Cited by 1,539Eating Disorders and BehaviorsNutrition, Health and Food BehaviorObesity, Physical Activity, Diet

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Dieting and binging: A causal analysis.

Polivy, Janet, Herman, C. Peter·1985·American Psychologist

DOI 10.1037/0003-066x.40.2.193

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“Restrained eating has been linked to binge eating ( Polivy & Herman, 1985 ) and eating disorder symptomatology (Heatherton & Polivy, 1992).”
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Everyday dietary behaviour and the relationship between attention and meal size
Mitchell, G. L., & Brunstrom, J. M. (2005) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2005.06.001 · Cited by 32
Cognitive restriction accentuates the increased energy intake response to a 10-month multidisciplinary weight loss program in adolescents with obesity
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“While there are several proposed theoretical models of binge-eating (Heatherton & Baumeister, 1991; Polivy & Herman, 1985; Stice, 2001) data (Brown, Shear, Schulberg, & Madonia, 1999; Chui, Safer, Bryson, Agras, & Wilson, 2007; Wilson, Wilfley, Agras, & Bryson, 2010) suggest that the interpersonal…”
A prospective investigation of the relations among cognitive dietary restraint, subclinical ovulatory disturbances, physical activity, and bone mass in healthy young women
Waugh, E. J., Polivy, J., Ridout, R., & HAWKER, G. A. (2007) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/86.5.1791 · Cited by 32
“Our participants may represent “typical” restrained eaters who are “unsuccessful” dieters (3, 44).”
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“However, based on the restraint theory, Polivy and Herman (37) argued that high dietary restraint can lead to increased periods of overeating, resulting in higher consumption of calories following dieting.”
Background
Features and Trajectories of Eating Behavior in Weight‐Loss Maintenance: Results from the German Weight Control Registry
Neumann, M., Holzapfel, C., Müller, A., Hilbert, A., Crosby, R. D., & de Zwaan, M. (2018) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.22270 · Cited by 30
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Depressive symptoms rather than executive functioning predict group cognitive behavioural therapy outcome in binge eating disorder
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“As physiological regulatory control is supplanted with cognitive control, the dieter is more vulnerable to disinhibition—anything that disrupts the dieter’s cognitive control or restraint unleashes overeating [17,18].”
Background
Mood and forbidden foods’ influence on perceptions of binge eating
Guertin, T. L., & Conger, A. J. (1999) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/s0306-4603(98)00049-5 · Cited by 30
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“…restraint model of binge eating posits that dietary restraint (i.e., cognitive attempts to eat less to control weight/shape) also predicts binge eating via a variety of possible affective, cognitive, and physiological pathways (Hagan, Chandler, Wauford, Rybak, Oswald, 2003; Polivy & Herman, 1985).”
Background
Dietary Restraint as a Predictor of Reported Weight Loss and Affect
Tiggemann, M. (1994) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1994.75.3f.1679 · Cited by 30
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Influence of personality attributes and daily moods on bulimic eating patterns.
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Body size perception and body satisfaction in restrained and unrestrained eaters
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“why binge eating often occurs in persons who are dieting ( Polivy & Herman, 1985 ).”
BackgroundInfluential
Are Emotional Eating and Other Eating Behaviors the Missing Link in the Relationship between Inadequate Sleep and Obesity? A Systematic Review
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“…consumption, which inhibits disadoption Kozinets 2002 explores how consumers at the Burning Man project distance themselves from the market Polivy and Herman 1985 shows how dieting (disadoption) regularly leads to binge eating (re-adoption) Wolburg 2008 examines reasons why the…”
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How do life style factors relate to general health and overweight?
van Strien, T., & Koenders, P. G. (2011) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2011.10.001 · Cited by 29
Vegetarianism and Eating-Disordered Thinking
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“The fact that individuals with BN are often in the normal weight range but have a history of overweight indicates that at presentation they weigh considerably less than their highest weight.(9,10) Lowe(11) called the discrepancy between one’s highest ever and current weight ‘‘weight suppression’’ and Accepted 15 Novem…”
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Rorty, M., & Yager, J. (1993) · Eating Disorders · doi:10.1080/10640269308251160 · Cited by 29
Dietary restraint and self-esteem as predictors of weight gain over an 8-year time period
