Cited by 1,539Eating Disorders and BehaviorsNutrition, Health and Food BehaviorObesity, Physical Activity, Diet

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Dieting and binging: A causal analysis.

Polivy, Janet, Herman, C. Peter·1985·American Psychologist

DOI 10.1037/0003-066x.40.2.193

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“Hence, chronic stress and dieting have been identified as strong antecedents and relapse factors in eating disorders [7-16].”
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Comparative efficacy of remotely delivered mindfulness-based eating awareness training versus behavioral-weight loss counseling during COVID-19
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“It has been theorized that when self-regulation of intense dieting breaks down, individuals become disinhibited, and binge eat to satiate their accumulated hunger and/or cope with their emotional dysregulation (Polivy and Herman, 1985).”
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Changes in Body Mass Index and Their Associations with Psychological Distress, Worries, and Emotional Eating during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Norwegian Cohort Study
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“Their reliance on cognitive control rather than physiological cues makes them vulnerable to uncontrolled eating [22].”
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Gallin, S., Lichtlé, M., & Balbo, L. (2019) · Décisions Marketing · doi:10.7193/dm.095.33.55 · Cited by 7
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“self-directed dieting, is usually accompanied by elimination of whole food groups and 21 deprivation.(11) Conversely, given that a primary goal of IBIs is to sustain changes in weight and 22”
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Young, K. D. D., Zander, M. E. S., Towne, T., Longa, N. M. D., Hovrud, L., & Murtha-Berg, E. (2017) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-017-9592-x
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“These include perceived rigidity and deprivation, which are recognized as risk factors for disordered eating behaviors [17,47].”
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“Research on the timing and sequencing of age at binge eating onset, diet onset, and BED onset suggests that there may be several pathways for the development of BED and—in contrast to the dietary restraint model of binge eating onset [19]—many individuals with BED report binge eating onset prior to diet onset [20-23].”
Background
Food after deprivation rewards the earlier eating
Booth, D., Jarvandi, S., & Thibault, L. (2012) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2012.07.014 · Cited by 6
“…have proposed that attempts to restrict one's intake are defeated, and may even worsen obesity, by triggering overeating through ill defined processes such as instrumental reduction of aversive states or the abandonment of an intention to eat less (Herman & Polivy, 1975; Polivy & Herman, 1985).”
Can steroid use be a precipitant in the development of an eating disorder?
Fornari, V., Dancyger, I. F., Monaca, G. L., et al. (2001) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.1063 · Cited by 6
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Hypnotizability and body image malleability in restrained and non‐restrained eaters
Frasquilho, F., Oakley, D. A., & Ross‐Anderson, D. (1998) · Contemporary Hypnosis · doi:10.1002/ch.119 · Cited by 6
The processing of threat-related information in female dieters and non-dieters
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Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa
Garner, D. M., & Rosen, L. W. (1990) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-0523-1_37 · Cited by 7
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Kirkley, B. G., Battaglia, L., Earle, L., et al. (1988) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.1988.9939040 · Cited by 6
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Bensley, L. S., Kuna, P. H., & Steele, C. M. (1988) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01176189 · Cited by 6
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“According to the “ Restraint Model of Binge Eating ” (Polivy & Herman, 1985), the risk of binge eating increases when individuals experience moments of temporary inattention in the cognitive control of their eating which can be explained by the mechanism of “ abstinence violation effect ” that…”
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“Restraint theory posits that emotional eating occurs when individuals restricting their food intake lose control during emotional distress [8, 9].”
