Radiative forcing of climate by changes in the vertical distribution of ozone
Abstract
We describe a simple method for evaluating the radiative forcing of surface temperature caused by changes in the vertical distribution of ozone. The method employs a parameterization based on one‐dimensional radiative‐convective equilibrium calculations; these calculations predict that the surface temperature should warm in response to both decreases in ozone above 30 km and increases in ozone below 30 km. The parameterization is used to investigate the response of surface temperature to observed changes in the vertical distribution of ozone at northern mid‐latitudes. We show that the observed ozone trends, taken at face value, suggest a cooling of the surface temperature at northern mid‐latitudes during the 1970s equal in magnitude to about half the warming predicted for CO 2 for the same time period. However, the measurement uncertainty of the observed trends is large, with the best estimates for mid‐latitude cooling being −0.05±0.05°C. The surface cooling is caused by ozone decreases in the lower stratosphere, which outweigh the warming effects of ozone increases in the troposphere. The results obtained differ from predictions based on one‐dimensional photochemical model simulations of ozone trends for the 1970s, which suggest a warming of the surface temperature equal to ∼20% of the warming contributed by CO 2 . Also, the ozone decreases observed in the lower stratosphere during the 1970s produce atmospheric cooling by several tenths of a degree in the 12‐ to 20‐km altitude region over the northern mid‐latitudes. This temperature decrease is larger than the cooling due to CO 2 and thus may obscure the expected stratospheric CO 2 greenhouse signature.
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Ozone is a potent greenhouse gas at upper tropospheric altitudes due to its ability to absorb IR, UV, and visible radiation.
“Numerous studies have reported its potency as a greenhouse gas at these altitudes, due to its ability to absorb IR, UV and visible radiation [146][147][148][149].”
From Investigation of Biofuel as a Potential Renewable Energy Source (2021) · cites this paper as [147]
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“…the availability of ice nuclei (e.g., Lohmann, 2002); greenhouse gases such as O 3 are more effective in the UT due to the colder temperatures (Lacis et al., 1990); the lifetimes of many gases and aerosols tend to be much longer in the UT than near the surface; and the UT serves as the…”
The Oxidation of Organic Compounds in the Troposphere and their Global Warming Potentials
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“Whereas the forcing efficiency of aerosols is strongly dependent on the surface reflectance and their position in relation to clouds (Haywood and Shine, 1997), the forcing efficiency for ozone is strongly dependent on altitude and is most efficient around tropopause altitude (Forster and Shine, 1997; Lacis et al., 199…”
BackgroundAn investigation of middle school students’ alternative conceptions of global warming
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Formation of ozone by fireworks
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“It is well-established that changes in upper tropospheric ozone concentrations lead to a larger radiative forcing (e.g. Wang and Sze, 1980; Lacis et al., 1990) than changes nearer the surface; and changes in ozone in the tropics and subtropics have a considerably larger (up to a factor of 2) impact on radiative forcin…”
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“The net radiative forcing is most sensitive to NOx emissions at altitudes of about 8–12 km because of longer NOx and O3 lifetimes, and colder temperatures compared to the surface (Lacis et al., 1990; Brasseur et al., 1998). Ship NOx reduces the CH 4 lifetime by 0.13 yr in 2000 and by up to 0.17 yr in 2030, introducing…”
InfluentialHistorical total ozone radiative forcing derived from CMIP6 simulations
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On the evaluation of halocarbon radiative forcing and global warming potentials
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Investigation of Biofuel as a Potential Renewable Energy Source
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“%) in solar cycles 22 (1986–96) and cycle 23 (1996–2008) produced decadal solar radiative forcing DFs 5 0.7DTSI/4 5 0.23Wm 22 (Hansen and Lacis 1990).”
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“[2] Ozone in the troposphere is an important greenhouse gas [Lacis et al., 1990].”
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“Changes in concentrations of radiatively active species in this region potentially have a strong impact on the radiation balance of the troposphere (e.g., Lacis et al., 1990; Forster and Shine, 1997).”
BackgroundFree tropospheric ozone production following entrainment of urban plumes into deep convection
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“Ozone in the free troposphere has a longer lifetime compared to the boundary layer, which enables transport on regional to hemispheric scales, and it has a proportionally greater influence on climate than ozone near the surface (Lacis et al., 1990).”
BackgroundRemote sensed and in situ constraints on processes affecting tropical tropospheric ozone
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“Ozone (O3) in the tropical troposphere is a major component of atmospheric radiative forcing (de Forster et al., 1997; Lacis et al., 1990) and plays a key role in the global oxidizing power of the atmosphere (Logan et al.”
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“…global scales are largely constrained by the limited coverage of robust long-term ozone measurements for evaluating modeled ozone trends, especially in the free troposphere (Gaudel et al., 2020) where ozone has greater radiative impacts than at the surface (Lacis et al., 1990; Hansen et al., 1997).”
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“EA and SA reductions (except for EA NMVOC) have RF efficiency greater than average, as these regions have greater influences on the UT where RF is the most efficient [Lacis et al., 1990; Wang et al., 1993; Forster and Shine, 1997; West et al., 2009a].”
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“Due to the dependency of the greenhouse effect on the temperature of the absorber the radiative efficiency is larger for ozone changes near the tropopause (Lacis et al., 1990).”
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“These factors, combined25 with the relatively large radiative forcing caused by ozone increases occurring in the UTLS (Wang and Sze, 1980; Lacis et al., 1990; Hansen et al., 1997), make aircraft NOx emissions disproportionately important to the total O3 radiative forcing from all ACPD 5,…”
BackgroundRotman, D., Atherton, C. S., Bergmann, D. J., Cameron-Smith, P. J., Chuang, C. C., Connell, P. S., Dignon, J., Franz, A., Grant, K. E., Kinnison, D. E., et al. (2004) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2002jd003155 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“natural and anthropogenic perturbations on ozone in the tropopause region is important because ozone in this region exerts a disproportionately greater influence on radiative forcing than ozone in other atmospheric regions [Lacis et al., 1990; IPCC, 2001].”
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“Since O3 changes in the tropopause region cause the largest radiative effect (particularly on surface temperatures) [Lacis et al., 1990], climate change impacts on STE can play a crucial role in future radiative forcing from O3.”
Background
- Authors
- Lacis, A. A., Wuebbles, D. J., & Logan, J. A.
- Affiliations
- Goddard Institute for Space Studies (US)
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications (BG)
- Harvard University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
- Publisher
- American Geophysical Union (AGU)
- Published
- 1990-06-20
- Volume
- 95
- Issue
- D7
- Pages
- 9971-9981
- ISSN
- 0148-0227 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2057192297
- Cited by
- 556
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 10.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Atmospheric Ozone and Climate
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate variability and models
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Atmospheric aerosols and clouds
- Keywords
- radiative forcing, vertical ozone distribution, surface temperature, stratospheric ozone depletion, radiative-convective equilibrium, surface cooling, northern mid-latitudes, ozone trends
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