Cited by 1,539Eating Disorders and BehaviorsNutrition, Health and Food BehaviorObesity, Physical Activity, Diet

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Dieting and binging: A causal analysis.

Polivy, Janet, Herman, C. Peter·1985·American Psychologist

DOI 10.1037/0003-066x.40.2.193

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Restrained and Unrestrained Eaters' Attributions of Success and Failure to Body Weight and Perception of Social Consensus: The Special Case of Romantic Success
Jarry, J. L., Polivy, J., Herman, C. P., Arrowood, A. J., & Pliner, P. P. (2006) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2006.25.8.885 · Cited by 23
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“evidence to support a causal relationship between dietary restraint and disordered eating patterns, specifically episodes of overeating in response to a preload or other dietary disruptor [31,32].”
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Disordered eating in the postpartum period: Role of psychological distress, body dissatisfaction, dysfunctional maternal beliefs and self-compassion
O’Loghlen, E., & Galligan, R. F. (2021) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105321995940 · Cited by 22
“The relationship between body dissatisfaction and DE may be explained by engagement in extreme dieting practices to change one’s body shape and weight, as well as increased negative affect (Polivy and Herman, 1985; Stice and Van Ryzin, 2019).”
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Altered frontal inter-hemispheric resting state functional connectivity is associated with bulimic symptoms among restrained eaters
Chen, S., Dong, D., Jackson, T., Su, Y., & Chen, H. (2015) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.06.036 · Cited by 23
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Thornton, L. M., Trace, S. E., Brownley, K. A., Ålgars, M., Mazzeo, S. E., Bergin, J. E., Maxwell, M., Lichtenstein, P., Pedersen, N. L., & Bulik, C. M. (2017) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1017/thg.2017.27 · Cited by 23
“However, dieting is an established risk factor for disordered eating (Polivy & Herman, 1985), and dieting during adolescence has been associated with greater risk for disordered eating during young adulthood (Neumark-Sztainer et al., 2006).”
Examining the Associations Between Overeating, Disinhibition, and Hunger in a Nonclinical Sample of College Women
Mailloux, G., Bergeron, S., Meilleur, D., D’Antono, B., & Dubé, I. (2013) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-013-9306-1 · Cited by 22
“In fact, several studies have demonstrated that dietary restraint shows a strong association with purging [63], with dietary restraint fostering BE, which may lead to purging and so on [64].”
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Outcome of Group Therapy for Body-Image Emotionality and Weight-Control Self-Efficacy
Lewis, V. J., Blair, A. J., & Booth, D. (1992) · Behavioural Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s0141347300016931 · Cited by 22
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Matheson, B. E., Camacho, C., Peterson, C. B., Rhee, K. E., Rydell, S. A., Zucker, N. L., & Boutelle, K. N. (2015) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22440 · Cited by 21
“, control and monitoring parent feeding behaviors) allows children to develop healthy eating patterns, whereas restriction techniques may feel too harsh and inflexible, which could in turn promote less control over one’s eating, as seen with dieting attempts and restraint theory.(37) Alternatively, it might be that pa…”
Background
Meal pattern alterations associated with intermittent fasting for weight loss are normalized after high-fat diet re-feeding
Gotthardt, J. D., & Bello, N. T. (2017) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.02.046 · Cited by 23
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Hawks, S. R., Madanat, H. N., & Christley, H. S. (2008) · Ecology of Food and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/03670240701821527 · Cited by 21
“The direction of causality, however, and the relative importance of physiological versus cognitive factors represents an ongoing debate ( Polivy et al, 1985 ; Lowe, 1986 ).”
Background
Perseveration augments the effects of cognitive restraint on ad libitum food intake in adults seeking weight loss
Graham, A. L., Gluck, M. E., Votruba, S. B., Krakoff, J. A., & Thearle, M. S. (2014) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2014.07.008 · Cited by 20
Impossible Bodies, Invisible Battles: Feminist Perspectives on the Psychological Research on and Treatment of Eating Disorders in Queer Women
MacDonald, D. E. (2011) · Sexual and Gender Diversity in Social Services · doi:10.1080/10538720.2011.611100 · Cited by 21
“…& Lin, 2010), selflessness (Bachar, Gur, Canetti, Berry, & Stein, 2010), perfectionism, negative affect, family discord, high parental demands (Pike et al., 2008), dieting (Polivy & Herman, 1985), sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and physical neglect (Kong & Bernstein, 2009), among other factors.”
