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Farming the planet: 1. Geographic distribution of global agricultural lands in the year 2000
Open accessAbstract
Agricultural activities have dramatically altered our planet's land surface. To understand the extent and spatial distribution of these changes, we have developed a new global data set of croplands and pastures circa 2000 by combining agricultural inventory data and satellite‐derived land cover data. The agricultural inventory data, with much greater spatial detail than previously available, is used to train a land cover classification data set obtained by merging two different satellite‐derived products (Boston University's MODIS‐derived land cover product and the GLC2000 data set). Our data are presented at 5 min (∼10 km) spatial resolution in longitude by longitude, have greater accuracy than previously available, and for the first time include statistical confidence intervals on the estimates. According to the data, there were 15.0 (90% confidence range of 12.2–17.1) million km 2 of cropland (12% of the Earth's ice‐free land surface) and 28.0 (90% confidence range of 23.6–30.0) million km 2 of pasture (22%) in the year 2000.
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“The extent of permanent pastures and meadows, the key category for which global statistical data are available (http://faostat.fao.org;any grazing land used for more than five consecutive years), spans 28 (33) to 34 Mkm², including extensively used natural grasslands (Section 2.2), intensively managed pastures and meadows established in natural grassland areas, as well as grassland that was estab”
From Restoring Degraded Lands (2021) · cites this paper as [33]
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Mitchell, M. G. E., Bennett, E. M., Gonzalez, A., Lechowicz, M. J., Rhemtulla, J. M., Cardille, J. A., Vanderheyden, K., Poirier-Ghys, G., Renard, D., Delmotte, S., et al. (2015) · Ecology and Society · doi:10.5751/es-07927-200415 · Cited by 50
Boone, A. A., Xue, Y., de Sales, F., Comer, R. E., Hagos, S., Mahanama, S., Schiro, K. A., Song, G., Wang, G., Li, S.-J., et al. (2016) · Climate Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s00382-016-3252-y · Cited by 45
“It was developed for CLM by Lawrence and Chase (2007) and it uses MODIS-based data for trees, and IGBP data for shrubs and grasses, and data from Ramankutty et al. (2008) for crops.”
MethodModeling large-scale human alteration of land surface hydrology and climate
POKHREL, Y. N., Felfelani, F., Shin, S., YAMADA, T. J., & Satoh, Y. (2017) · Geoscience Letters · doi:10.1186/s40562-017-0076-5 · Cited by 48
Xie, H., & Ringler, C. (2017) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aa8148 · Cited by 39
“The fertilizer use data developed byMueller et al (2012) provide crop-specific estimates of N and P fertilizer application rates, whose development is based on Ramankutty et al (2008) and Monfreda et al (2008) M3 global cropland and pasture land data.”
MethodVeach, V., Moilanen, A., & Minin, E. D. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0188397 · Cited by 48
Modeling the spatial distribution of grazing intensity in Kazakhstan
Hankerson, B., Schierhorn, F., Prishchepov, A. V., Dong, C., Eisfelder, C., & Müller, D. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0210051 · Cited by 45
Change, I. P. O. C. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009157988.005 · Cited by 65
A hybrid model to predict nitrogen concentration in heterogeneous grassland using field spectroscopy
Dehghan-Shoar, M. H., Orsi, A. A., Pullanagari, R. R., & Yule, I. J. (2022) · Remote Sensing of Environment · doi:10.1016/j.rse.2022.113385 · Cited by 45
Remote sensing technology and land use analysis in food security assessment
Brown, M. E. (2016) · Journal of Land Use Science · doi:10.1080/1747423x.2016.1195455 · Cited by 44
Meissle, M., Álvarez‐Alfageme, F., Malone, L. A., & Romeis, J. (2012) · EFSA Supporting Publications · doi:10.2903/sp.efsa.2012.en-334 · Cited by 44
Rahmann, G., Grimm, D., Kuenz, A., & Hessel, E. F. (2019) · Organic Agriculture · doi:10.1007/s13165-019-00247-5 · Cited by 45
Carino, S., McCartan, J., & Barbour, L. R. (2019) · Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition · doi:10.1080/19320248.2019.1583621 · Cited by 44
Recent Patterns in Maize Yield and Harvest Area across Africa
Epule, T. E., Chehbouni, A., & Dhiba, D. (2022) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy12020374 · Cited by 36
Kazemi, F., & Hosseinpour, N. (2022) · Land Use Policy · doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106426 · Cited by 44
Interdisciplinary progress in food production, food security and environment research
Acevedo, M. F. (2011) · Environmental Conservation · doi:10.1017/s0376892911000257 · Cited by 45
Biofuels for all? Understanding the Global Impacts of Multinational Mandates
Hertel, T. W., Tyner, W., & Birur, D. (2008) · GTAP working paper series · doi:10.21642/gtap.wp51 · Cited by 44
Parente, L., Sloat, L., Mesquita, V. V., Consoli, D., Stanimirova, R., Tomislav Hengl, A., Bonannella, C., Teles, N. M., Wheeler, I., Hunter, M. O., et al. (2024) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/s41597-024-04139-6 · Cited by 58
“9 ; when looking more closely, it seems that the previous products miss some smaller patches where we are certain they can be classified as pastures, but were probably difficult to distinguish from other cropland similar to them or were just too small for resolution of 1 km.”
InfluentialLin, H., Yufang Jin, A., Giglio, L., Foley, J. A., & Randerson, J. T. (2012) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1890/10-2362.1 · Cited by 43
Self-citationFeinberg, A. I., Moustapha, M., Stenke, A., Sudret, B., Peter, T., & Winkel, L. H. E. (2020) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-20-1363-2020 · Cited by 42
Leung, F., Sitch, S., Tai, A. P. K., Wiltshire, A., Gornall, J., Folberth, G., & Unger, N. (2022) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ac7246 · Cited by 33
Vanham, D., Brückner, M., Schwarzmueller, F., Schyns, J. F., & Kästner, T. (2023) · Nature Food · doi:10.1038/s43016-023-00797-8 · Cited by 48
Grazing reverses climate-induced soil carbon gains on the Tibetan Plateau
Ren, S., Wang, T., Ji, X., Wei, L., Wei, J., Cao, Y., & Ding, J. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-62332-6 · Cited by 50
“In this framework, net primary productivity (NPP) derived from ESMs was used as a model input, while the output - soil carbon turnover time - was adjusted based on projected climate changes.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Ramankutty, N., Evan, A. T., Monfreda, C., & Foley, J. A.
- Affiliations
- McGill University (CA)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Venue
- Global Biogeochemical Cycles
- Publisher
- American Geophysical Union (AGU)
- Published
- 2008-01-17
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 1
- ISSN
- 0886-6236 (ISSN-L)
- 1944-9224
- OpenAlex
- W1838764073
- Cited by
- 1,942
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 55 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 142 · 2023: 123 · 2022: 119 · 2021: 173 · 2020: 149 · 2019: 141 · 2018: 142 · 2017: 119 · 2016: 145 · 2015: 86 · 2014: 104 · 2013: 87 · 2012: 88
- FWCI
- 55.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Global Biogeochemical Cycles (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- Wageningen University and Research
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Land Use and Ecosystem Services
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Remote Sensing in Agriculture
- Social Sciences › Development › Agriculture, Land Use, Rural Development
- Keywords
- cropland extent, land cover classification, MODIS land cover, GLC2000, land surface change, confidence intervals
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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