Cited by 1,539Eating Disorders and BehaviorsNutrition, Health and Food BehaviorObesity, Physical Activity, Diet

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Dieting and binging: A causal analysis.

Polivy, Janet, Herman, C. Peter·1985·American Psychologist

DOI 10.1037/0003-066x.40.2.193

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“…or limit what one is eating, independently of whether or not such efforts are successful) may represent a risk factor for development of overweight and obesity if an individual experiences lapses in their cognitive control over eating (Fairburn & Harrison, 2003; Polivy & Herman, 1985; Stice, 2002).”
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“The restraint theory proposes that disrupted cognitive function about eating underlies the abnormal eating behavior such as binge-eating (Polivy and Herman, 1985), and BDNF is also believed to be important in cognitive function.”
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Dieting: really harmful, merely ineffective or actually helpful?
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“…(Striegel-Moore et al. 1986; Brownell, 1991); (6) dieting plays a causal role in the aetiology and maintenance of eating disorders (Russell, 1979; Polivy & Herman, 1985; Wilson et al. 1997); (7) restrained eating creates a vulnerability to emotional eating and problems with eating regulation…”
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“Furthermore, some authors suggest that engaging in dietary restraint— purposefully eating less than onewould like— relates toweight gain and incidence of bulimic symptoms over time (Polivy & Herman, 1985; Heatherton & Polivy, 1992).”
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“Such bouts of disordered eating are thought, in many cases, to be precipitated by stress (Polivy and Herman, 1985).”
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“Numerous investigators suggest that restraint is causally related to BN (cf. Heatherton & Polivy, 1992; Polivy & Herman, 1985; Stice, Ozer, & Kees, 1997; Striegel-Moore, 1993) in that it leads to binge eating, which, in at-risk individuals, leads to BN (Stice et al., 1997).”
Background
Nonregulation of food intake in restrained, emotional, and external eaters
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“It has been suggested (Polivy, 1976; Polivy & Herman, 1985; Ruderman, 1985, 1986; Ruderman & Wilson, 1979; Ruderman et al., 1985) that after disrupting dietary restraint by a preload, specific cognitive ideation occurs, a prototypical self-statement being, "I've blown it-I might as well continue to eat." However, cont…”
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“The developers of restraint theory view the constructs of `̀ restraint'' and `̀ dieting'' as equivalent (Herman & Polivy, 1984; Polivy & Herman, 1985).”
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“Restraint theory, which has gained significant support among researchers and clinicians, posits that dietary restriction increases the risk for the onset of binge eating and bulimic pathology ( Polivy, & Herman, 1985 ).”
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“This has been extrapolated to the notion that dieting per se leads to compulsive eating or binges, at least for some individuals (19).”
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“Restraint (or, dietary restraint) refers to the effortful attempt to limit food intake, whether or not the individual is successful (Polivy & Herman, 1985).”
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“Because the terms ‘‘restrained eating’’ and ‘‘dieting’’ continue to be used interchangeably by some restraint researchers (e.g., Polivy & Herman, 1985, 1999 ), it is important to emphasize that scores on the RS are only minimally related to self-reported dieting.”
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“For instance, the influential theory of dietary restraint has argued that although naturalistic dieting does not necessarily lead to prolonged caloric restriction (15,66), the cognitive effort required to effortfully restrict one’s intake is a causal risk factors for disordered eating behaviours and poor well-being in…”
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Attributes of successful approaches to weight loss and control
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“Alternatively, because dieting is a cognitivelymediated activity (i.e., making a decision not to eat even when hungry), researchers have theorized that dieters engage in binge eating when their cognitive control is temporarily disrupted (Polivy & Herman, 1985; Ruderman, 1986).”
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Safety and efficacy of high-protein diets for weight loss
Johnstone, A. M. (2012) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665112000122 · Cited by 56
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Animal Models of Human Eating Disordersa
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“Among adults, individuals who report dietary restraint—cognitive intent and/or behavioral attempts to cut back on food intake for the purpose of maintaining or losing weight (regardless of effectiveness)—are especially likely to eat more in response to emotional distress.”
Disinhibited eating and weight-related insulin mismanagement among individuals with type 1 diabetes
Merwin, R. M., Moskovich, A. A., Dmitrieva, N., Pieper, C. F., Honeycutt, L. K., Zucker, N. L., Surwit, R. S., & Buhi, L. (2014) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2014.05.028 · Cited by 52
“Among individuals without type 1 diabetes, attempting to restrain eating in a rigid or extreme manner paradoxically increases the risk of disinhibited eating (eating more than one intends to in an uncontrolled way) (Polivy & Herman, 1985).”
