Cited by 1,539Eating Disorders and BehaviorsNutrition, Health and Food BehaviorObesity, Physical Activity, Diet

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Dieting and binging: A causal analysis.

Polivy, Janet, Herman, C. Peter·1985·American Psychologist

DOI 10.1037/0003-066x.40.2.193

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Silverstein, B., Peterson, B., & Perdue, L. (1986) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/1098-108x(198607)5:5 · Cited by 153
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Lawson, O. J., Williamson, D. A., Champagne, C. M., DeLany, J. P., Brooks, E. R., Howat, P. M., Wozniak, P. J., Bray, G. A., & Ryan, D. H. (1995) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1002/j.1550-8528.1995.tb00131.x · Cited by 177
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Does dieting make you fat? A twin study
Pietiläinen, K. H., Saarni, S. E., Kaprio, J., & Rissanen, A. (2012) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2011.160 · Cited by 173
From dietary restraint to binge eating: Some theoretical considerations
Tuschl, R. J. (1990) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/0195-6663(90)90004-r · Cited by 173
On being led into temptation: “Counterregulation” of dieters after smelling a “preload”
Jansen, A. T. M., & van den Hout, M. (1991) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/0306-4603(91)90017-c · Cited by 173
Adolescent concerns about weight and eating; A social-developmental perspective
Wardle, J., & Marsland, L. (1990) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(90)90061-8 · Cited by 171
The Temptation and Restraint Inventory for measuring drinking restraint
Collins, R. L., & Lapp, W. M. (1992) · British Journal of Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb01964.x · Cited by 170
Self‐objectification and disordered eating: A meta‐analysis
Schaefer, L. M., & Thompson, J. K. (2018) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22854 · Cited by 168
“Prevalence of disordered eating appears to increase through adolescence and decline in adulthood (Heatherton, Mahamedi, Striepe, Field, & Keel, 1997; Jones, Bennett, Olmsted, Lawson, & Rodin, 2001; Polivy & Herman, 1985).”
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Behavioral and biological correlates of dietary restraint in normal life
Laessle, R. G., Tuschl, R. J., Kotthaus, B. C., & Pirke, K. M. (1989) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/0195-6663(89)90098-6 · Cited by 166
Measurement of dietary restraint: Validity tests of four questionnaires
Williamson, D. A., Martin, C. K., York‐Crowe, E., Anton, S. D., Redman, L. M., Han, H., & Ravussin, É. (2006) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2006.08.066 · Cited by 165
Cognitive processing of food rewards
Higgs, S. (2015) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2015.10.003 · Cited by 183
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Wolever, R. Q., & Best, J. L. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-09593-6_15 · Cited by 168
Neural Responses to Visual Food Cues: Insights from Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
García‐García, I., Narberhaus, A., Marqués‐Iturria, I., Garolera, M., Rădoi, A., Segura, B., Pueyo, R., Ariza, M., & Jurado, M. Á. (2013) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2216 · Cited by 166
Caloric deprivation increases responsivity of attention and reward brain regions to intake, anticipated intake, and images of palatable foods
Stice, E., Burger, K., & Yokum, S. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.11.028 · Cited by 162
Behavioral and Body Size Correlates of Energy Intake Underreporting by Obese and Normal-weight Women
Kretsch, M. J., Fong, A. K. H., & Green, M. W. (1999) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(99)00078-4 · Cited by 161
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Mathes, W. F., Brownley, K. A., Mo, X., & Bulik, C. M. (2009) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2009.03.005 · Cited by 162
Negative mood-induced overeating in obese binge eaters: an experimental study
Chua, J. L., Touyz, S., & Hill, A. J. (2004) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802595 · Cited by 172
The perceived onset of dieting and loss of control eating behaviors in overweight children
Tanofsky-Kraff, M., Faden, D., Yanovski, S. Z., Wilfley, D. E., & Yanovski, J. A. (2005) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20158 · Cited by 156
“…who reported dieting before LOC eating develop eating disorders in the future, our findings may offer preliminary support for restraint theory (Polivy & Herman, 1985) and the cognitive-behavioral model (Fairburn, 2002) which propose that eating disorders occur in response to the application…”
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Socioeconomic gradient in body size and obesity among women: the role of dietary restraint, disinhibition and hunger in the Whitehall II study
