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Farming the planet: 1. Geographic distribution of global agricultural lands in the year 2000
Open accessAbstract
Agricultural activities have dramatically altered our planet's land surface. To understand the extent and spatial distribution of these changes, we have developed a new global data set of croplands and pastures circa 2000 by combining agricultural inventory data and satellite‐derived land cover data. The agricultural inventory data, with much greater spatial detail than previously available, is used to train a land cover classification data set obtained by merging two different satellite‐derived products (Boston University's MODIS‐derived land cover product and the GLC2000 data set). Our data are presented at 5 min (∼10 km) spatial resolution in longitude by longitude, have greater accuracy than previously available, and for the first time include statistical confidence intervals on the estimates. According to the data, there were 15.0 (90% confidence range of 12.2–17.1) million km 2 of cropland (12% of the Earth's ice‐free land surface) and 28.0 (90% confidence range of 23.6–30.0) million km 2 of pasture (22%) in the year 2000.
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“The extent of permanent pastures and meadows, the key category for which global statistical data are available (http://faostat.fao.org;any grazing land used for more than five consecutive years), spans 28 (33) to 34 Mkm², including extensively used natural grasslands (Section 2.2), intensively managed pastures and meadows established in natural grassland areas, as well as grassland that was estab”
From Restoring Degraded Lands (2021) · cites this paper as [33]
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“It helped the crop modelers to use fine resolution for a simulation run with more clearly defined inputs and assumptions (Ramankutty and Foley 1999; Ramankutty et al. 2008).”
BackgroundHou, M., Ge, J., Xiu, Y., Meng, B., Liu, J., Feng, Q., & Liang, T. (2022) · Science China Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11427-021-2143-3 · Cited by 21
“…dataset (GLC2000) developed by the European Commission’s Joint Research Center (JRC) and the Global LC Map (GlobCover) developed by the European Space Agency (ESA) have played important roles in global surface cover monitoring in the early 21st century (Jung et al., 2006; Ramankutty et al., 2008).”
MethodRubio, V., Sawchik, J., & van Es, H. M. (2022) · Soil Security · doi:10.1016/j.soisec.2022.100074 · Cited by 21
Dry spells and global crop production: A multi-stressor and multi-timescale analysis
Jarrett, U., Miller, S. J., & Mohtadi, H. (2022) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2022.107627 · Cited by 21
“In our main analyses, we weight by the percent of area in each cell that was devoted to cropland in 2000 according to EARTHSTAT (Ramankutty et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMethodHistorical land use reconstruction for South Asia: Current understanding, challenges, and solutions
Li, S., He, F., Liu, X., & Hua, L. (2023) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104350 · Cited by 21
A spatially explicit approach to prioritize protection areas for endangered freshwater mussels
Dobler, A. H., Geist, J. P., Stoeckl, K., & Inoue, K. (2018) · Aquatic Conservation Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems · doi:10.1002/aqc.2993 · Cited by 21
Protein Modification in Plants in Response to Abiotic Stress
Qazi, H. A., Jan, N., Ramazan, S., & John, R. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-811913-6.00008-4 · Cited by 22
Spatial and Temporal Variation of Cropland at the Global Level from 1992 to 2015
Minghong, T., & Li, Y. (2019) · Journal of Resources and Ecology · doi:10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2019.03.001 · Cited by 21
“In some areas, croplands expanded to meet the increasing demands for food caused by population growth and rises in living standards (Ramankutty and Foley, 1999; Foley et al., 2005).”
BackgroundProbabilistic global maps of crop-specific areas from 1961 to 2014
Jackson, N. D., Konar, M., Debaere, P., & Estes, L. (2019) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab3b93 · Cited by 21
Pasture botanical composition and forage quality at farm scale: A case study
Pornaro, C., Basso, E., & Macolino, S. (2019) · Italian Journal of Agronomy · doi:10.4081/ija.2019.1480 · Cited by 22
“Introduction Several authors (e.g. Avery, 2001; Ramankutty et al., 2008) have estimated that less than 40% of the earth’s surface can be used for agriculture, and 26% is classified as pasture.”