The Psychological Ramifications of Weight Management
Miller‐Kovach, K., Hermann, M., & Winick, M. (1999) · Journal of Women s Health & Gender-Based Medicine · doi:10.1089/jwh.1.1999.8.477 · Cited by 21
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Groth‐Marnat, G., & Schumaker, J. F. (1990) · American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis · doi:10.1080/00029157.1990.10402824 · Cited by 21
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“, BP-AN) appears to unleash overeating [34].”
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“New York, Guilford Press, 1993, p. 144–172 7Polivy J, Herman CP: Dieting and binging: a causal analysis.”
BackgroundInfluential
Position of The American Dietetic Association: Optimal weight as a health promotion strategy
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An Investigation Into the Cognitive Functioning of Bulimic Women
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“Dietary restraint is hypothesized to increase the risk for onset and maintenance of binge eating and bulimic symptoms (Polivy & Herman, 1985) via metabolic and psychological pathways (Lowe, 2002).”
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Clark, M. (2004) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2003.07.008 · Cited by 20
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“Severely restrained eating may precede binge eating (Polivy & Herman, 1985; Wardle, 1980) and it is unrealistic for those women to expect complete abstinence from high-risk foods, therefore exacerbating the risk of lapsing and experiencing an abstinence violation.”
Background
Dieting Status and Its Relationship to Weight, Dietary Intake, and Physical Activity Changes Over Two Years in a Working Population
French, S. A., Jeffery, R. W., & Forster, J. L. (1994) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1002/j.1550-8528.1994.tb00639.x · Cited by 20
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“There is documented evidence that restrained eating serves as a risk factor for eating disorders (Polivy & Herman, 1985), and contributes to various health and functional issues (Pollert et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2020).”
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Waaddegaard, M., Davidsen, M., & Kjøller, M. (2009) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1403494809105794 · Cited by 19
“The dietary restraint model by Polivy and Hermann [41,42] suggests how dieting might lead to weight gain by inducing overeating and binge eating as a result of a breakdown of the prior cognitive control over the physiological cues of hunger.”
Background
Act local but don’t think too global: The impact of ecological goal level on behavior
Moussaoui, L. S., & Desrichard, O. (2016) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2015.1135780 · Cited by 19
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Two year follow-up of bulimia nervosa: The importance of abstinence as the criterion of outcome
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Dieting in Moderation
Tiggemann, M. (1997) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/135910539700200407 · Cited by 19
“It is dieting, particularly repeated dieting and its well-documented lack of success (e.g. Herman & Polivy, 1991; Polivy & Herman, 1985) which produces the lower self-esteem.”
Background
Treatment Outcomes and Trajectories of Change in Patients Attributing Their Eating Disorder Onset to Anti-obesity Messaging
Mensinger, J. L., Cox, S. A., & Henretty, J. R. (2021) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000962 · Cited by 18
“, not all diets lead to EDs) (46), this link has been established through experimental frameworks, as shown in restraint theory (47,48), and through longitudinal research on the relationship between early weight-control behaviors and the later development of disordered eating and/or diagnosed clinical EDs (49,50).”
Background
Thinness expectancies and restraint in Black and White college women: A prospective study
Stojek, M. M., & Fischer, S. F. (2013) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2013.03.005 · Cited by 18
The effect of a pre-load experiment on subsequent food consumption. Caloric and macronutrient intake in the days following a pre-load manipulation
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Eating disorders in children and adolescents
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Anderson, D. A., Schaumberg, K., Anderson, L. M., & Reilly, E. E. (2015) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.05.005 · Cited by 18
Effects of Thought Suppression on Subliminally and Supraliminally Presented Food-related Stimuli
Dejonckheere, P., Braet, C., & Soetens, B. (2003) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1375/bech.20.4.223.29379 · Cited by 18
Eating disorders in young women with type 1 diabetes: a cause for concern?