Dykes, J., Brunner, E. J., Martikainen, P., & Wardle, J. (2003) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802523 · Cited by 157
Personal, Behavioral, and Environmental Risk and Protective Factors for Adolescent Overweight
Haines, J., Neumark‐Sztainer, D., Wall, M., & Story, M. (2007) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2007.327 · Cited by 156
The nature of imagery processes underlying food cravings
Harvey, K. E., Kemps, E., & Tiggemann, M. (2005) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1348/135910704x14249 · Cited by 162
Energy expenditure and everyday eating behavior in healthy young women
Tuschl, R. J., Platte, P., Laessle, R., Stichler, W., & Pirke, K. (1990) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/52.1.81 · Cited by 156
The Contribution of Emotion Regulation to Body Dissatisfaction and Disordered Eating in Early Adolescent Girls
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Validation of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) in a sample of Spanish women
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Why treatments for obesity don’t last
Goodrick, G. K., & Foreyt, J. P. (1991) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(21)01364-x · Cited by 154
Dieting and the Development of Eating Disorders in Overweight and Obese Adults
National Task Force on the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity (2000) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.160.17.2581 · Cited by 154
“Concerns have been raised that recommending weight loss, with concomitant dietary restriction, might precipitate the development of eating disorders or might exacerbate eating disorders among those already affected.(9) A complete list of the members of the National Task Force on the Prevention and”
Differences in daily stress, mood, coping, and eating behavior in binge eating and nonbinge eating college women.
Wolff, G. E., Crosby, R. D., Roberts, J. A., & Wittrock, D. (2000) · Addictive Behaviours · doi:10.1016/s0306-4603(99)00049-0 · Cited by 160
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Wardle, J., & Beales, S. (1986) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/s0195-6663(86)80026-5 · Cited by 154
Prevalence of obesity and comorbid eating disorder behaviors in South Australia from 1995 to 2015
da Luz, F. Q., Sainsbury, A., Mannan, H. R., Touyz, S. W., Mitchison, D., & Hay, P. (2017) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2017.79 · Cited by 154
Hunger, eating, and ill health.
Pinel, J. P. J., Assanand, S., & Lehman, D. R. (2000) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.55.10.1105 · Cited by 161
Eating disorders in young women with type 1 diabetes mellitus
Rodin, G., Olmsted, M. P., Rydall, A. C., Maharaj, S. I., Colton, P., Jones, J. M., Biancucci, L. A., & Daneman, D. (2002) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(02)00305-7 · Cited by 158
“Such neglect of internal cues may contribute to dietary dysregulation in susceptible individuals [21].”
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Eating Disorders in Sport: From Theory to Research to Intervention
Petrie, T. A., & Greenleaf, C. A. (2007) · doi:10.1002/9781118270011.ch16 · Cited by 157
The Aversiveness of Specific Emotional States Associated with Binge-Eating in Obese Subjects
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Structural equation modeling of risk factors for the development of eating disorder symptoms in female athletes
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Dietary restraint and negative affect as mediators of body dissatisfaction and bulimic behavior in adolescent girls and boys
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Polluting the stream of consciousness: The effect of thought suppression on the mind's environment
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“Rebound also arises in more mundane realms of self-control: People who suppress a thought (on the way to suppressing a behavior such as smoking or eating) can become especially prone to later preoccupation with thoughts of the very activity they have attempted to avoid (Polivy & Herman , 1985).”
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Binge eating disorder, weight cycling, and psychopathology
Kuehnel, R. H., & Wadden, T. A. (1994) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.2260150403 · Cited by 149
Snacking Definitions: Impact on Interpretation of the Literature and Dietary Recommendations
Johnson, G. H., & Anderson, G. H. (2010) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408390903572479 · Cited by 149
“On the other hand, the pattern of irregular eating and meal skipping characteristic of restrained eating may prompt binge eating and excess energy intake that contributes to weight gain and obesity in the long-term (Polivy and Herman, 1985; Snoek et al., 2007).”
