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Cited by 626Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentEducation Discipline and InequalityFamily Dynamics and Relationships

Discipline responses: Influences of parents' socioeconomic status, ethnicity, beliefs about parenting, stress, and cognitive-emotional processes

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Pinderhughes, Ellen E., Dodge, Kenneth A., Bates, John E., Pettit, Gregory S., Zelli, Arnaldo·2000·Journal of Family Psychology
DOI 10.1037/0893-3200.14.3.380PMC PMC2759998
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Abstract

Direct and indirect precursors to parents' harsh discipline responses to hypothetical vignettes about child misbehavior were studied with data from 978 parents (59% mothers; 82% European American and 16% African American) of 585 kindergarten-aged children. SEM analyses showed that parents' beliefs about spanking and child aggression and family stress mediated a negative relation between socioeconomic status and discipline. In turn, perception of the child and cognitive-emotional processes (hostile attributions, emotional upset, worry about child's future, available alternative disciplinary strategies, and available preventive strategies) mediated the effect of stress on discipline. Similar relations between ethnicity and discipline were found (African Americans reported harsher discipline), especially among low-income parents. Societally based experiences may lead some parents to rely on accessible and coherent goals in their discipline, whereas others are more reactive.

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  • Heightened levels of parental stress in families living in poverty might lead to a reliance on harsh and abusive parenting practices.

    “The heightened levels of parental stress in families living in poverty might in turn lead to a reliance on harsh and abusive parenting practices (Pinderhughes et al., 2000).”

    From Child abuse-related homicides precipitated by caregiver use of harsh physical punishment (2023) · cites this paper as Pinderhughes et al., 2000

    The Discussion reports that low-income parents experienced higher stress and tended to endorse harsher discipline responses, partly through stress-related processes. The Method includes measures of physical punishment and aggression toward children, but the paper does not establish that these responses constitute abusive parenting; that part of the claim goes beyond its findings. (LLM, conf=0.86)

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  • Poverty can create conditions that might make it hard to parent, and in turn, increase parental stress.

    “Inequities such as poverty can create conditions that might make it hard to parent (Council on Community Pediatrics, 2016), and in turn, increase parental stress (Pinderhughes, Dodge, Bates, Pettit, & Zelli, 2000).”

    From Child abuse-related homicides precipitated by caregiver use of harsh physical punishment (2023) · cites this paper as Pinderhughes, Dodge, Bates, Pettit, & Zelli, 2000

  • Parental stress is positively associated with harsh parenting practices.

    “Parental stress is a factor found to be positively associated with harsh parenting practices (Jackson & Choi, 2018;Pinderhughes et al., 2000).”

    From Child abuse-related homicides precipitated by caregiver use of harsh physical punishment (2023) · cites this paper as Pinderhughes et al., 2000

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Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. Arbuckle JL, Wothke W. AMOS 4.0 user's guide. Chicago, IL: Small Waters Corporation; 1999. [Google Scholar]
  2. Holden GW. Parental attitudes toward childrearing. In: Borstein M, editor. Handbook of parenting: Vol 3. Status and social conditions of parenting. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum; 1995. pp. 359–392. [Google Scholar]
  3. McLoyd VC. Ethnicity, race, and social class as defining features of families; Paper presented at the Family Research Consortium Summer Institute; Bretton Woods, NH. 1999. Jun, [Google Scholar]
  4. Reis J, Barbera-Stein L, Bennett S. Determinants of parenting. Family Relations. 1986;36:547–564. [Google Scholar]

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Authors
Pinderhughes, E. E., Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., Pettit, G. S., & Zelli, A.
Affiliations
Vanderbilt University (US)
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Family Psychology
Publisher
American Psychological Association (APA)
Published
2000-09
Volume
14
Issue
3
Pages
380-400
ISSN
  • 0893-3200 (ISSN-L)
  • 1939-1293
DOI
10.1037/0893-3200.14.3.380
PMC
PMC2759998
OpenAlex
W2106582708
Cited by
626
References
89
Citations by year
2026: 9 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 35
FWCI
11.42
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Journal of Family Psychology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH048043, MH 42498, R01MH042498)
  • National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD30572)
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD030572)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
  • Social Sciences › Education › Education Discipline and Inequality
  • Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
Keywords
harsh discipline, spanking, parental beliefs, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, African American parents, family stress, hostile attribution, preventive strategies, child behavior problems, kindergarten children
MeSH terms
Black or African American, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Social Values, Socialization, Socioeconomic Factors, Stress, Psychological, Parenting, White People

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