Cited by 1,539Eating Disorders and BehaviorsNutrition, Health and Food BehaviorObesity, Physical Activity, Diet

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Dieting and binging: A causal analysis.

Polivy, Janet, Herman, C. Peter·1985·American Psychologist

DOI 10.1037/0003-066x.40.2.193

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“…effect (AVE) posits that a lapse in restrained eating produces the AVE, which fuels the likelihood of an increase in binge eating such that the greater the AVE intensity, the greater the likelihood of an increase in that behavior after a lapse (Merwin et al., 2014; Polivy & Herman, 1985).”
Background
Studying intergenerational transmission of eating attitudes and behaviors: Methodological and conceptual questions.
Baker, C. W., Whisman, M. A., & Brownell, K. D. (2000) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.19.4.376 · Cited by 95
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Telch, C. F., & Agras, W. S. (1993) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(05)80262-x · Cited by 95
Opioid system in the medial prefrontal cortex mediates binge‐like eating
Blasio, A., Steardo, L., Sabino, V., & Cottone, P. (2013) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12033 · Cited by 95
“The systematic alternation in palatability, therefore, results in a selfperpetuating vicious circle of binge/restriction pattern consumption (Polivy & Herman 1985; Laessle et al. 1989) raising the question of whether binge eating disorder can be considered an addiction-‘like’ disorder (Cottone et…”
Background
The relationships among trauma, stress, ethnicity, and binge eating.
Harrington, E. F., Crowther, J. H., Henrickson, H. C. P., & Mickelson, K. D. (2006) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/1099-9809.12.2.212 · Cited by 103
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Zandian, M., Ioakimidis, I., Bergh, C. E. K., Brodin, U., & Södersten, P. (2008) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.10.011 · Cited by 94
“Disinhibition, and by inference restrained eating is thought to be a cause for obesity, binge eating and bulimia nervosa [25,26]; restrained eating has also been associated with anorexia nervosa [27,28].”
Background
Gender and Health-Related Behavior
Waldron, I. (1988) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-0833-9_11 · Cited by 94
Food intake and physical activity: A comparison of three measures of dieting
French, S. A., Jeffery, R. W., & Wing, R. R. (1994) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/0306-4603(94)90063-9 · Cited by 93
Association between chronotype and the constructs of the Three-Factor-Eating-Questionnaire
Schubert, E., & Randler, C. (2008) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2008.03.018 · Cited by 93
Does dieting make you fat?
Hill, A. J. (2004) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn20041135 · Cited by 93
A preliminary prevention program for eating disorders in a junior high school population
Moreno, A., & Thelen, M. H. (1993) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/bf01536647 · Cited by 93
Wanting and liking: Separable components in problematic eating behavior?
Polk, S. E., LaFata, E. M., Furman, C. R., & Gearhardt, A. N. (2016) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2016.11.015 · Cited by 95
“However, it's unclear whether cognitive restraint precedes disinhibited eating (Herman & Polivy, 1990; Howard & Porzelius, 1999; Polivy & Herman, 1985), or if cognitive restraint develops as a compensatory mechanism following episodes of disinhibited eating (Grilo & Masheb, 2000; Hilbert et al.,…”
Processes and pathways to binge eating: development of an integrated cognitive and behavioural model of binge eating
Burton, A. L., & Abbott, M. J. (2019) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-019-0248-0 · Cited by 100
Emotional, external and restrained eating behaviour and BMI trajectories in adolescence
Snoek, H. M., Engels, R. C. M. E., van Strien, T., & Otten, R. (2013) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2013.03.014 · Cited by 108
The Effects of Stress on Body Weight: Biological and Psychological Predictors of Change in BMI
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“, that a reliance on cognitive control over eating, rather than physiological cues, leaving dieters vulnerable to uncontrolled eating (19).”
Background
Cognitive behavioural therapy for weight gain associated with antipsychotic drugs
Khazaal, Y., Frésard, E., Rabia, S., Chatton, A., Rothen, S., Pomini, V., Grasset, F., Borgeat, F., & ZULLINO, D. F. (2007) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.12.025 · Cited by 90
Psychosocial and Physical Impairment in Overweight Adolescents at High Risk for Eating Disorders
Doyle, A. C., Grange, D. L., Goldschmidt, A. B., & Wilfley, D. E. (2007) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2007.515 · Cited by 88
“The other pathway to bulimia described by Stice (67,68) proposes that body dissatisfaction drives dietary restraint, which leads to binge eating as a function of metabolic and psychological deprivation (70).”
Background
A naturalistic functional analysis of binge eating
Johnson, W. G., Schlundt, D., Barclay, D. R., Carr-Nangle, R., & Engler, L. (1995) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(05)80085-1 · Cited by 92
Body Image, Binge Eating, and Bulimia Nervosa in Male Bodybuilders
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Compulsive Consumption Tendencies Among Television Shoppers
Lee, S., Lennon, S. J., & Rudd, N. A. (2000) · Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal · doi:10.1177/1077727x00284003 · Cited by 87
Cognitive restraint, weight suppression, and the regulation of eating
Lowe, M. R., & Kleifield, E. I. (1988) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/0195-6663(88)90009-8 · Cited by 87
The Complicated Relationship between Dieting, Dietary Restraint, Caloric Restriction, and Eating Disorders: Is a Shift in Public Health Messaging Warranted?
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Eat, drink, and be merry, for tomorrow we diet: Effects of anticipated deprivation on food intake in restrained and unrestrained eaters.
Urbszat, D., Herman, C. P., & Polivy, J. (2002) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.111.2.396 · Cited by 103
Self-citation