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Women's Body Figure Preferences Across the Life Span
Stevens, C. L., & Tiggemann, M. (1998) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221329809596137 · Cited by 147
Loss of control over eating in obese youngsters
Goossens, L., Braet, C., & Decaluwé, V. (2007) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.01.006 · Cited by 143
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Presnell, K. E., & Stice, E. M. (2003) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.112.1.166 · Cited by 145
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“A multidisciplinary team approach to treatment is considered the standard of care for eating disorders and diabetes treatment (Table 1) [ 16 ,24].”
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The development of gender differences in body-size dissatisfaction
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The Eating Inventory and Body Adiposity from Leanness to Massive Obesity: a Study of 2509 Adults
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Relation of dietary restraint scores to activation of reward-related brain regions in response to food intake, anticipated intake, and food pictures
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“Theorists posit that dieting increases risk for onset and maintenance of binge eating and bulimia nervosa (Fairburn, 1997; Levine and Smolak, 2006; Neumark-Sztainer, 2005; Polivy and Herman, 1985).”
Restraint and food intake: An experimental study of eating patterns in the laboratory and in normal life
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“Restrained eating [20] is defined as the restriction of food intake in order to control body weight, and it refers predominantly to the amount of food.”
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Girls at risk for overweight at age 5 are at risk for dietary restraint, disinhibited overeating, weight concerns, and greater weight gain from 5 to 9 years
Shunk, J. A., & Birch, L. L. (2004) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2004.04.031 · Cited by 135
“The construct of dietary restraint was originally defined as the cognitive tendency to restrict intake as a means of maintaining or losing body weight (1) and tends to be highly related to dieting behavior, body dissatisfaction, and weight concerns (2,3).”
Background
Components of attentional bias for food cues among restrained eaters
Hollitt, S., Kemps, E., Tiggemann, M., Smeets, E., & Mills, J. S. (2009) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2009.12.005 · Cited by 134
“…of food and body-related information might be able to distinguish between individuals who engage in the kind of dietary restriction which characterises the “normal” eating of women in Western societies (Polivy & Herman, 1985) from those who may be at risk of developing an eating disorder.”
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The Heritability of Eating Disorders: Methods and Current Findings
Thornton, L. M., Mazzeo, S. E., & Bulik, C. M. (2010) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2010_91 · Cited by 134
“Restrained eating has gained a great deal of attention within the eating disorders field as this behavior is hypothesized to trigger the development of eating pathology (Polivy and Herman 1985), a theory supported by longitudinal data (Killen et al. 1996; Stice 1998).”
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Genetic epidemiology of binging and vomiting
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Internalized weight stigma moderates eating behavior outcomes in women with high BMI participating in a healthy living program
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The German Version of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire: Psychometric Properties, Measurement Invariance, and Population-Based Norms
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“The finding that restrained eating is more frequent in overweight and obese individuals is in line with several previous studies [14,19,27,28] supporting the assumption that, paradoxically, restrained eating may be a risk factor for overconsumption and weight gain when cognitive self-control is undermined [10].”
BackgroundResult
Self-Regulating Enhances Self-Regulation in Subsequent Consumer Decisions Involving Similar Response Conflicts
Dewitte, S., Bruyneel, S. D., & Geyskens, K. (2009) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/598615 · Cited by 137
The role of dieting in binge eating disorder
Howard, C. E., & Porzelius, L. K. (1999) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(98)00009-9 · Cited by 130
Combined dieting and stress evoke exaggerated responses to opioids in binge-eating rats.
Boggiano, M. M., Chandler, P. C., Viana, J. B., Oswald, K. D., Maldonado, C. R., & Wauford, P. K. (2005) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.119.5.1207 · Cited by 131
“…and stress), simulate clinical binge eating as occurs in bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder, and binge-purge-type anorexia nervosa (American Psychiatric Association, 1994; Freeman & Gil, 2004; Mitchell, Hatsukami, Eckert, & Pyle, 1985; Polivy & Herman, 1985; Stice, Presnell, & Spangler, 2002).”