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“The restraint theory [12] focuses on dietary restraint and the potential psychological consequences of dieting, particularly the disinhibition effect, which leads to overeating when dieters abandon their cognitive control over eating less.”
Background
Return of the Movie Night? Analyzing the Impact of Netflix Subscriptions on Offline Movie Spending
Fang, S., Kwon, H. E., Gopal, A., & Park, Y. (2024) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.2022.0530 · Cited by 8
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“…et al., 2007; Siahpush et al., 2015) and potentially undesirable consequences on health, such as the development of pathological eating behaviour (Polivy and Herman, 1985; Quick and Byrd-Bredbenner, 2012; Stice et al., 2017), long term weight gain (Siahpush et al., 2015), and increasing health…”
Background
Relation of dieting to eating pathology
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Physiological effects of dieting and bingeing in rats
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Social Work Practice with a Bulimic Population: A Comparative Evaluation of Purgers and Nonpurgers
Saunders, R., & Saunders, D. N. (1993) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/104973159300300201 · Cited by 5
“Paradoxically, even binge eating can be understood in cognitive terms, because it may represent a secondary response to extreme dietary restraint (Polivy & Herman, 1985).”
Background
Holistic Self-Care Model for Permanent Weight Control
Popkess-Vawter, S. A. (1993) · Journal of Holistic Nursing · doi:10.1177/089801019301100404 · Cited by 5
Disordered Eating
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The correlates of binge eating in two nonpatient samples
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Eating Disorders in Young Women with IDDM: The Need for Prevention
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Correlates of eating related difficulties among college students: A preliminary investigation
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Discounting of Hyper-Palatable Foods Is Associated with Eating Motives and Binge Eating Behavior
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“Given that dieting practices like dietary restraint and caloric restriction have been found to be a predictor of binge eating [40–42], it is important to account for how such behaviors may influence their discounting.”
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Button, A. M., Persaud, A., Tanner, A. B., Balantekin, K. N., Tanofsky‐Kraff, M., Jebeile, H., & Wilfley, D. E. (2025) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-025-00664-6 · Cited by 5
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“This restraint is a risk factor for increased binge episodes and serves as a maintenance factor for EDs due to its influence on dietary restriction [155, 193, 227, 233].”
Social Networking Site Use and Restricted Eating Among College Students
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“Weight-related preoccupations lead to a vicious circle between restrained and binge eating (Polivy and Herman, 1985).”
Proof-of-concept testing of a brief virtual ACT workshop for emotional eating
Sante, J. D., Frayn, M., Angelescu, A., & Knaüper, B. (2024) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2024.107386 · Cited by 4
“Moreover, dietary restraint and calorie restriction are known to reinforce emotional and binge eating, particularly in individuals vulnerable to disordered eating or eating disorders (Fairburn, 2008; Polivy & Herman, 1985, 2020; Stice, 2001).”
Background
Weight History Correlates of Resting Energy Expenditure in Women With Bulimia Nervosa
Singh, S., Mayer, L., ROSENBAUM, M. S., & Lowe, M. R. (2024) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.24250 · Cited by 4
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“For example, the “ What-the-hell ” effect does not emerge for non-restrained eaters (Herman & Mack, 1975; Polivy & Herman, 1985); these individuals do not see the focal goal as irrevocably lost, following a self-control failure in the healthy eating domain, and they may be able to make up for the…”
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“…eating less fat […] eating more nutritious foods instead of junkfood” (Neumark-Sztainer & Story, 1997 , p. 447), and attempt to restrain their diet prior to and after binging episodes (Fairburn, 2008; Free-man & Gil, 2004; Harvey et al., 2010; Lowe, 1993; Polivy & Herman, 1985; Stice et al., 2008).”
Effects of response-independent stimuli on fixed-interval and fixed-ratio performance of rats: a model for stressful disruption of cyclical eating patterns
Reed, P. (2010) · Learning & Behavior · doi:10.1007/s13420-010-0003-5 · Cited by 4
