The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Possible selves.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Markus and Nurius (1986) actually downplay the role of others in the formation of one's own possible selves.”
From The L2 motivational self system: A meta-analysis (2018) · cites this paper as Markus and Nurius (1986)
In the citing paper
“For this reason, possible selves' function as incentives for individual behaviour and guide the actions individuals take (Cross and Markus 1991; Markus and Nurius 1986), as well as self-regulation (Hamman et al. 2010; Hamman et al. 2013b).”
From The change in pre-service primary teachers’ possible selves in relation to science teaching (2022) · cites this paper as Markus and Nurius 1986
In the citing paper
“Possible selves are sensitive to change (Cross and Markus 1990; Markus and Nurius 1986, 956).”
From The change in pre-service primary teachers’ possible selves in relation to science teaching (2022) · cites this paper as Markus and Nurius 1986
In the citing paper
“During the interviews, participants were not directly asked about their possible selves; instead, they were encouraged to tell about their beliefs and experiences, also regarding their future, as freely as they wanted (cf. Hamman et al. 2010; Markus and Nurius 1986; Oyserman et al. 2004).”
From The change in pre-service primary teachers’ possible selves in relation to science teaching (2022) · cites this paper as Markus and Nurius 1986
In the citing paper
“This suggests that motivation for pursuing the hoped-for selves and avoiding the feared selves is, after all, likely to occur (Markus and Nurius 1986; Oyserman and Markus 1990).”
From The change in pre-service primary teachers’ possible selves in relation to science teaching (2022) · cites this paper as Markus and Nurius 1986
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–800 of 1,026
Lamb, M. (2012) · Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development · doi:10.1080/01434632.2012.697467 · Cited by 101
The MAPS model of self-regulation: Integrating metacognition, agency, and possible selves
Frazier, L. D., Schwartz, B. L., & Metcalfe, J. (2021) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-020-09255-3 · Cited by 133
Effects of a Value-Reappraisal Intervention on Statistics Students’ Motivation and Performance
Acee, T., & Weinstein, C. (2010) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.1080/00220970903352753 · Cited by 95
Manian, N., Papadakis, A. A., Strauman, T. J., & Essex, M. J. (2006) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00422.x · Cited by 110
Lanvers, U. (2017) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/modl.12410 · Cited by 100
Attentional allocation processes in individuals at risk for depression
Ingram, R. E., Bernet, C. Z., & McLaughlin, S. C. (1994) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf02357508 · Cited by 100
Social comparison and smoking cessation: The role of the “typical smoker”
Gibbons, F. X., Gerrard, M., Lando, H. A., & McGovern, P. G. (1991) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(91)90014-w · Cited by 100
Manzi, C., Vignoles, V. L., & Regalia, C. (2009) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.669 · Cited by 104
Language learning motivation and CLIL
Sylvén, L. K., & Thompson, A. S. (2015) · Journal of Immersion and Content-Based Language Education · doi:10.1075/jicb.3.1.02syl · Cited by 99
Memory's Malleability: Its Role in Shaping Collective Memory and Social Identity
Brown, A. D., Kouri, N., & Hirst, W. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00257 · Cited by 100
Metzger, A., Alvis, L. M., Oosterhoff, B. J., Babskie, E., Syvertsen, A. K., & Wray‐Lake, L. (2018) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-018-0842-5 · Cited by 106
“…of other sociocognitive capacities across childhood and adolescence that are potentially important for civic engagement, such as future orientation, a component of abstract reasoning that includes the ability to contemplate possible outcomes in the future (Markus and Nurius 1986; Nurmi 1991).”