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How dieting makes the lean fatter: from a perspective of body composition autoregulation through adipostats and proteinstats awaiting discovery
Dulloo, A. G., Jacquet, J., Montani, J. ‐., & Schutz, Y. (2015) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12253 · Cited by 126
Health-At-Every-Size and Eating Behaviors: 1-Year Follow-Up Results of a Size Acceptance Intervention
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Construct validation of the Restraint Scale in normal-weight and overweight females
van Strien, T., Herman, C. P., Engels, R. C. M. E., Larsen, J. K., & van Leeuwe, J. F. J. (2007) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2007.01.003 · Cited by 126
“This theory has suggested that dietary restraint or dieting 1 (i.e., attempted restriction of food intake in order to maintain or lose weight) contributes to overeating and eating disorders (Herman, Polivy, & Leone, 2005; Polivy & Herman, 1985, 1993).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Dietary Restriction Behaviors and Binge Eating in Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa and Binge Eating Disorder: Trans-diagnostic Examination of the Restraint Model
Elran‐Barak, R., Sztainer, M., Goldschmidt, A. B., Crow, S. J., Peterson, C. B., Hill, L. L., Crosby, R. D., Powers, P. S., Mitchell, J. E., & Grange, D. L. (2015) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.05.012 · Cited by 125
Body‐Image Disturbances in Adolescent Female Binge–Purgers: A Brief Report of the Results of a National Survey in the U.S.A.
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Homeostatic theory of obesity
Marks, D. F. (2015) · Health Psychology Open · doi:10.1177/2055102915590692 · Cited by 134
“The association between restraint, dieting and binge eating has been extensively researched for at least four decades (Herman and Mack, 1975; Polivy and Herman, 1985).”
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Appearance Versus Health: Does the Reason for Dieting Affect Dieting Behavior?
Putterman, E., & Linden, W. (2004) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1023/b:jobm.0000019851.37389.a7 · Cited by 122
“Additionally, restrained eating has been critically implicated in the development of eating disorders such as binge eating, bulimia, and anorexia nervosa (Polivy and Herman, 1985; Tuschl, 1990).”
Background
Body image perception in relation to recent weight changes and strategies for weight loss in a nationally representative sample in the European Union
McElhone, S., Kearney, J. M., Giachetti, I., Zunft, H.-J. F., & Martínez, J. A. (1999) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980099000191 · Cited by 121
“Furthermore, a key risk factor for eating disorders may be dieting itself 41 .”
Chronic food restriction in young rats results in depression- and anxiety-like behaviors with decreased expression of serotonin reuptake transporter
Jahng, J. W., Kim, J. G., Kim, H. J., Kim, B.-T., Kang, D. W., & Lee, J.-H. (2007) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2007.02.080 · Cited by 121
Macronutrient analysis of binge eating in bulimia
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Relations between dietary restraint, depressive symptoms, and binge eating: A longitudinal study
Spoor, S. T. P., Stice, E. M., Bekker, M. H. J., van Strien, T., Croon, M. A., & Heck, G. L. V. (2006) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20283 · Cited by 118
“Dietary Restraint and Binge Eating According to the restraint theory,(9) dieting entails a shift from a reliance on physiological control to cognitive control over eating behaviors, which leaves dieters vulnerable to disinhibited eating when these cognitive processes are disrupted.(10) In addition, the chronic hunger…”
Background
Which Dieters Are at Risk for the Onset of Binge Eating? A Prospective Study of Adolescents and Young Adults
Goldschmidt, A. B., Wall, M. M., Loth, K. A., Grange, D. L., & Neumark‐Sztainer, D. (2012) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.11.001 · Cited by 116
Medical morbidity in binge eating disorder
Bulik, C. M., & Reichborn‐Kjennerud, T. (2003) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.10204 · Cited by 114
Misperceived pre-pregnancy body weight status predicts excessive gestational weight gain: findings from a US cohort study
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“Dissatisfaction with body size may also contribute to misperception among overweight/obese women who attempt to attain the media's thin ideal [28,43], promoting recurrent dieting, loss of restraint, binging, and weight gain [ 44 ].”