Daneman, D., & Rodin, G. (1999) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1999.tb01067.x · Cited by 18
A Review of Behavioral Treatments for Bulimia Nervosa
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The latest evidence and clinical guidelines for use of meal replacements in very-low-calorie diets or low-calorie diets for the treatment of obesity
Edwards‐Hampton, S. A., & Ard, J. (2024) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.15819 · Cited by 17
“52 However, several studies have indicated no evidence of causality or increased risk for the development of disordered eating behaviours in individuals being treated for obesity via calorie-restricted methods.”
Role of food preoccupation and current dieting in the associations of parental feeding practices to emotional eating in young adults: A moderated mediation study
Williams, N. A., Dev, D. A., Hankey, M., & Blitch, K. A. (2017) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2017.01.003 · Cited by 17
“Drawing on restraint theory (Hill, Weaver, & Blundell, 1991; Polivy & Herman, 1985) and empirical evidence associating food restriction, food preoccupation (i.e., obsessively thinking about food and eating) and obesity-promoting eating behaviors, Tan and colleagues examined food preoccupation as a…”
Background
Focusing on media body ideal images triggers food intake among restrained eaters: A test of restraint theory and the elaboration likelihood model
Boyce, J. A., & Kuijer, R. G. (2014) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2014.03.003 · Cited by 19
“According to restraint theory (Polivy & Herman, 1985), successful dieting depends on demonstrating cognitive attention and cognitive restraint over one's eating behaviour.”
Background
The adenosine A2A receptor agonist, CGS-21680, blocks excessive rearing, acquisition of wheel running, and increases nucleus accumbens CREB phosphorylation in chronically food-restricted rats
de Vaca, S. C., Kannan, P., Pan, Y., Jiang, N., Sun, Y., & Carr, K. D. (2007) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2007.01.035 · Cited by 17
Nutritional interventions for individuals with bulimia nervosa
Salvy, S., & McCargar, L. (2002) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/bf03324971 · Cited by 17
Gender differences in the psychological correlates of body-weight in young adults
Tiggemanng, M., Winefield, H. R., Winefield, A. H., et al. (1994) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870449408407493 · Cited by 17
“Restricted eating practices have, in turn, been implicated in subsequent eating disorders (Polivy and Herman, 1985), such that both anorexia nervosa and bulimia occur much more commonly among women than men (Abraham, Mira, Beumont, Sowerbutts and Llewellyn-Jones, 1983).”
Adolescent Girls and Their Mothers Talk About Experiences of Binge and Loss of Control Eating
Palmberg, A. A., Stern, M., Kelly, N. R., Bulik, C. M., Belgrave, F. Z., Trapp, S. K., Hofmeier, S. M., & Mazzeo, S. E. (2013) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-013-9797-z · Cited by 20
“Several researchers have proposed theoretical explanations for BE; the most prominent of these are the dietary restraint model, the interpersonal self-concept model, and the emotional coping model (Heatherton and Baumeister 1991; Polivy and Herman 1985; Woods et al. 2010).”
Background
Dietary restraint and weight loss in relation to disinhibited eating in obese Veterans following a behavioral weight loss intervention
Dochat, C., Godfrey, K. M., Golshan, S., Cuneo, J. G., & Afari, N. (2019) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2019.05.013 · Cited by 16
A meta-analysis of the relationship between eating restraint, impaired cognitive control and cognitive bias to food in non-clinical samples
Watson, P., & Pelley, M. E. L. (2021) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102082 · Cited by 16
Chronic Dieting Among Extremely Obese Bariatric Surgery Candidates
Roehrig, M., Masheb, R. M., White, M. A., Rothschild, B. S., Burke‐Martindale, C. H., & Grilo, C. M. (2009) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-009-9865-z · Cited by 16
“A large body of research has identified dietary restraint as an etiological and maintenance factor for eating disorder symptomatology [34, 35] as well as a prospective predictor of weight gain [36], leading some researchers to question whether dieting should be advised at all [37].”