BackgroundMotivation, Gender, and Possible Selves
Henry, A., & Cliffordson, C. (2013) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/lang.12009 · Cited by 99
Aspiring, Consuming, Becoming: Youth Identity in a Culture of Consumption
Deutsch, N. L., & Theodorou, E. (2009) · Youth & Society · doi:10.1177/0044118x09351279 · Cited by 99
Multiple identities and travel mode choice for regular journeys
Murtagh, N., Gatersleben, B., & Uzzell, D. L. (2012) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2012.05.002 · Cited by 100
Hughes, D. E. (2011) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/s11747-011-0293-y · Cited by 99
Media representations of British Muslims and hybridised threats to identity
Jaspal, R., & Cinnirella, M. (2010) · Contemporary Islam · doi:10.1007/s11562-010-0126-7 · Cited by 99
Biringen, Z. C., Matheny, A., Bretherton, I., Renouf, A. G., & Sherman, M. (2000) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616730050085572 · Cited by 99
Bargh, J. A., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Oettingen, G. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy001008 · Cited by 105
Peetz, J., & Wilson, A. E. (2008) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00150.x · Cited by 107
Inceoglu, I., Selenko, E., McDowall, A., & Schlachter, S. (2018) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2018.09.002 · Cited by 108
Leung, L. W. (2011) · Chinese Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/17544750.2011.616285 · Cited by 97
Using problem-based learning to prepare educational leaders
Bridges, E. M., & Hallinger, P. (1997) · Peabody Journal of Education · doi:10.1207/s15327930pje7202_8 · Cited by 98
Extending the Extended Self in a Digital World
Sheth, J. N., & Solomon, M. R. (2014) · The Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice · doi:10.2753/mtp1069-6679220201 · Cited by 98
Barriers to Driving and Community Integration After Traumatic Brain Injury
Rapport, L. J., Hanks, R. A., & Bryer, R. C. (2006) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00001199-200601000-00004 · Cited by 98
Is Self‐Complexity Linked to Better Coping? A Review of the Literature
Koch, E. J., & Shepperd, J. A. (2004) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00278.x · Cited by 103
DOES DROPPING OUT OF SCHOOL MEAN DROPPING INTO DELINQUENCY?*
SWEETEN, G., BUSHWAY, S. D., & PATERNOSTER, R. (2009) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2009.00139.x · Cited by 146
Motivation in later life: Personal projects and well-being.
Lawton, M. P., Moss, M. S., Winter, L., & Hoffman, C. (2002) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.17.4.539 · Cited by 127
Evidence for the DTA hypothesis II: Threatening self-esteem increases death-thought accessibility
Hayes, J., Schimel, J., Faucher, E. H., & Williams, T. J. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2008.01.004 · Cited by 124
Remedying misperceptions of computer science among middle school students
Grover, S., Pea, R. D., & Cooper, S. (2014) · ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE) · doi:10.1145/2538862.2538934 · Cited by 97
Motivation and emotional transactions: where do we go from here?
Schutz, P. A., Rodgers, K. A., & Simcic, J. (2010) · Advances in motivation and achievement · doi:10.1108/s0749-7423(2010)000016b005 · Cited by 97
Dörnyei, Z. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-28380-3_3 · Cited by 112
Self-Image and Perceived Self-Efficacy During Adolescence
Bacchini, D., & Magliulo, F. (2003) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1023/a:1024969914672 · Cited by 97
Cognitive Comparisons of Students' Systems Modeling in Ecology
Hogan, K., & Thomas, D. (2001) · Journal of Science Education and Technology · doi:10.1023/a:1012243102249 · Cited by 97
Exploring a Paradox: Commitment as a Moderator of the Stressor‐Burnout Relationship
Reilly, N. P. (1994) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1994.tb00589.x · Cited by 97
Prince, D. M. (2013) · Journal of Youth Studies · doi:10.1080/13676261.2013.836591 · Cited by 97
Understanding a link between sexual harassment and eating disorder symptoms: A mediational analysis.
Harned, M. S., & Fitzgerald, L. F. (2002) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.70.5.1170 · Cited by 97
Velocity Toward Goal Attainment in Immediate Experience as a Determinant of Affect
Lawrence, J., Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2002) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb00242.x · Cited by 100
Zacher, H., & Rudolph, C. W. (2020) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2495 · Cited by 110
Salmela‐Aro, K., Nurmi, J., Saisto, T., & Halmesmäki, E. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.81.6.1144 · Cited by 96
DeMarree, K. G., Wheeler, S. C., Briñol, P., & Petty, R. E. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2014.02.001 · Cited by 95
Identities in action: Processes and outcomes
Coupland, C., & Brown, A. D. (2012) · Scandinavian Journal of Management · doi:10.1016/j.scaman.2011.12.002 · Cited by 96
Expressing the “True Self” on Facebook
Seidman, G. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.052 · Cited by 96
The Effects of Avatar-Based Customization on Player Identification
Türkay, S., & Kinzer, C. K. (2014) · International Journal of Gaming and Computer-Mediated Simulations · doi:10.4018/ijgcms.2014010101 · Cited by 96
The Power of Perception: Toward a Model of Cultural Oppression and Liberation
Hanna, F. J., Talley, W. B., & Guindon, M. H. (2000) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.2000.tb01926.x · Cited by 111
Aspinwall, L. G. (2001) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470998519.ch27 · Cited by 97
Sources of Resilience in the Aging Self
Brandtstädter, J. (1999) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012345260-3/50007-0 · Cited by 95
Age and Regulatory Focus Determine Preferences for Health-Related Role Models.
Lockwood, P., Chasteen, A. L., & Wong, C. (2005) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.20.3.376 · Cited by 95
Metacognition: Theory or chapter heading?
