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Possible selves.
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In the citing paper
“Markus and Nurius (1986) actually downplay the role of others in the formation of one's own possible selves.”
From The L2 motivational self system: A meta-analysis (2018) · cites this paper as Markus and Nurius (1986)
In the citing paper
“For this reason, possible selves' function as incentives for individual behaviour and guide the actions individuals take (Cross and Markus 1991; Markus and Nurius 1986), as well as self-regulation (Hamman et al. 2010; Hamman et al. 2013b).”
From The change in pre-service primary teachers’ possible selves in relation to science teaching (2022) · cites this paper as Markus and Nurius 1986
In the citing paper
“Possible selves are sensitive to change (Cross and Markus 1990; Markus and Nurius 1986, 956).”
From The change in pre-service primary teachers’ possible selves in relation to science teaching (2022) · cites this paper as Markus and Nurius 1986
In the citing paper
“During the interviews, participants were not directly asked about their possible selves; instead, they were encouraged to tell about their beliefs and experiences, also regarding their future, as freely as they wanted (cf. Hamman et al. 2010; Markus and Nurius 1986; Oyserman et al. 2004).”
From The change in pre-service primary teachers’ possible selves in relation to science teaching (2022) · cites this paper as Markus and Nurius 1986
In the citing paper
“This suggests that motivation for pursuing the hoped-for selves and avoiding the feared selves is, after all, likely to occur (Markus and Nurius 1986; Oyserman and Markus 1990).”
From The change in pre-service primary teachers’ possible selves in relation to science teaching (2022) · cites this paper as Markus and Nurius 1986
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,001–1,026 of 1,026
Ryan, S. (2006) · Critical Inquiry in Language Studies · doi:10.1207/s15427595cils0301_2 · Cited by 117
Identity and practice: The motivational benefits of a long-term musical identity
Evans, P., & McPherson, G. E. (2015) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/0305735613514471 · Cited by 90
Psychotherapy in light of internal multiplicity
Dimaggio, G., & Stiles, W. B. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20335 · Cited by 53
Goldin, P. R., Jazaieri, H., Ziv, M., Kraemer, H., Heimberg, R. G., & Gross, J. J. (2013) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702613476867 · Cited by 50
Whither environmental psychology? The transpersonal ecopsychology crossroads
Reser, J. P. (1995) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/0272-4944(95)90006-3 · Cited by 50
Hessel, G. (2015) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2015.05.008 · Cited by 48
Michikyan, M. (2020) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjdp.12337 · Cited by 44
Socio-dynamic motivating through idealizing classmates
Murphey, T., Falout, J., Fukuda, T., & Fukada, Y. (2014) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2014.06.004 · Cited by 33
Identities in Context: How Social Class Shapes Inequalities in Education
Easterbrook, M. J., Hadden, I. R., & Nieuwenhuis, M. (2019) · The Social Psychology of Inequality · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-28856-3_7 · Cited by 29
Pos, A. E. (2014) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1007/s10879-013-9256-6 · Cited by 28
Dabback, W. (2018) · Journal of Music Teacher Education · doi:10.1177/1057083717727268 · Cited by 28
“Each participant expressed different understandings of what it meant to be a music teacher, largely created and sustained through the lenses of significant others (Freer, 2009; Markus & Nurius, 1986).”
BackgroundInfluentialA qualitative investigation of sense of self and continuity in younger adults with stroke
Hutton, L., & Ownsworth, T. (2019) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2017.1292922 · Cited by 27
“Sense of self or self-identity refers to the perceived “unique and persisting qualities that define who we are” (Ownsworth, 2014, p. 1), and encapsulates an individual’s past self, present self, and who he or she might become (Markus & Nurius, 1986).”
