-00580-y · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Characterising the behaviours in most severe and least severe emotional outbursts in young people
Shenton, B. D. K., Chung, J. C. Y., & Woodcock, K. A. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-52732-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Autism Spectrum Disorder and Suicide: A Case Report
Fatani, A. N., Alasiri, N. M., & Gasem, O. A. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.64451 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Revista Española de Discapacidad
(2021) · Revista Española de Discapacidad · doi:10.5569/2340-5104.09.01 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Pelton, M., Crawford, H., Bul, K., Robertson, A. E., Adams, J., Beurs, D. P. D., Rodgers, J., Baron‐Cohen, S., & Cassidy, S. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/3yhf9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Suicide and Self-Harm in Young Men
Hazell, P. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108646765.012
Houd rekening met suïcidaliteit bij autismespectrumstoornissen
Arwert, T. G., & Sizoo, B. B. (2021) · Huisarts en Wetenschap · doi:10.1007/s12445-021-1293-x
- Authors
- Zahid, S., & Upthegrove, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Birmingham (GB)
- ORCID
- Upthegrove, Rachel
- Venue
- Crisis
- Publisher
- Hogrefe Publishing Group
- Published
- 2017-07
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 237-246
- ISSN
- 0227-5910 (ISSN-L)
- 2151-2396
- OpenAlex
- W2610605440
- Cited by
- 115
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 1.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Crisis (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
- Keywords
- suicidality, autism spectrum disorder, suicide attempts, suicidal ideation, risk factors, self-harm, depression, prevalence, comorbidities, protective factors
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Risk Factors, Suicide, Suicide, Attempted, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders, Suicidal Ideation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