Investigation of Psychopathology and Cognitive Aspects of Binge Eating Disorder in Obese Women
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The relations of perfectionism, impulsivity, diet, and binge eating behavior
김하영, & Hwan, P. K. (2009) · Korean Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.17315/kjhp.2009.14.1.005 · Cited by 4
Dieting and Overeating
van Strien, T. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-14504-0_136 · Cited by 4
Modified Dual Pathway Model for Binge Eating: The Role of Emotion Dysregulation
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“One mechanism was that the relationship between body dissatisfaction and binge eating was mediated by restricted eating, as binge eating may be used to compensate for caloric deprivation related to restricted eating (Mathes et al., 2009; Polivy & Herman, 1985).”
Background
Assessing feeder motivations and behaviour within couples using the Feeder Questionnaire
Ogden, J., Cheung, G. L. D., & Hudson, J. I. (2022) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2022.106285 · Cited by 4
A preliminary study of the predictive factors of binge eating behavior in three cultures: Mexico, Spain and Argentina
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“According to the characteristics of BED, the patients do not eat due to physiological need [8].”
Background
Participation as a leader in immersion weight loss treatment may benefit, not harm, young adult staff members
Schaumberg, K., Anderson, D. A., Kirschenbaum, D. S., & Earleywine, M. (2015) · Clinical Obesity · doi:10.1111/cob.12106 · Cited by 4
“than they would like, promotes eating pathology (6,7).”
Background
The effects of distraction on performance in the chronically obese: Restraint, obesity, and neuroticism
Sinclair, R. C., Sorrentino, R. M., & Weisz, G. (1990) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(90)90149-l · Cited by 4
Behavioral, Cognitive, and Affective Consequences of Trying to Avoid Chocolate
Erskine, J., & Georgiou, G. J. (2012) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-803-0_36 · Cited by 4
“The effects reported in this chapter may go some of the way towards explaining the often-cited yet perplexing fi ndings that diets where avoidance is recommended do not commonly work and that the net effect of going on a diet is a subsequent increase in thoughts about food, increased consumption, and weight gain [ 63,…”
Background
Too much of a good thing? Overexertion of self‐control and dietary adherence in individuals with Type 2 diabetes
Jenkins, B. N., Rook, K. S., Borges‐Garcia, R., Franks, M. M., & Stephens, M. A. P. (2016) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12192 · Cited by 4
“Relatedly, studies examining dieting behavior have found that dietary lapses are often followed by very strict, and perhaps over-controlled, avoidance of food in dieters (Polivy & Herman, 1985).”
Background
Onset of dieting in childhood and adolescence: implications for personality, psychopathology, eating attitudes and behaviors of women with eating disorder
Chung, Y. I., Kim, J. K., Lee, J.-H., & Jung, Y. (2016) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-016-0285-5 · Cited by 4
“One of the most studied precursors of eating disorders is dieting [4, 5].”
Background
The Motivating and Demotivating Effects of Negative Feedback on Cross-Domain Goal Pursuit Behaviors
Xu, A. J., Cheng, S. Y. Y., & White, T. B. (2020) · Journal of the Association for Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/709275 · Cited by 4
A comparison of three questionnaires (EAT-12, EDI, and EDE-Q) for assessment of eating problems in healthy female adolescents
Engelsen, J. C. L. B. K. (2001) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039480121342 · Cited by 4
Picoeconomics in Neural and Evolutionary Contexts
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Size, lies, and measuring tape
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Lijnen helpt wel
van Strien, T. (2003) · Huisarts en Wetenschap · doi:10.1007/bf03083587 · Cited by 4
Perceived weight stigma and disordered eating behaviors among postpartum women: The mediating role of weight bias internalization and postpartum depression
Peng, J., Tan, X., Ning, N., Wiley, J. A., Hua, N., Zeng, Y., & Sun, M. (2025) · International Journal of Nursing Studies Advances · doi:10.1016/j.ijnsa.2025.100306 · Cited by 3
“Then, increase the risk of excessively reducing their food intake (in an effort to meet the ideal) (Pearson et al., 2015; Polivy and Herman, 1985).”
“Fulfilling the hunger”: A qualitative study to understand the etiology of binge eating in adolescents experiencing food insecurity