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“Thus, restricted eating practices may lead to subsequent binging and have been implicated in the eating disorders of anorexia nervosa and bulimia (Polivy & Herman, 1985; Striegel-Moore, Silberstein & Rodin, 1986).”
Background
Eating behavior affects quality of life in type 2 diabetes mellitus
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Women and eating disorders, part I: Significance and sociocultural risk factors
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Personality Variables and Eating Pathology
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The Role of Body Dissatisfaction and Bingeing in the Self-Esteem of Women with Type II Diabetes
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“Commonly, it has been postulated that in western cultures there exist general and pervasive in¯uences on women's eating and attitudes, such as sociocultural in¯uences and dietary restraint (Brownell & Rodin, 1994; Stice, 1994; Polivy & Herman, 1985).”
Background
Restraint among bulimic women
Johnson, W. G., Corrigan, S. A., Crusco, A. H., et al. (1986) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/0306-4603(86)90013-4 · Cited by 28
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“…food avoidance, ongoing attempts to restrict caloric intake to lose weight that are associated with unsuccessful dieting (Lowe, 1993), and a cognitive control over eating, which makes dieters vulnerable to episodes of uncontrolled eating when that control is disrupted (Polivy & Herman, 1985).”
Background
Consumption After a Diet Violation
Tomiyama, A. J., Moskovich, A. A., Haltom, K. E. B., Ju, T., & Mann, T. L. (2009) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02436.x · Cited by 27
“According to the dietary-restraint model of bulimic pathology, dieting causes cognitive control of eating to override physiological control of eating, rendering the dieter more vulnerable to disinhibition and subsequent binge eating (Polivy & Herman, 1985).”
Background
Are Most Dieters Unsuccessful? An Alternative Interpretation of the Confounding of Success and Failure in the Measurement of Restraint
van Strien, T. (1997) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759.13.3.186 · Cited by 27
Eating Disturbances in Young Women With Type I Diabetes Mellitus: Mechanisms and Consequences
Colton, P., Rodin, G., Olmsted, M. P., & Daneman, D. (1999) · Psychiatric Annals · doi:10.3928/0048-5713-19990401-08 · Cited by 27
Dietary Restriction in Young Women: Issues and Concerns
Kirkley, B. G., & Burge, J. C. (1989) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15324796abm1102_4 · Cited by 27
Eating Disorders: Antecedents, Evolution and Course
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The duration of intermittent access to preferred sucrose-rich food affects binge-like intake, fat accumulation, and fasting glucose in male rats
Kreisler, A. D., Mattock, M., & Zorrilla, E. P. (2018) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2018.07.025 · Cited by 26
“I will fast … tomorrow”: Intentions to restrict eating and actual restriction in daily life and their person-level predictors
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Optimizing the empirical assessment of orthorexia nervosa through EHQ and clarifying its relationship with BMI
Godefroy, V., Trinchera, L., & Dorard, G. (2020) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-020-00909-4 · Cited by 27
Validation of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire in a Romanian Adult Population
Arhire, L. I., Niță, O., Popa, A. D., Gal, A. M., Dumitrașcu, O., Gherasim, A., Mihalache, L., & Graur, M. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13113890 · Cited by 26
“Three main psychological theories on overeating have proved their worth, namely: the psychosomatic theory [24], the theory of externality [25] and the theory of restriction [26].”
Background
Cyberbullying victimization and disordered eating behaviors: The mediating roles of self-compassion and self-objectification
Wang, W., Chen, Z., & Ding, X. (2022) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2022.106267 · Cited by 26
The dark side of advertising: promoting unhealthy food consumption
Deshpande, B., Kaur, P., Ferraris, A., Yahiaoui, D., & Dhir, A. (2023) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/ejm-08-2021-0659 · Cited by 27
Psychological Issues in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes
Gonzalez, J. S., Esbitt, S. A., Schneider, H. E., Osborne, P. J., & Kupperman, E. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0029-6_2 · Cited by 30
Morality and Accountability in a Commercial Weight Management Group
Mycroft, H. (2008) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105308097969 · Cited by 26
“Women’s complex relationship with food has been theorized as being so prevalent as to be described as prescriptively normal (Polivy & Herman, 1985).”
Background
Have Your Cake and Hate It, Too: Ambivalent Food Attitudes Are Associated With Dietary Restraint
Urland, G. R., & Ito, T. A. (2005) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15324834basp2704_8 · Cited by 26