Borkowski, J. G. (1996) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s1041-6080(96)90025-4 · Cited by 95
Kemmelmeier, M., & Oyserman, D. (2001) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.47 · Cited by 95
Future Time Perspective and Life Events across Adulthood
Fingerman, K. L., & Perlmutter, M. C. (1995) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.1995.9921225 · Cited by 95
Jin, S. A. (2012) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.06.022 · Cited by 96
The possible as a field of inquiry
Glăveanu, V. P. (2018) · Europe’s Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejop.v14i3.1725 · Cited by 96
Heaven knows I'm miserable now
Shankar, A., Whittaker, J., & Fitchett, J. A. (2006) · Marketing Theory · doi:10.1177/1470593106069933 · Cited by 94
Examining calling as a double-edged sword for employability
Lysova, E. I., Jansen, P. G. W., Khapova, S. N., Plomp, J., & Tims, M. (2017) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2017.11.006 · Cited by 99
Chinese Young Men’s Construction of Exemplary Masculinity: The Hegemony of Chenggong
Liu, F. (2017) · Men and Masculinities · doi:10.1177/1097184x17696911 · Cited by 98
Women's and men's personal goals during the transition to parenthood.
Salmela‐Aro, K., Nurmi, J., Saisto, T., & Halmesmäki, E. (2000) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037//0893-3200.14.2.171 · Cited by 93
The role of work-related personal projects during two burnout interventions: a longitudinal study
Salmela‐Aro, K., Näätänen, P., & Nurmi, J. (2004) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678370412331317480 · Cited by 94
Self‐Regulation: Reminders and Suggestions from Personality Science
Cervone, D., Shadel, W. G., Smith, R. E., & Fiori, M. (2006) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2006.00261.x · Cited by 97
Roelofs, J., Papageorgiou, C., Gerber, R. D., Huibers, M. J. H., Peeters, F. P. M. L., & Arntz, A. R. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.10.005 · Cited by 93
The dynamic nature of motivation in language learning: A classroom perspective
Pawlak, M. (2012) · Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.14746/ssllt.2012.2.2.7 · Cited by 92
Media Effects on Women's Body Esteem: Social and Individual Difference Factors
Henderson‐King, E., & Henderson‐King, D. (1997) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1997.tb00638.x · Cited by 146
Seidman, E., & French, S. E. (2004) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579404040179 · Cited by 92
Why Social Relations Matter for Politics and Successful Societies
Hall, P. A., & Lamont, M. (2013) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-031710-101143 · Cited by 95
Adult identity mentoring: Reducing sexual risk for African-American seventh grade students
Clark, L. F., Miller, K. S., Nagy, S. S., Avery, J. B., Roth, D. L., Liddon, N. C., & Mukherjee, S. (2005) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.09.024 · Cited by 92
Li, Y., Zhang, C., Shelby, L. B., & Huan, T.-C. T. C. (2021) · Journal of Product & Brand Management · doi:10.1108/jpbm-07-2020-2998 · Cited by 99
Pizzolato, J. E. (2006) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/1099-9809.12.1.57 · Cited by 102
The (re‐)configuration of production and consumption in empty nest households/families
Hogg, M. K., Curasi, C. F., & Maclaran, P. (2004) · Consumption Markets & Culture · doi:10.1080/1025386042000271351 · Cited by 92
Private desires, public display: consumption, postmodernism and fashion’s “new man”
Woodruffe‐Burton, H. (1998) · International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management · doi:10.1108/09590559810231760 · Cited by 92
Kerpelman, J. L., & Pittman, J. F. (2001) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1006/jado.2001.0385 · Cited by 92
Seventy-five years of motivation measures (1930–2005): A descriptive analysis
Mayer, J. D., Faber, M. A., & Xu, X. (2007) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-007-9060-2 · Cited by 107
Different Partners, Different Selves: Strategic Verification of Circumscribed Identities
Swann, W. B., Bosson, J. K., & Pelham, B. W. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672022812007 · Cited by 95
Perkins, A. W., & Forehand, M. (2012) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/662069 · Cited by 90
Reintegrating job design and career theory: Creating not just good jobs but smart jobs
Hall, D. T., & Heras, M. L. (2010) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.613 · Cited by 96
Self modeling: Expanding the theories of learning
Dowrick, P. W. (2011) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.20613 · Cited by 90
Self in Art/Self As Art: Museum Selfies As Identity Work
Kozinets, R. V., Ulrike Gretzel, B., & Dinhopl, A. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00731 · Cited by 90
“Psychological impression management theory posits that people are inclined to create and share impressions of themselves which are biased in the direction of their desired identities (Markus and Nurius, 1986).”