Impulsive and/or planned behaviour: Can impulsivity contribute to the predictive utility of the theory of planned behaviour?
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The inverse agonist of CB1 receptor SR 141716 blocks compulsive eating of palatable food
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“Dieting in turn increases craving for palatable food, promotes overeating and results in repeated, discrete alternations in food palatability across time (Polivy & Herman 1985).”
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Restraint and Perception of Body Weight among British Adults
Dewberry, C., & Ussher, J. M. (1994) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1994.9922991 · Cited by 51
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Weight Loss Education: The Challenge of a New Paradigm
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Body Dissatisfaction as a Mediator of the Relationship between Dietary Restraint and Bulimic Eating Patterns
Ricciardelli, L. A., TATE, D., & Williams, R. J. (1997) · Appetite · doi:10.1006/appe.1997.0093 · Cited by 49
A Critical Test of the Waist-to-Hip Ratio Hypothesis of Women's Physical Attractiveness in Britain and Greece
Swami, V., Antonakopoulos, N., Tovée, M. J., & Furnham, A. F. (2006) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-006-9338-3 · Cited by 49
Self-reported emotional eaters consume more food under stress if they experience heightened stress reactivity and emotional relief from stress upon eating
Klatzkin, R. R., Nolan, L. J., & Kissileff, H. R. (2021) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113638 · Cited by 50
Eating regulation and bulimic symptoms: The differential correlates of health-focused and appearance-focused eating regulation
Verstuyf, J., Vansteenkiste, M., & Soenens, B. (2011) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.09.003 · Cited by 58
Eating, feeding, and feeling: emotional responsiveness mediates longitudinal associations between maternal binge eating, feeding practices, and child weight
Saltzman, J. A., Pineros-Leano, M., Liechty, J. M., Bost, K. K., & Fiese, B. H. (2016) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-016-0415-5 · Cited by 42
“Binge eating can also develop as a result of restrained eating; when a restrained eater exceeds their desired daily energyintake, their motivation to continue the diet is undermined, prompting a “what-the-heck” effect, in which the previously restrained individual then begins to eat whatever and however much they desi…”
Background
Association of cognitive restraint with ghrelin, leptin, and insulin levels in subjects who are not weight-reduced
Schur, E. A., Cummings, D. E., Callahan, H. S., & Foster‐Schubert, K. E. (2007) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.11.025 · Cited by 48
“The mechanisms by which restrained eating and repeated attempts at dieting may encourage weight gain are uncertain, but two proposed possibilities are the promotion of binge eating [12,18] and a genetic predisposition toward both weight gain and the behavioral response of recurrent dieting [8].”
Background
Effects of addictive-like eating behaviors on weight loss with behavioral obesity treatment
Chao, A. M., Wadden, T. A., Tronieri, J. S., Pearl, R. L., Alamuddin, N., Bakizada, Z. M., Pinkasavage, E., Leonard, S. M., Alfaris, N., & Berkowitz, R. I. (2019) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-018-9958-z · Cited by 48
Anxiety, stress, and binge eating tendencies in adolescence: a prospective approach
Lim, M. C., Parsons, S. D., Goglio, A., & Fox, E. (2021) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-021-00444-2 · Cited by 57
“This propensity is exacerbated by dichotomous ‘all-or-nothing’ thinking, which amplifies a seemingly minor lapse in one’s diet into a disinhibited eating spree or binge in vulnerable individuals [14].”
Background
Predictors of binge eating in male and female youths in the United Arab Emirates
Schulte, S. J. (2016) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2016.06.004 · Cited by 50
“…leads to binge eating) and the affect regulation 96 model (i.e. binge eating as reinforcer relieving negative affect; Hawkins & Clement, 97 1984; Polivy & Herman, 1985; E. Stice, 2001; E. Stice, Agras, & Hammer, 1999; Waller, 98 2000; Waters, Hill, & Waller, 2001) have been proposed to explain…”
An investigation of the relationship between fear of negative evaluation and bulimic psychopathology
Utschig, A. C., Presnell, K. E., Madeley, M. C., & Smits, J. A. J. (2010) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2010.05.003 · Cited by 47
Relation of successful dietary restriction to change in bulimic symptoms: A prospective study of adolescent girls.
Stice, E. M., Martinez, E. E., Presnell, K. E., & Groesz, L. M. (2006) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.25.3.274 · Cited by 47

Authors: Polivy, J., & Herman, C. P.
Affiliations: University of Toronto (CA)
ORCID: Polivy, Janet
Herman, C. Peter
Venue: American Psychologist
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1985
Volume: 40
Issue: 2
Pages: 193-201
ISSN: 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
1935-990X
DOI: 10.1037/0003-066x.40.2.193
OpenAlex: W2038644397
Cited by: 1,539
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 20 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 53 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 56 · 2012: 48
FWCI: 40.23
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
Keywords: dieting, binge eating, dietary habits, causal analysis, weight management, eating disorders
MeSH terms: Anorexia Nervosa, Feeding and Eating Disorders, Body Weight, Diet, Reducing, Humans, Hyperphagia

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Dieting and binging: A causal analysis.

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