“…consistently consume more of a high-calorie food following a food preload than do nonrestrained eaters (Heatherton, Polivy, & Herman, 1990), and dietary restraint has been postulated as a cause of binge eating and bulimia (Polivy & Herman, 1985, 2002; Stice, Shaw, & Nemeroff, 1998; Tuschl, 1990).”
Background
Forbidden food survey: Measure of bulimic's anticipated emotional reactions to specific foods
Ruggiero, L., Williamson, D., Davis, C. J., et al. (1988) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/0306-4603(88)90053-6 · Cited by 26
A history of human‐like dieting alters serotonergic control of feeding and neurochemical balance in a rat model of binge‐eating
Chandler-Laney, P. C., Castañeda, E., Viana, J. B., Oswald, K. D., Maldonado, C. R., & Boggiano, M. M. (2006) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20349 · Cited by 26
The relation between risk factors for binge eating and bulimia nervosa: A population-based female twin study.
Wade, T. D., Bulik, C. M., Sullivan, P. F., Neale, M. C., & Kendler, K. S. (2000) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.19.2.115 · Cited by 27
Female athletes and eating problems: A meta-analysis
Smolak, L., Murnen, S. K., & Ruble, A. E. (2000) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-108x(200005)27:4 · Cited by 561
Additive effects of mood and eating forbidden foods upon the perceptions of overeating and binging in bulimia nervosa.
Gleaves, D. H., Williamson, D. A., & Barker, S. E. (1993) · Addictive Behaviours · doi:10.1016/0306-4603(93)90031-4 · Cited by 28
Genetic and environmental influences on restrained eating behavior
Schur, E. A., Noonan, C., Polivy, J., Goldberg, J. H., & Buchwald, D. (2009) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20734 · Cited by 26
Self-citation
Etiology and Management of Eating Disorders
Williamson, D. A., Barker, S. E., & Norris, L. E. (1993) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-3008-4_21 · Cited by 28
Defining obesity in children and adolescents: Clinical approaches
Robinson, T. N. (1993) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408399309527626 · Cited by 26
The Impact of caloric preloading on attempts at food and eating-related thought suppression in restrained and unrestrained eaters
O’Connell, C., Larkin, K. T., Mizes, J. S., & Fremouw, W. J. (2003) · doi:10.1002/eat.20150 · Cited by 26
The construct validity of the Restraint Scale among mainland Chinese women
Kong, F., Zhang, Y., & Chen, H. (2013) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2013.06.009 · Cited by 26
“Numerous studies suggest that dietary restraint may play a causal role in the onset of eating disorders (e.g., Polivy & Herman, 1985; Stice & Bearman, 2001) and frequent overeating (Polivy, Herman, & McFarlane, 1994; Polivy, Zeitlin, Hermanm, & Beal, 1994).”
Background
The influence of social norms on hunger ratings and eating
Herman, C. P., Fitzgerald, N. E., & Polivy, J. (2003) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/s0195-6663(03)00027-8 · Cited by 25
Self-citation
Axis II Comorbidity and Developmental Adversity in Bulimia Nervosa
Steiger, H., Jabalpurwala, S., & Champagne, J. (1996) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199609000-00007 · Cited by 25
Characterization of a shortened model of diet alternation in female rats
Blasio, A., Rice, K. C., Sabino, V., & Cottone, P. (2014) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0000000000000059 · Cited by 25
“Individuals who repeatedly try to abstain from obesogenic foods by switching to safer, low-energy alternatives ultimately crave highly palatable foods, relapse, and binge eat (Polivy and Herman, 1985).”
Background
Dietary Restraint Partially Mediates the Relationship between Impulsivity and Binge Eating Only in Lean Individuals: The Importance of Accounting for Body Mass in Studies of Restraint
Coffino, J. A., Orloff, N. C., & Hormes, J. M. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01499 · Cited by 25
“…larger amount of food than would normally be consumed in one sitting (APA, 2013), and is characteristic of several eating and weight disorders, including bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder (BED), and obesity (Polivy and Herman, 1985; Stice et al., 2002; Yanovski, 2002; Bas et al., 2008).”
Background
An open trial of app-assisted acceptance and commitment therapy (iACT) for eating disorders in type 1 diabetes
Merwin, R. M., Moskovich, A. A., Babyak, M. A., Feinglos, M. N., Honeycutt, L. K., Mooney, J. T., Freeman, S. P., Batchelder, H. R., & Sangvai, D. G. (2021) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-020-00357-6 · Cited by 28
Subtyping Children and Adolescents Who Are Overweight Based on Eating Pathology and Psychopathology
Braet, C., Beyers, W., Goossens, L., Verbeken, S., & Moens, E. (2011) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.1151 · Cited by 25
“Conforming the hypothesis of Van Strien et al. (1986) and according to the DRT (Polivy & Herman, 1985), it is worthwhile to consider that specifically the restraint scores in this overweight group must be seen to some extent also as dysfunctional and therefore related with eating pathology via vicious circles of eatin…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Pain sensitivity in recovered anorexics, restrained and unrestrained eaters