Background
An experimental analysis of the affect regulation model of binge eating
Russell, S. L., Haynos, A. F., Crow, S. J., & Fruzzetti, A. E. (2016) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2016.12.007 · Cited by 16
“…more disordered outcomes (i.e., over-consumption likely due to binge eating) in binge-eating samples, there are data indicating that individuals who binge eat also frequently engage in pronounced under-consumption (i.e., dietary restriction) (Elran-Barak et al., 2015; Polivy & Herman, 1985).”
Background
The food restriction wars: Proposed resolution of a primary battle
Chen, J. Y., Singh, S., & Lowe, M. R. (2021) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113530 · Cited by 16
Eating disorders and insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM): relationships with glycaemic control and somatic complications
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The Relationship between Health and Fitness Magazine Reading and Eating-Disordered Weight-Loss Methods among High School Girls
Thomsen, S. R., Weber, M. M., & Brown, L. B. (2001) · American Journal of Health Education · doi:10.1080/19325037.2001.10603454 · Cited by 16
Can we apply the dual‐pathway model of overeating to a population of weight‐preoccupied overweight women?
Gagnon‐Girouard, M., Bégin, C., Provencher, V., Tremblay, A., Boivin, S., & Lemieux, S. (2008) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20614 · Cited by 15
The abstinence violation effect and very low calorie diet success
Mooney, J. P., Burling, T. A., Hartman, W. M., et al. (1992) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/0306-4603(92)90038-w · Cited by 16
In what Way is Eating Disordered in the Eating Disorders?
Hetherington, M. M. (1993) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/09540269309028293 · Cited by 16
Behavioral and Psychological Predictors of Treatment Outcome in Obesity
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In vivo cognitive assessment in bulimia nervosa and restrained eating
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Restrained eating and memory specificity
Ball, C. T., Singer, S. A., Kemps, E., & Tiggemann, M. (2010) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2010.06.001 · Cited by 15
Reconsidering delay discounting in bulimia nervosa
Hagan, K. E., Jarmolowicz, D. P., & Forbush, K. T. (2021) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2021.101506 · Cited by 16
A systematic review and meta-analysis of animal models of binge eating - Part 1: Definitions and food/drink intake outcomes
Rehn, S., Raymond, J. S., Boakes, R. A., & Leenaars, C. H. C. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.10.036 · Cited by 15
Depressed affect and dietary restraint in adolescent boys' and girls' eating in the absence of hunger
Kelly, N. R., Shomaker, L. B., Pickworth, C. K., Grygorenko, M. V., Radin, R. M., Vannucci, A., Shank, L. M., Brady, S. M., Courville, A. B., Tanofsky‐Kraff, M., et al. (2015) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2015.04.072 · Cited by 15
“…increase vulnerability to disinhibited overeating, including eating in the absence of hunger, when self-imposed dietary rules are violated or through heightened responsiveness to environmental food cues, regardless of whether intake is actually limited (Lowe & Levine, 2005; Polivy & Herman, 1985).”
Background
Eating Order: A 13-Week Trust Model Class for Dieting Casualties
Jackson, E. G. (2008) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2007.01.007 · Cited by 15
Beeinträchtigungen des Selbstkonzepts bei Eßstörungen
Jacobi, C. (2000) · Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1026//0084-5345.29.2.75 · Cited by 15
Treat or Enhance Cognitive Restraint in Individuals Suffering from Overweight or Obesity? Systematic Revue of the Literature
Sweerts, S. J. (2016) · SOJ Psychology · doi:10.15226/2374-6874/3/1/00125 · Cited by 19
“CR increases the probability of consequent overeating [15].”
Background
A behavioral and pharmacological characterization of palatable diet alternation in mice
Moore, C. F., Schlain, G. S., Mancino, S., Sabino, V., & Cottone, P. (2017) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2017.10.013 · Cited by 16
“As a result, a history of dieting features repeated, discrete alternations in intake of “safe” food with highly palatable foods, rich in fat and/or sugar (Laessle et al., 1989; Mela, 2001; Polivy and Herman, 1985).”