Effects of thought suppression on eating behaviour in restrained and non-restrained eaters
Erskine, J., & Georgiou, G. J. (2010) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2010.02.001 · Cited by 85
Differences in food-choice frequencies between restrained and unrestrained eaters
Tuschl, R. J., Laessle, R. G., Platte, P., & Pirke, K. (1990) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/0195-6663(90)90050-i · Cited by 85
Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Bulimia Nervosa
Garner, D. M., Fairburn, C. G., & Davis, R. (1987) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/01454455870114002 · Cited by 84
Can mindfulness address maladaptive eating behaviors? Why traditional diet plans fail and how new mechanistic insights may lead to novel interventions
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Resisting chocolate temptation using a brief mindfulness strategy
Jenkins, K., & Tapper, K. (2013) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12050 · Cited by 82
Biological and psychological correlates of intermittent dieting behavior in young women. A model for bulimia nervosa
Laessle, R. G., Platte, P., Schweiger, U., & Pirke, K. M. (1996) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(95)02215-5 · Cited by 83
Forbidden fruit: Does thinking about a prohibited food lead to its consumption?
Mann, T. L., & Ward, A. C. (2001) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.1025 · Cited by 83
Eating disorders in adolescents and young adults
Bulik, C. M. (2002) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s1056-4993(01)00004-9 · Cited by 83
Psychological Features of Obesity
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Changes in psychological variables and health behaviors by dieting status over a three-year period in a cohort of adolescent females
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“The present results also imply that intermittent access to highly preferred food, as practiced by many restrained eaters (26, 55, 72), may progressively decrease the acceptability and selection of perhaps more nutritious foods, and may contribute to relapse to more rewarding alternatives (36).”
Background
The possible influence of impulsivity and dietary restraint on associations between serotonin genes and binge eating
Racine, S. E., Culbert, K. M., Larson, C. L., & Klump, K. L. (2009) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.05.002 · Cited by 81
“One exposure factor that is critically important in the development of BN and binge eating is dietary restraint (i.e., the intent and/or attempt to restrict caloric intake; Jacobi et al., 2004; Polivy & Herman, 1985).”
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Relations between dietary restraint and patterns of alcohol use in young adult women.
Stewart, S. H., Angelopoulos, M., Baker, J. M., et al. (2000) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/0893-164x.14.1.77 · Cited by 81
“Just as it has been suggested that attempts to limit caloric intake may in fact cause binge eating ( Polivy & Herman, 1985 ), behavioral attempts to limit drinking among high-dietary-restraint women could be responsible for their higher rates of binge drinking (see Collins, 1993, for a review of the literature linking…”
Background
Do Chronic Medical Conditions Increase the Risk of Eating Disorder? A Cross-Sectional Investigation of Eating Pathology in Adolescent Females with Scoliosis and Diabetes
Smith, F. M., Latchford, G. J., Hall, R. M., & Dickson, R. A. (2007) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.08.008 · Cited by 82
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“…1996) purports that individuals who chronically attempt to maintain strict dietary control are at high risk for becoming temporarily disinhibited in maintaining their control, which often results in a binge eating episode (Polivy & Herman, 1985; Ruderman, 1986; Schotte, Cools, & McNally, 1990).”
Background
Sex differences among participants in a weight-control program
French, S. A., Jeffery, R. W., & Wing, R. R. (1994) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/0306-4603(94)90039-6 · Cited by 79
Disordered eating behaviors in type 1 diabetic patients
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Untitled work
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How dieting makes some fatter: from a perspective of human body composition autoregulation
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A daily diary study of perceived social isolation, dietary restraint, and negative affect in binge eating
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“Also, individuals who violate dietary food rules or believe themselves incapable of successfully continuing dieting (such as in the presence of highly palatable food) may choose to end dietary restriction temporarily (Polivy & Herman, 1985).”
BackgroundInfluential
Waist-to-hip ratio and body dissatisfaction among college women and men: Moderating role of depressed symptoms and gender
Joiner, T. E., Schmidt, N. B., & Singh, D. N. (1994) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/1098-108x(199409)16:2 · Cited by 27
Restraint and Excess in Dieters and Bulimics
Herman, C. P., & Polivy, J. (1988) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-73267-6_5 · Cited by 79
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Body Image, Disordered Eating and Anabolic Steroid Use in Female Bodybuilders
Goldfield, G. S. (2009) · Eating Disorders · doi:10.1080/10640260902848485 · Cited by 78
Eating Like an Ox: Femininity and Dualistic Constructions of Bulimia and Anorexia
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“The restraint model of binge eating posits that concerns about shape and weight lead to restrained eating, which promotes binge eating and, in turn, leads to a circular pattern of further restriction and binge eating (Lowe, 1993; Polivy & Herman, 1985).”
The Relative Efficacy of Concentration and Suppression Strategies of Mental Control
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“Indeed, postsuppression rebound effects have been implicated in a variety of behavioral and emotional problems, including eating disorders (Polivy & Herman, 1985), addiction (Marlatt & Parks, 1982), posttraumatic stress (Janis, 1958; Lindemann, 1944; Pennebaker, 1990; Stiles, 1987), anxiety…”