Krieg, J.-C., Roscher, S., Strian, F., et al. (1993) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(93)90054-j · Cited by 25
“Forever dieting”: Chronic dieting syndrome
Grodner, M. (1992) · Journal of Nutrition Education · doi:10.1016/s0022-3182(12)81162-9 · Cited by 25
Redefining Success in Obesity Intervention
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Subtypes in bulimia nervosa: the role of eating disorder symptomatology, negative affect, and interpersonal functioning
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The generation and inhibition of hedonically-driven food intake: Behavioral and neurophysiological determinants in healthy weight individuals
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“This process may have already begun in restrained eaters, and would be consistent with evidence that they are more responsive to external cues than internal stimuli [121,122].”
Evaluating dietary restriction as a maintaining factor in binge‐eating disorder
Bartholomay, J., Schaefer, L. M., Forester, G., Crosby, R. D., Peterson, C. B., Crow, S. J., Engel, S. G., & Wonderlich, S. A. (2023) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.24094 · Cited by 26
Eating behaviour patterns and BMI in Portuguese higher education students
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Magnitude e métodos de perda rápida de peso em judocas de elite
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Effects of an intermittent, low-fat, low-calorie diet in the behavioral treatment of obesity
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Restraint as misregulation in drinking and eating
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Validity of Dietary Restraint Scales: Reply to van Strien et al. (2006).
Stice, E. M., Presnell, K. E., Lowe, M. R., & Burton, E. M. (2006) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.18.1.95 · Cited by 24
Inhibition in the lateral septum increases sucrose intake and decreases anorectic effects of stress
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“Dieting has been identified as an antecedent and a strong relapse factor in human binge eating, especially when dieting was combined with stress (Polivy & Herman, 1985; Polivy et al., 1994; Brewerton et al., 2000; Crowther et al., 2001; Stice et al., 2001); however, the precise neuronal mechanisms…”
Background
Learning to eat intuitively: A qualitative exploration of the experience of mid-age women
Barraclough, E. L., Hay-Smith, J. E., Styles, S. E., Tylka, T. L., & Horwath, C. C. (2019) · Health Psychology Open · doi:10.1177/2055102918824064 · Cited by 23
“Deliberate food restriction (or dieting) has limited longterm success for weight management (Barte et al., 2010) and can contribute to increased food preoccupation, binge eating (Field et al., 2004; Polivy and Herman, 1985; Ward and Mann, 2000) and weight cycling (Field et al., 2004).”
Background
Sociocultural pressures and adolescent eating in the absence of hunger
Reina, S. A., Shomaker, L. B., Mooreville, M., Courville, A. B., Brady, S. M., Olsen, C. H., Yanovski, S. Z., Tanofsky‐Kraff, M., & Yanovski, J. A. (2013) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2012.12.004 · Cited by 29
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“Unfortunately, eating regulation can be a risk factor for disordered eating (Polivy and Herman 1985; Stice 2001).”
Background
Experimental investigation of the effects of naturalistic dieting on bulimic symptoms: Moderating effects of depressive symptoms
Presnell, K. E., Stice, E. M., & Tristan, J. (2007) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2007.06.002 · Cited by 23
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“…hypothesized that the positive association between dieting and weight gain may be mediated by increases in the reinforcing value of food caused by the psychological and physiological effects of deprivation (Epstein & Leddy, 2006), which may, in turn, precipitate overeating (Polivy & Herman, 1985).”
Background

Authors: Polivy, J., & Herman, C. P.
Affiliations: University of Toronto (CA)
ORCID: Polivy, Janet
Herman, C. Peter
Venue: American Psychologist
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1985
Volume: 40
Issue: 2
Pages: 193-201
ISSN: 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
1935-990X
DOI: 10.1037/0003-066x.40.2.193
OpenAlex: W2038644397
Cited by: 1,539
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 20 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 53 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 56 · 2012: 48
FWCI: 40.23
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
Keywords: dieting, binge eating, dietary habits, causal analysis, weight management, eating disorders
MeSH terms: Anorexia Nervosa, Feeding and Eating Disorders, Body Weight, Diet, Reducing, Humans, Hyperphagia

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Dieting and binging: A causal analysis.

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