Hazzard, V. M., Rodriguez, M., Neumark‐Sztainer, D., Berge, J. M., Tanofsky‐Kraff, M., & Laska, M. N. (2025) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2025.108315 · Cited by 3
The cross-sectional study on the association between physical exercise and restrained eating among Chinese college students: the chain mediating roles of emotional intelligence and perceived stress
Guo, Q., Liu, T., Yin, Z., & Li, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1805606 · Cited by 3
Visual processing of food stimuli: The impact of working memory load and color
Gürbüz, E., & Gökçe, A. (2023) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-023-02662-z · Cited by 4
“As restrained eating behavior requires sustained effort to select healthier options and resist the consumption of high-calorie foods (Polivy & Herman, 1985), the use of cognitive skills becomes critical to perform the task at hand.”
Lijnen helpt niet bij emotionele eters
van Strien, T. (2005) · gedrag en gezondheid · doi:10.1007/bf03071082 · Cited by 3
Binge Eating Behaviors, Neuroticism, and Compulsive Clothing Buying: Are They Related?
Trautmann, J., & Johnson, T. W. (2007) · Research Journal of Textile and Apparel · doi:10.1108/rjta-11-02-2007-b009 · Cited by 3
Maladaptive Schema in Female College Students with Eating Problems
최진미, & Kim, N. (2009) · The Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.15842/kjcp.2009.28.3.005 · Cited by 3
Effects of Thin-ideal Internalization and Physical Comparison on Disordered Eating Behavior : The Verification of the Mediating Effect on Body Shame
류애리, & Song, W. (2013) · Korean Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.17315/kjhp.2013.18.2.006 · Cited by 3
Slimming the body: slimming ads, body dissatisfaction and eating disorders
Sinnappan, S., Yee, Y. J., Gv, N., & Wilson, S. L. (2021) · Jurnal Pengajian Media Malaysia · doi:10.22452/jpmm.vol22no2.6 · Cited by 3
Change in Defensive Functioning Following Group Psychodynamic-Interpersonal Psychotherapy in Women With Binge-Eating Disorder
Carlucci, S., Chyurlia, L., Presniak, M. D., Mcquaid, N., Wiebe, S. A., Hill, R., Wiley, J. C., Garceau, C., Baldwin, D., Slowikowski, C., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Group Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/00207284.2022.2061980 · Cited by 3
“According to the restraint model (Lowe, 1993; Polivy & Herman, 1985), symptoms of BED may develop following repeated dietary restriction (i.e., reduced caloric intake through smaller portion sizes or starvation; Harvey et al., 2011; R. I. Stein et al., 2007).”
Method
Applying Stages of Change Model to Examine Online Peer Communication on Binge Eating
Chu, T. H., & Xiao, F. (2022) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2022.2129640 · Cited by 4
“Scholars proposed that long-term dieting may impair individuals’ cognitive control overeating and thus lead to binging (Polivy & Herman, 1985; Stice et al., 1998), though a recent meta-analysis found limited evidence supporting this claim (Watson & Le Pelley, 2021).”
Background
Gender and race differences in weight discrimination’s relationship to psychological distress and eating behavior
Richmond, B. S., Zaidan, A. C. V., Araiza, A. M., Beam, A. J., Lee, A. A., & Wellman, J. D. (2024) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053241302285 · Cited by 3
Body Attitudes and Eating Behaviours of Female Malay Students Studying in Australia
McDowell, A. J., & Bond, M. J. (2003) · South Pacific Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/s0257543400000225 · Cited by 3
“Restraint is literally the chronic self-control exhibited by many dieters in their attempt to lose weight (Herman & Polivy, 1980; Polivy & Herman, 1985), with food intake determined by a balance between the desire to eat and the aspiration to diet (Ruderman, 1985).”
Background

Authors: Polivy, J., & Herman, C. P.
Affiliations: University of Toronto (CA)
ORCID: Polivy, Janet
Herman, C. Peter
Venue: American Psychologist
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1985
Volume: 40
Issue: 2
Pages: 193-201
ISSN: 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
1935-990X
DOI: 10.1037/0003-066x.40.2.193
OpenAlex: W2038644397
Cited by: 1,539
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 20 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 53 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 56 · 2012: 48
FWCI: 40.23
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
Keywords: dieting, binge eating, dietary habits, causal analysis, weight management, eating disorders
MeSH terms: Anorexia Nervosa, Feeding and Eating Disorders, Body Weight, Diet, Reducing, Humans, Hyperphagia

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Dieting and binging: A causal analysis.

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