BackgroundStimulating the intention to change learning strategies: The role of narratives
Hui, L., de Bruin, A. B. H., Donkers, J., & van Merriënboer, J. J. G. (2021) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2021.101753 · Cited by 25
L2 Learners' Self-Appraisal of Motivational Changes Over Time
Hsieh, C.-N. (2009) · Issues in Applied Linguistics · doi:10.5070/l4171005104 · Cited by 25
MacDougall, A. G., Vandermeer, M. R. J., & Norman, R. M. G. (2015) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2015.03.035 · Cited by 22
Impact of age-relevant goals on future thinking in younger and older adults
Lapp, L. K., & Spaniol, J. (2017) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2017.1284240 · Cited by 21
“Recent work in our laboratory (Lapp & Spaniol, 2016) investigated how another type of motivational construct, known as “possible selves”, changes with age (Markus & Nurius, 1986).”
BackgroundBennett, C. M., & Dillman Taylor, D. (2019) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Counseling · doi:10.1080/23727810.2019.1586414 · Cited by 20
“Identity development encompasses selfconcept and self-esteem, allowing teens to learn who they might become or who they would like to become (Markus & Nurius, 1986).”
BackgroundJensen, R. A. A., Thomsen, D. K., Lind, M., Ladegaard, N., & Bliksted, V. F. (2021) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001302 · Cited by 20
“This interpretation is supported by the strong body of research showing that simulating the future is affected by self-enhancement to increase the positivity of one’s self concept (Grysman et al., 2014; Leary, 2007; Markus and Nurius, 1986).”
BackgroundResultDistanced self-talk changes how people conceptualize the self
Gainsburg, I., & Kross, E. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2020.103969 · Cited by 17
Looking ahead through a fragile lens: Vulnerable narcissism and the future self
Kealy, D., Sandhu, S., & Ogrodniczuk, J. S. (2017) · Personality and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/pmh.1384 · Cited by 16
He, Q., Zheng, W., Bao, H., Chen, R., & Tong, X. (2023) · Proceedings of the Eleventh International Symposium of Chinese CHI · doi:10.1145/3629606.3629675 · Cited by 15
“An avatar, as our projected self, is what we let others see in a virtual world [41, 50].”
BackgroundThe change in pre-service primary teachers’ possible selves in relation to science teaching
Pellikka, A., Lutovac, S., & Kaasila, R. (2022) · European Journal of Teacher Education · doi:10.1080/02619768.2020.1803270 · Cited by 14
“For this reason, possible selves function as incentives for individual behaviour and guide the actions individuals take (Cross and Markus 1991; Markus and Nurius 1986), as well as selfregulation (Hamman et al. 2010; Hamman, Wang, and Burley 2013b).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWhen Being Discrepant From One’s Ideal or Ought Selves Hurts: The Moderating Role of Neuroticism
Hong, R. Y., Triyono, W., & Ong, P. S. (2013) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.1888 · Cited by 11
Goldner, L., Abir, A., & Sachar, C. S. (2017) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-016-9379-x · Cited by 9
“…has shown that during this phase the self becomes more complex and differentiated as adolescents actively create, define, and differentiate roles, relationships, and situations related to their selves (Harter, Bresnick, Bouchey, and Whitesell 1997a; Harter et al. 1997b; Markus and Nurius 1986).”
BackgroundBreaking the Status Quo: Poetic Self-Reflections in Teacher Preparation
Baker, J. S., Beaton, M., Green, G., Newson, J., Saatzer, A., & Steege, M. (2025) · The Educational Forum · doi:10.1080/00131725.2025.2501512 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Markus, H., & Nurius, P.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1986-09
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 954-969
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W4249746737
- Cited by
- 5,806
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 289 · 2025: 277 · 2024: 307 · 2023: 261 · 2022: 315 · 2021: 311 · 2020: 446 · 2019: 322 · 2018: 289 · 2017: 243 · 2016: 234 · 2015: 238 · 2014: 199 · 2013: 190 · 2012: 185
- FWCI
- 16.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- possible selves, self-concept, self-image, self-fulfilling prophecy
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