BackgroundAssessing the habitat suitability of 10 serious weed species in global croplands
Wang, C., & Wan, J. (2020) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01142 · Cited by 21
Callo-Concha, D., & Denich, M. (2014) · Change and Adaptation in Socio-Ecological Systems · doi:10.2478/cass-2014-0005 · Cited by 21
Changing impact of import and export on agricultural land use: The case of Finland 1961–2007
Sandström, V., Saikku, L., Antikainen, R., Sokka, L. I., & Kauppi, P. E. (2014) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2014.02.009 · Cited by 21
Spatial Correlation, Trade, and Inequality: Evidence from the Global Climate
Dingel, J. I., Meng, K. C., & Hsiang, S. (2019) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w25447 · Cited by 21
“Geography Country latitude and longitude are defined as crop area-weighted average using the global cross-sectional distribution of crop area in 2000 from Ramankutty et al. (2008).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEditorial: Arthropod Interactions and Responses to Disturbance in a Changing World
Murphy, S. M., Richards, L. A., & Wimp, G. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2020.00093 · Cited by 20
High-resolution mapping of global winter-triticeae crops using a sample-free identification method
Fu, Y., Chen, X., Song, C., Huang, X., Dong, J., Peng, Q.-Y., & Yuan, W. (2025) · Earth System Science Data · doi:10.5194/essd-17-95-2025 · Cited by 18
Estimating winter crop area across seasons and regions using time-sequential MODIS imagery
Potgieter, A. B., Apan, A., Hammer, G., & Dunn, P. K. (2011) · International Journal of Remote Sensing · doi:10.1080/01431161.2010.486415 · Cited by 20
Agricultural yield geographies in the United States
Burchfield, E., & Nelson, K. S. (2021) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/abe88d · Cited by 23
“For each indicator, we defined season duration using the spatially explicit, crop-specific planting and harvesting dates provided by [33].”
MethodAbdalla, K., Chivenge, P., Ciais, P., & Chaplot, V. (2021) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.15918 · Cited by 19
Miranda, R., Ríos‐Touma, B., Falconí‐López, A., Pino‐del‐Carpio, A., Gaspar, S., Ortega, H., Peláez-Rodríguez, M., Araújo‐Flores, J. M., & Tobes, I. (2021) · Hydrobiologia · doi:10.1007/s10750-021-04726-3 · Cited by 23
Kozicka, K., Gozdowskı, D., & Wójcik‐Gront, E. (2021) · Atmosphere · doi:10.3390/atmos12111382 · Cited by 21
Agriculture for the Anthropocene: novel applications of technology and the future of food
Newman, L., Newell, R., Dring, C., Glaros, A., Fraser, E. D. G., Mendly-Zambo, Z., Green, A. G., & Kc, K. (2023) · Food Security · doi:10.1007/s12571-023-01356-6 · Cited by 16
Sequestration through forestry and agriculture
Conant, R. T. (2011) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Climate Change · doi:10.1002/wcc.101 · Cited by 23
Soil responses to restoration of a tropical pasture in Veracruz, south-eastern Mexico.
Tobón-Niedfeldt, W., Martínez‐Garza, C., & Campo, J. (2011) · JOURNAL OF TROPICAL FOREST SCIENCE · Cited by 20
Szalai, M., Kiss, J. G., Kövér, S., & Toepfer, S. (2013) · Agricultural Systems · doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2013.10.009 · Cited by 20
Metadata
- Authors
- Ramankutty, N., Evan, A. T., Monfreda, C., & Foley, J. A.
- Affiliations
- McGill University (CA)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Venue
- Global Biogeochemical Cycles
- Publisher
- American Geophysical Union (AGU)
- Published
- 2008-01-17
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 1
- ISSN
- 0886-6236 (ISSN-L)
- 1944-9224
- OpenAlex
- W1838764073
- Cited by
- 1,942
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 55 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 142 · 2023: 123 · 2022: 119 · 2021: 173 · 2020: 149 · 2019: 141 · 2018: 142 · 2017: 119 · 2016: 145 · 2015: 86 · 2014: 104 · 2013: 87 · 2012: 88
- FWCI
- 55.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Global Biogeochemical Cycles (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- Wageningen University and Research
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Land Use and Ecosystem Services
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Remote Sensing in Agriculture
- Social Sciences › Development › Agriculture, Land Use, Rural Development
- Keywords
- cropland extent, land cover classification, MODIS land cover, GLC2000, land surface change, confidence intervals
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