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Gender differences in the interrelationships between weight dissatisfaction, restraint, and self-esteem
Tiggemann, M. (1994) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/bf01420596 · Cited by 78
Onset of binge eating and dieting in overweight women: implications for etiology, associated features and treatment
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“Supported by these data sets, a causal model of binge eating as occurring in consequence of dietary restraint [1, 2] has gained considerable acceptance.”
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Disordered eating attitudes and behaviors, psychological adjustment, and ethnic identity: A comparison of black and white female college students
Abrams, K. K., Allen, L. R., & Gray, J. J. (1993) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/1098-108x(199307)14:1 · Cited by 323
Willpower with and without effort
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The confluence of perfectionism, body dissatisfaction, and low self-esteem predicts bulimic symptoms: Clinical implications
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Nocturnal eating in binge eating disorder and matched-weight controls.
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Taste and bulimia
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“Past studies have interpreted binge-eating in terms of breakdown of dietary restraint [21] and counterregulation.”
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Eating behavior in eating disorders: Response to preloads
Hetherington, M. M., & Rolls, B. J. (1991) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(91)90505-i · Cited by 76
Toward an Empirical Basis for Primary Prevention of Eating Problems with Elementary School Children
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A Test of a State-Based, Self-Control Theory of Binge Eating in Adults with Obesity
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“binge eating occurs to compensate for the excessive food deprivation caused by unrealistic dietary rules.(89,90) Although not investigated in this study, alternative explanations for the onset of binge eating in pregnancy may be that some women have a ‘‘laissez-faire’’ attitude towards unrestrained eating or start to…”
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Cognitive Food Processing in Binge-Eating Disorder: An Eye-Tracking Study
Sperling, I., Baldofski, S., Lüthold, P., & Hilbert, A. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9080903 · Cited by 76
“Further, personal traits such as dietary restraint, known to be associated with BED [41,42], could have induced the avoidance of food stimuli in BED.”
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The illusion of counter-regulation
Herman, C. P., Polivy, J., & Esses, V. M. (1987) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/s0195-6663(87)80010-7 · Cited by 74
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Body image and dieting failure in college men and women: Examining links between depression and eating problems
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Internal Structure and Measurement Invariance of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) in a (Nearly) Representative Dutch Community Sample
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“The DEBQ eating styles are based on three main psychological theories on overeating: psychosomatic theory (Bruch, 1973), externality theory (Schachter, 1971) and restraint theory (Polivy & Herman, 1985).”
A descriptive analysis of factors contributing to binge eating.
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Sequencing of cognitive‐behavioral treatments for bulimia nervosa
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The Effects of Dietary Patterns on Quality of Life
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“For example, increased stress leads to more frequent engagement in maladaptive eating behaviors [15,18,40], and these behaviors can further lead to the increased consumption of unhealthy foods and, thereafter, increased body weight [23,26,70,71].”
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Who gains or who loses weight? Psychosocial factors among first-year university students
Provencher, V., Polivy, J., Wintre, M. G., Pratt, M. W., Pancer, S. M., Birnie-Lefcovitch, S., & Adams, G. R. (2008) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.09.011 · Cited by 70
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Relation of dietary restraint scores to cognitive biases and reward sensitivity
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“Polivy and Herman (1985) posit that a reliance on cognitive controls over eating leaves individuals vulnerable to binge eating when these controls are disrupted, such as by negative affect.”
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Influence of heredity on dietary restraint, disinhibition, and perceived hunger in humans
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“If dietary restraint does in fact lead to nutritional deprivation (see Polivy & Herman, 1985 ), restrained eaters' increased Stroop interference for both forbidden and nonforbidden foods relative to nonrestrained eaters might represent distraction by the nutritional value of food cues, since both types of foods could…”
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Authors: Polivy, J., & Herman, C. P.
Affiliations: University of Toronto (CA)
ORCID: Polivy, Janet
Herman, C. Peter
Venue: American Psychologist
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1985
Volume: 40
Issue: 2
Pages: 193-201
ISSN: 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
1935-990X
DOI: 10.1037/0003-066x.40.2.193
OpenAlex: W2038644397
Cited by: 1,539
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 20 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 53 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 56 · 2012: 48
FWCI: 40.23
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
Keywords: dieting, binge eating, dietary habits, causal analysis, weight management, eating disorders
MeSH terms: Anorexia Nervosa, Feeding and Eating Disorders, Body Weight, Diet, Reducing, Humans, Hyperphagia

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