Background
Decreased excitability of leptin-sensitive anterior insula pyramidal neurons in a rat model of compulsive food demand
Kirson, D., Bagsic, S. R. S., Murphy, J., Chang, H., Vlkolinský, R., Pucci, S. N., Prinzi, J., Williams, C. A., Fang, S. Y., Roberto, M., et al. (2022) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.108980 · Cited by 17
Promoting Healthy Body Image through the Comprehensive School Health Program
Collins, M. E. (1991) · Health Education · doi:10.1080/10556699.1991.10614638 · Cited by 15
Gender-Related Self-Discrepancies and Bulimic Eating Behavior
Klingenspor, B. (2002) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1023/a:1020631703798 · Cited by 18
“Correspondingly, it has been shown that restrained eating or dieting causes binge eating ( Polivy & Herman, 1985 ).”
BackgroundInfluential
Eating Problems and Their Risk Factors: A 7-Year Longitudinal Study of a Population Sample of Norwegian Adolescent Girls
Kansi, J., Wichstrøm, L., & Bergman, L. R. (2005) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-005-8935-3 · Cited by 15
“However, unstable self-perceptions may alternatively be a result of an eating problem: Dieting has been found to promote binge eating (see Fairburn, 1997; Polivy and Herman, 1985 ), and if an individual’s selfworth is strongly attached to perceived success in dietary restraint, the dieting-binge cycle may lead to chan…”
Background
Factors That Influence Food Amount Ratings by White, Hispanic, and Asian Samples
Dohm, F., Cachelin, F. M., & Striegel‐Moore, R. H. (2005) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2005.124 · Cited by 15
Binge eating disorder and weight cycling in obese women
Grave, R. D., Todisco, P., Oliosi, M., & Marchi, S. (1996) · Eating Disorders · doi:10.1080/10640269608250077 · Cited by 15
Women and eating disorders, part II: Developmental, familial, and biological risk factors
White, J. H. (1992) · Health Care For Women International · doi:10.1080/07399339209516014 · Cited by 15
Group differences in binge eating, impulsivity, and intuitive and mindful eating among intermittent fasters and non-fasters
Schueler, J., Philip, S. R., Vitus, D., Engler, S., & Fields, S. A. (2022) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2022.106416 · Cited by 15
Pre-operative Restraint and Post-operative Hunger, Disinhibition and Emotional Eating Predict Weight Loss at 2 Years Post-laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding
Hindle, A., Garcia, X. D. L. P., Hayden, M. J., O’Brien, P. E., & Brennan, L. (2020) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-019-04274-9 · Cited by 15
Challenges and opportunities for conceptualizing intuitive eating in autistic people
Longhurst, P., & Burnette, C. B. (2023) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.24057 · Cited by 17
The basolateral amygdala mediates the effects of cues associated with meal interruption on feeding behavior
Galarce, E. M., McDannald, M. A., & Holland, P. C. (2010) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.02.042 · Cited by 14
“Some studies have shown that uncertainty about food availability can also have orexigenic properties (e.g. Herman et al., 1983; Herman and Polivy, 1990; Polivy and Herman, 1985, 2002, 2006).”
Association of Restraint and Disinhibition to Gestational Weight Gain among Pregnant Former Smokers
Slane, J. D., & Levine, M. D. (2015) · Women s Health Issues · doi:10.1016/j.whi.2015.03.005 · Cited by 14
“Alternatively, it is possible that the women with greater GWG have high levels of dietary restraint throughout their pregnancy and that this restraint leads to overeating in response to dietary restriction (Polivy & Herman, 1985), contributing to greater GWG.”
Background

Authors: Polivy, J., & Herman, C. P.
Affiliations: University of Toronto (CA)
ORCID: Polivy, Janet
Herman, C. Peter
Venue: American Psychologist
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1985
Volume: 40
Issue: 2
Pages: 193-201
ISSN: 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
1935-990X
DOI: 10.1037/0003-066x.40.2.193
OpenAlex: W2038644397
Cited by: 1,539
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 20 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 53 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 56 · 2012: 48
FWCI: 40.23
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
Keywords: dieting, binge eating, dietary habits, causal analysis, weight management, eating disorders
MeSH terms: Anorexia Nervosa, Feeding and Eating Disorders, Body Weight, Diet, Reducing, Humans, Hyperphagia

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Dieting and binging: A causal analysis.

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