Background
Patient-Centered Care for Obesity: How Health Care Providers Can Treat Obesity While Actively Addressing Weight Stigma and Eating Disorder Risk
Cardel, M. I., Newsome, F. A., Pearl, R. L., Ross, K. M., Dillard, J. R., Miller, D. R., Hayes, J. F., Wilfley, D. E., Keel, P. K., Dhurandhar, E. J., et al. (2022) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2022.01.004 · Cited by 126
“Figure 2 presents clear distinctions between self-directed diets and supervised evidence-based obesity treatment (ie, diets monitored and administered by health professionals) that have significant implications for increasing vs decreasing ED risk.(7,16,17,20,60-87) Clear overlap in core features of evidencebased obes…”
BackgroundInfluential
The Cognitive Control of Eating and Body Weight: It’s More Than What You “Think”
Davidson, T. L., Jones, S., Roy, M., & Stevenson, R. J. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00062 · Cited by 125
The weight-conscious adolescent:
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“PII S1054-139X(97)00263-2 ders in susceptible individuals (5, 16 ).”
Restricted feeding with scheduled sucrose access results in an upregulation of the rat dopamine transporter
Bello, N. T., Sweigart, K. L., Lakoski, J. M., Norgren, R., & Hajnal, A. (2003) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00716.2002 · Cited by 112
“Individuals with binge-eating disorder or bulimia nervosa self-impose periods of restricted intake, a feeding pattern that may lead to increased avidity for palatable foods (42).”
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Buffering against weight gain following dieting setbacks: An implicit theory intervention
Burnette, J. L., & Finkel, E. J. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.12.020 · Cited by 129
“Indeed, dieters often exhibit the “what-the-hell” effect, disengaging entirely from their goal following setbacks in favor of unrestrained indulgence (Polivy & Herman, 1985).”
BackgroundInfluential
Critical appraisal of the provisional DSM-5 criteria for anorexia nervosa and an alternative proposal
Hebebrand, J., & Bulik, C. M. (2010) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20875 · Cited by 113
What is restrained eating and how do we identify it?
Polivy, J., Herman, C. P., & Mills, J. S. (2020) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2020.104820 · Cited by 135
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Mothers, Fathers, and Daughters: Dieting and disordered eating
Keel, P. K., Heatherton, T. F., Harnden, J. L., et al. (1997) · Eating Disorders · doi:10.1080/10640269708249227 · Cited by 111
Effects of a Weight Maintenance Diet on Bulimic Symptoms in Adolescent Girls: An Experimental Test of the Dietary Restraint Theory.
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Eat for Life: A Work Site Feasibility Study of a Novel Mindfulness-Based Intuitive Eating Intervention
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“Moreover, dieting may result in rebound overeating or stressdriven binge behavior.(20,21) Employerbased health promotion programs need new approaches that do not produce these unintended consequences and long-term relapse.”
Background
Influences on adolescent food choice
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Effect of caloric restriction in non-obese humans on physiological, psychological and behavioral outcomes
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“associated with the onset of eating disorders, including anorexia [48] and bulimia nervosa [49], and binge eating disorder [50].”
Background
Comorbidity and binge eating disorder
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A Moral Vision of Addiction: How People's Values Determine Whether They Become and Remain Addicts
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Dieting and smoking initiation in early adolescent girls and boys: a prospective study.
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“Perceived cultural norms for thinness or health have led many humans to avoid intake of palatable “forbidden” foods, often unsuccessfully (Polivy and Herman, 1985; Stice et al., 2005).”
BackgroundInfluential
Evaluation of a healthy-weight treatment program for bulimia nervosa: A preliminary randomized trial
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“Since the 1980s, dieting has been implicated in the onset of bulimia nervosa (Hawkins & Clement, 1984; Polivy & Herman, 1985; Stice, 1994).”
Influential

Authors: Polivy, J., & Herman, C. P.
Affiliations: University of Toronto (CA)
ORCID: Polivy, Janet
Herman, C. Peter
Venue: American Psychologist
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1985
Volume: 40
Issue: 2
Pages: 193-201
ISSN: 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
1935-990X
DOI: 10.1037/0003-066x.40.2.193
OpenAlex: W2038644397
Cited by: 1,539
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 20 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 53 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 56 · 2012: 48
FWCI: 40.23
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
Keywords: dieting, binge eating, dietary habits, causal analysis, weight management, eating disorders
MeSH terms: Anorexia Nervosa, Feeding and Eating Disorders, Body Weight, Diet, Reducing, Humans, Hyperphagia

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Dieting and binging: A causal analysis.

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