BackgroundHiver, P. V., & Al‐Hoorie, A. H. (2019) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/lang.12371 · Cited by 90
Regulation, Self-Regulation, and Construction of the Self in the Maintenance of Physical Health
Brownlee, S., Leventhal, H., & Leventhal, E. A. (2000) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012109890-2/50041-x · Cited by 93
Positioning oneself for leadership: feelings of vulnerability among aspirant school principals
Gronn, P., & Lacey, K. (2004) · School Leadership and Management · doi:10.1080/13632430410001316516 · Cited by 90
Eagly, A. H., Eastwick, P. W., & Johannesen‐Schmidt, M. C. (2009) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167208329696 · Cited by 95
Students' Motivation During the Middle School Years
Wigfield, A., & Eccles, J. S. (2002) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012064455-1/50011-7 · Cited by 92
Thompson, A. S. (2017) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/modl.12409 · Cited by 104
Insight in psychosis: An elusive target
McGorry, P. D., & Sb, M. (1999) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0010-440x(99)90117-7 · Cited by 90
Unemori, P., Caruso, H. M., & Markus, H. R. (2004) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/13576500444000100 · Cited by 89
Self-citationThe Self-Expressive Customization of a Product Can Improve Performance
Kaiser, U., Schreier, M., & Janiszewski, C. A. (2016) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1509/jmr.14.0293 · Cited by 96
Schlegel, R. J., Chu, S. L., Chen, K., Deuermeyer, E., Christy, A. G., & Quek, F. (2019) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103637 · Cited by 89
Fathi, J., Pawlak, M., Mehraein, S., Hosseini, H. M., & Derakhshesh, A. (2023) · System (Linköping) · doi:10.1016/j.system.2023.103067 · Cited by 97
The Spiritual Self: Toward a Conceptualization of Spiritual Identity Development
Poll, J., & Smith, T. B. (2003) · Journal of Psychology and Theology · doi:10.1177/009164710303100204 · Cited by 89
A Strengths-Based Approach to Outdoor and Adventure Education: Possibilities for Personal Growth
Passarelli, A. M., Hall, E. E., & Anderson, M. (2010) · Journal of Experiential Education · doi:10.1177/105382591003300203 · Cited by 89
Outcome of congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Kuhnle, U., & Bullinger, M. (1997) · Pediatric Surgery International · doi:10.1007/bf01258714 · Cited by 92
Exploring Motivational Profiles Through Language Learning Narratives
Thompson, A. S., & Vásquez, C. (2015) · The Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/modl.12187 · Cited by 117
Two decades of research on possible selves and the ‘missing males’ problem in choral music
Freer, P. K. (2010) · International Journal of Music Education · doi:10.1177/0255761409351341 · Cited by 88
Self-Esteem and Future Orientation Predict Adolescents’ Risk Engagement
Jackman, D. M., & MacPhee, D. (2015) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431615602756 · Cited by 105
Dimensions of information processing: physiological reactions to motion pictures
Hettema, J., Leidelmeijer, K., & Geenen, R. (2000) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0984(200001/02)14:1 · Cited by 4
Ingersoll‐Dayton, B., & KRAUSE, N. M. (2005) · Research on Aging · doi:10.1177/0164027504274122 · Cited by 88
Henderson-King, D. H., Henderson-King, E. I., & Hoffmann, L. (2001) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672012711002 · Cited by 88
The L2 Motivational Self System of Korean EFL Students: Cross-grade Survey Analysis
Kim, T.-Y. (2012) · English Teaching · doi:10.15858/engtea.67.1.201203.29 · Cited by 87
Lin, W., Wang, L., Bamberger, P. A., Zhang, Q., Wang, H., Guo, W., Shi, J., & Zhang, T. (2015) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2015.12.002 · Cited by 100
Self‐Regulatory Processes and Responses to Health Threats: Effects of Optimism on Well‐Being
Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (2003) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470753552.ch15 · Cited by 87
Positive Identity as a Positive Youth Development Construct: A Conceptual Review
Tsang, S., Hui, E. K. P., & Law, B. C. M. (2012) · The Scientific World JOURNAL · doi:10.1100/2012/529691 · Cited by 86
Women Entrepreneurs Negotiating Identities in Liminal Digital Spaces
Kelly, G., & McAdam, M. (2022) · Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice · doi:10.1177/10422587221115363 · Cited by 104
“…during a transition into digital entrepreneurial career contexts does not fit neatly with the notion of an introspective, imaginative exploration of identity play (Markus & Nurius, 1986), but rather illuminates a lack of psychological safety and social validation, and the precarity of this process.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Markus, H., & Nurius, P.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1986-09
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 954-969
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W4249746737
- Cited by
- 5,806
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 289 · 2025: 277 · 2024: 307 · 2023: 261 · 2022: 315 · 2021: 311 · 2020: 446 · 2019: 322 · 2018: 289 · 2017: 243 · 2016: 234 · 2015: 238 · 2014: 199 · 2013: 190 · 2012: 185
- FWCI
- 16.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- possible selves, self-concept, self-image, self-fulfilling prophecy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review